CN103535133B - A kind of field control method of Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff loss - Google Patents
A kind of field control method of Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff loss Download PDFInfo
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- CN103535133B CN103535133B CN201310513525.0A CN201310513525A CN103535133B CN 103535133 B CN103535133 B CN 103535133B CN 201310513525 A CN201310513525 A CN 201310513525A CN 103535133 B CN103535133 B CN 103535133B
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Abstract
The invention discloses the field control method of a kind of Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff loss.One aspect of the present invention, from rational application of fertilizer angle, determines dose according to the regulation of fertilizer requirement of Fructus Momordicae charantiae different growing stage, reduces nitrogen excessive in melon grower's habits fertilization, phosphorus amount of application, reduces the risk of N and P losses from source；On the other hand, by suitable farming measure, the content of nitrogen and phosphorous in vegetable field soil initial stage rainwash is reduced, it is to avoid high concentration N, phosphorus runoff directly outer row enters surface water body, reduces the risk of N and P losses from runoff process.
Description
Technical field:
The invention belongs to agricultural nonpoint source pollution control field, be specifically related to the field control method of a kind of Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff loss.
Background technology:
Soil Nitrogen, P elements are one of main path of farmland nitrogen, phosphorus nutrient loss to water body migration with rainwash.Fructus Momordicae charantiae is one of common vegetable variety, and vegetable field soil fertility and economic output in anthropogenic soil is all higher.Owing to the vegetable growth cycle is short, quantum of output is big, vegetable crop has again the nutritive peculiarity such as shallow root system and happiness rich water, during growing vegetables, rate of fertilizer and irrigation volume are all higher, and fertilising and irrigation frequency are also more, and by using chemical fertilizer in a large number, to improve the phenomenon of yield of vegetables very general, in some areas, nitrogen, phosphatization fertilizer amount of application have exceeded the several times of vegetable demand even.When Precipitation of South China is abundant, being easy to rainfall the loss of surface runoff to surface drainage from the Soil Nitrogen of fertilizer, P elements, a heavy rain gets off, and the content of nitrogen and phosphorous in rainwash is all significantly high.This causes surface water body eutrophication problem on the one hand, also leads to the problem that utilization rate of fertilizer is low on the other hand.
Summary of the invention:
It is an object of the invention to provide the field control method of a kind of Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff loss that can reduce Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen, phosphorus runoff loss.
The field control method of the Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff loss of the present invention, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
A, whole: adopting zanjon, high furrow form, smooth ridging bedding, surface above Ground, furrow face are ploughed deeply in plot, excavates gutter between furrow, between furrow, gutter is connected with field surrounding gutter, arranges one or two discharge outlet；Utilize accumulation rainwash in gutter between furrow, by the water-retention of irrigation canals and ditches, absorption and precipitation, reduce the nitrogen in the discharge outlet rainwash of vegetable plot, phosphorus concentration；
B, in conjunction with whole, the disposable fertilizer that applies makes base manure, adopts chicken manure as base manure, and amount of application is at 7500kg/hm2Above, being affixed by peanut residue, consumption is the 10% of base manure consumption；Utilizing that chicken manure the content of nitrogen and phosphorous is higher and peanut residue is rich in the feature of phosphorus, potassium, both having met Fructus Momordicae charantiae early growth needs the requirement of fertilizer in a large number, prevent again early growth duty water nitrogen extremely, phosphorus runoff loss.Utilize the organic colloid in chicken manure simultaneously, increase adsorption by soil surface, reach to reduce the purpose of rainwash nitrogen, phosphorus loss by raising soil fertilizer, water holding capacity；
C, dose: determine rate of fertilizer with the 70%～80% of melon grower's habits fertilization amount, wherein: nitrogenous fertilizer, calculate with the pure gauge of N, and consumption is 241.5～276kg/hm2, phosphate fertilizer, with P2O5Pure gauge is calculated, and consumption is 126～144kg/hm2, potash fertilizer, with K2The pure gauge of O is calculated, and consumption is 189～216kg/hm2, the optional conventional nitrogen of fertilizer variety, phosphorus, potash fertilizer；
D, fertilizing method: Fructus Momordicae charantiae has the feature of high nitrogen type, and general early stage needs nitrogen more, middle and late stage is based on phosphorus, potassium.Accordingly using fertilizer as topdressing, and repeatedly apply by the regulation of fertilizer requirement of Fructus Momordicae charantiae different growing stage in batches, be typically in spraying fertilizer after Fructus Momordicae charantiae starts setting and gathers every time, topdress 5～6 times, the nitrogen that every time topdresses, the total dose of Phosphorus fertilizer usage average out to 15%～20%, to meet the need fertilizer requirement of the continuous seat melon of Fructus Momordicae charantiae, phosphate fertilizer then starts spraying fertilizer from the 2nd time or the 3rd time, uses in the ratio of the 25% of total dose every time, and all topdressing all is dissolved in water and uses, avoid directly spreading fertilizer over the fields, to reduce runoff loss；
E, water management: preserve the water of ditch accumulation between furrow in the non-Pluvial, it is necessary to be used for during irrigation watering, to make full use of nitrogen, the phosphorus that ditch accumulation retains as far as possible.
One aspect of the present invention, from rational application of fertilizer angle, determines dose according to the regulation of fertilizer requirement of Fructus Momordicae charantiae different growing stage, reduces nitrogen excessive in melon grower's habits fertilization, phosphorus amount of application, reduces the risk of N and P losses from source；On the other hand, by suitable farming measure, the content of nitrogen and phosphorous in vegetable field soil initial stage rainwash is reduced, it is to avoid high concentration N, phosphorus runoff directly outer row enters surface water body, reduces the risk of N and P losses from runoff process.
Runoff the content of nitrogen and phosphorous average respectively 21.9mg/L, 7.9mg/L of community is processed through the present invention, nitrogen, phosphorus cumulative flow vector respectively 12.4g, 3.4g during monitoring, and runoff the content of nitrogen and phosphorous respectively 34.0mg/L, 9.1mg/L of check plot, nitrogen, phosphorus cumulative flow vector respectively 23.0g, 5.1g during monitoring, two kinds of quantity production of bitter melon respectively 24.7kg and 25.2kg processing community.Result of the test shows, with local melon grower's habits fertilization amount compared with the farming measure of field, nitrogen of the present invention, Phosphorus fertilizer usage can reduce 20%～30% respectively, and quantity production of bitter melon difference is little, on average increases production 2.0%.Vegetable plot nitrogen, phosphorus runoff content on average can reduce by 35.7% and 13.1% respectively, and on average minimizing 46.2% and 27.4%(refer to table 1 and table 2 to N and P losses amount respectively).Therefore, the present invention have simple, reduce fertilizer cost and the not underproduction and reduce nitrogen, the advantage such as risk that phosphorus Loss in Runoff pollutes.
Detailed description of the invention:
Following example are further illustrating the present invention, rather than limitation of the present invention.
Comparative example 1:
Selecting vegetables base plot plantation Fructus Momordicae charantiae, whole mid-February, late Febuary transplants.Local vegetable grower continues to use empiric fertilization pattern always, and dose (pure amount) is respectively as follows: nitrogenous fertilizer (N) 345kg/hm2, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 180kg/hm2, potash fertilizer (K2O) 270kg/hm2, commercial fertilizer 8250kg/hm2.Fertilizer applies as base manure is disposable when whole ground, and simultaneously using the nitrogen of 10%, potash fertilizer, 60% phosphate fertilizer as base manure, remaining point applies for 6 times as topdressing.Fertilising all adopts spreads fertilizer over the fields mode.
Embodiment 1:
Implement to test to carry out in 2013.
It is embodied as step as follows with method:
Zanjon, high furrow form are pressed wholely in test plot, and smooth ridging bedding is ploughed deeply in plot, and furrow face is higher than 20 centimetres of earth's surface, wide 40 centimetres, deep 50 centimetres of ditch between furrow.Plot area 8 × 1.3m2Community plank is buried in the earth 30cm and is trimmed to runoff plots, and between furrow, gutter is connected with field surrounding gutter, and community arranges an outlet, lay runoff collecting vessel at community outlet, be used for measuring run-off and sampling determination rainwash the content of nitrogen and phosphorous after rain.Apply chicken manure 7.8kg during whole ground to make base manure, apply peanut residue 0.78kg again.Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium Fertilizer Application amount are determined by the 80% of local vegetable grower's habits fertilization amount, are respectively as follows: nitrogenous fertilizer (N) 276kg/hm2(what use is carbamide), phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 144kg/hm2(what use is calcium superphosphate), potash fertilizer (K2O) 216kg/hm2(what use is potassium chloride).Transplant latter about 1 month and apply the 1st time and topdress, later every about 20 days spraying fertilizers 1 time, execute 5 times altogether.Topdress for 1st time and only execute nitrogen, potash fertilizer, do not execute phosphate fertilizer, rise for the 2nd time and execute nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer simultaneously.Topdress consumption every time: nitrogen, potash fertilizer are the 20% of total fertilization amount, and phosphate fertilizer is the 25% of total fertilization amount, and all topdressing all is dissolved in water and uses, it is to avoid directly spread fertilizer over the fields.Daily is that between non-Pluvial furrow, the water of ditch accumulation waters especially, to make full use of nitrogen, the phosphorus that ditch accumulation retains.Control treatment community base manure amount of application is identical with experimental plot, and the amount of application that topdresses, by local vegetable grower's habits fertilization amount, is respectively as follows: nitrogenous fertilizer (N) 241.5kg/hm2(what use is carbamide), phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 126kg/hm2(what use is calcium superphosphate), potash fertilizer (K2O) 189kg/hm2(what use is potassium chloride), the spraying fertilizer while of with experimental plot, but adopt and spread fertilizer over the fields mode.Field adopts flat furrow shallow ridges form, and daily introducing feed ditch water waters.Monitored by runoff plots, result is as shown in table 1, table 1 shows: compared with check plot, the community that the present embodiment processes will not the underproduction when reducing nitrogen, Phosphorus fertilizer usage 20%, but rainwash the content of nitrogen and phosphorous can reduce by 39.7%, 20.1% respectively, during monitoring, nitrogen, phosphorus cumulative flow vector can reduce 47.7% and 28.3% respectively.
Table 1: the implementation result of the present embodiment
Embodiment 2
Implement to test to carry out in 2013.
It is embodied as step as follows with method:
Zanjon, high furrow form are pressed wholely in test plot, and smooth ridging bedding is ploughed deeply in plot, and furrow face is higher than 20 centimetres of earth's surface, wide 40 centimetres, deep 50 centimetres of ditch between furrow.Plot area 8 × 1.3m2, community plank is buried in the earth 30cm and is trimmed to runoff plots, and between furrow, gutter is connected with field surrounding gutter, and community arranges an outlet, lays runoff collecting vessel at community outlet, is used for measuring run-off and sampling determination runoff nitrogen and phosphorus content after rain.Apply chicken manure 7.8kg during whole ground to make base manure, apply peanut residue 0.78kg again.Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium Fertilizer Application amount are determined by the 70% of local vegetable grower's habits fertilization amount, are respectively as follows: nitrogenous fertilizer (N) 276kg/hm2(what use is carbamide), phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 144kg/hm2(what use is calcium superphosphate), potash fertilizer (K2O) 216kg/hm2(what use is potassium chloride).Transplant latter about 1 month and apply the 1st time and topdress, later every about 20 days spraying fertilizers 1 time, execute 5 times altogether.Topdress for 1st time and only execute nitrogen, potash fertilizer, do not execute phosphate fertilizer, rise for the 2nd time and execute nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer simultaneously.Consumption nitrogen, the potash fertilizer of every time topdressing is the 20% of total fertilization amount, and phosphate fertilizer is the 25% of total fertilization amount, and all topdressing all is dissolved in water and uses, it is to avoid directly spread fertilizer over the fields.Daily is that between non-Pluvial furrow, the water of ditch accumulation waters especially, to make full use of nitrogen, the phosphorus that ditch accumulation retains.Control treatment community base manure amount of application is identical with experimental plot, and the amount of application that topdresses, by local vegetable grower's habits fertilization amount, is respectively as follows: nitrogenous fertilizer (N) 345kg/hm2(what use is carbamide), phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 180kg/hm2(what use is calcium superphosphate), potash fertilizer (K2O) 270kg/hm2(what use is potassium chloride), the spraying fertilizer while of with experimental plot, but adopt and spread fertilizer over the fields mode.Field adopts flat furrow shallow ridges form, and daily introducing feed ditch water waters.Monitored by runoff plots, result is as shown in table 2, table 2 shows: compared with check plot, the present invention processes community will not the underproduction when reducing nitrogen, Phosphorus fertilizer usage 30%, slightly increase production 2.0% on the contrary, but rainwash the content of nitrogen and phosphorous can reduce by 31.7%, 6.1% respectively, during monitoring, nitrogen, phosphorus cumulative flow vector can reduce 44.6% and 26.4% respectively.
Table 2: the implementation result of the present embodiment
Claims (2)
1. the field control method of a Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff loss, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
A, whole: adopting zanjon, high furrow form, smooth ridging bedding, surface above Ground, furrow face are ploughed deeply in plot, excavates gutter between furrow, between furrow, gutter is connected with field surrounding gutter, arranges several discharge outlet；
B, in conjunction with whole, the disposable fertilizer that applies makes base manure, adopts chicken manure as base manure, and amount of application is at 7500kg/hm2Above, being affixed by peanut residue, consumption is the 10% of base manure consumption；
C, dose: nitrogenous fertilizer, calculate with the pure gauge of N, and consumption is 241.5～276kg/hm2；Phosphate fertilizer, with P2O5Pure gauge is calculated, and consumption is 126～144kg/hm2；Potash fertilizer, with K2The pure gauge of O is calculated, and consumption is 189～216kg/hm2；
D, fertilizing method: spraying fertilizer after Fructus Momordicae charantiae starts setting and gathers every time, topdress 5～6 times, topdress every time nitrogen, the total dose of Phosphorus fertilizer usage average out to 15%～20%, phosphate fertilizer then starts spraying fertilizer from the 2nd time or the 3rd time, use in the ratio of the 25% of total dose every time, all topdressing all is dissolved in water and uses, it is to avoid directly spread fertilizer over the fields；
E, water management: preserve the water of ditch accumulation between furrow in the non-Pluvial, it is necessary to be used for during irrigation watering as far as possible.
2. the field control method of Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff according to claim 1 loss, it is characterised in that described discharge outlet is one or two.
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| US5622697A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1997-04-22 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Arkansas | Use of alum to inhibit ammonia volatilization and to decrease phosphorus solubility in poultry litter |
| JP3712687B2 (en) * | 2002-04-04 | 2005-11-02 | 一男 大城 | Cultivation method |
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| CN103053254A (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2013-04-24 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Pollution-reducing fertilization method in rice paddy field |
| CN202998909U (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2013-06-19 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Paddy field system for preventing and detecting nitrogen and phosphorus loss pollution |
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Patent Citations (5)
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| US5622697A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1997-04-22 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Arkansas | Use of alum to inhibit ammonia volatilization and to decrease phosphorus solubility in poultry litter |
| JP3712687B2 (en) * | 2002-04-04 | 2005-11-02 | 一男 大城 | Cultivation method |
| CN102084770A (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2011-06-08 | 环境保护部华南环境科学研究所 | Agricultural field system for reducing runoff pollution and construction method and application thereof |
| CN103053254A (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2013-04-24 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Pollution-reducing fertilization method in rice paddy field |
| CN202998909U (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2013-06-19 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Paddy field system for preventing and detecting nitrogen and phosphorus loss pollution |
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Address after: Guangzhou City, Guangdong province 510650 Tianyuan Road No. 808 Patentee after: Guangdong Institute of eco environmental technology Address before: Guangzhou City, Guangdong province 510650 Tianyuan Road No. 808 Patentee before: Guangdong Prov. Inst. of Ecological Environment & Soil Science |
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