CN107135726B - Drought-resisting and water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method - Google Patents
Drought-resisting and water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a drought-resisting and water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method, which is carried out when winter wheat is in a green turning-jointing stage and comprises the following steps: (1) applying nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer to the wheat field; (2) irrigating with simple micro-spraying device after fertilizing, (3) irrigating from the farthest end of wheat fieldStarting irrigation, removing a water-saving belt when the water sprayed by the micro-spraying belt is remained on the ground surface for 3-5 minutes, irrigating other areas, and sequentially irrigating until the other end of the ground is reached; the irrigation quantity per mu is 35-40m3. The winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method disclosed by the invention adopts the simple micro-spraying device for irrigation, is low in cost, simple and convenient to install, easy to operate in the field, capable of being used for many years, free of risks of aging and loss, convenient for water quantity control and observation, easy to accept by farmers in production, and capable of saving water consumption, saving the input of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients by matching fertilization with an irrigation mode, ensuring the yield of wheat and improving the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizers.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a drought-resistant water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method, and belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation.
Background
Wheat is one of the main food crops in China, and is planted throughout the country. The wheat mainly comprises winter wheat and spring wheat, wherein the winter wheat accounts for more than 90% of the total planting area of the wheat in China, and the area and the total yield of the wheat are in the main position. The winter wheat has a long growth period, which is a period of 230-240 days from sowing to harvesting, and the growth of the wheat is obviously influenced by variety characteristics, climatic conditions, soil conditions, fertilizer types and usage, irrigation methods and pests, wherein water and fertilizers are main factors influencing the yield stability or improvement of the winter wheat in recent years.
In winter wheat areas in Huang-Huai-one area in North China, perennial sowing area and total yield account for about 50% of wheat in China, the potential exertion of the wheat yield influence in the areas is obviously influenced by weather factors and mainly expressed in three stages, namely, the sowing and seedling emergence period of wheat in autumn needs proper soil moisture, so that the wheat can be guaranteed to be sown for full seedlings once and to live through winter safely; secondly, the green turning to the jointing stage in spring, which is the key stage of spring irrigation, needs sufficient water and fertilizer supply; thirdly, in the grouting period, the occurrence of dry hot air can seriously affect the grouting maturity of the seeds. The three periods are related to moisture conditions or humidity, wherein spring drought is a typical climate characteristic of Huang-Huai-one in North China, and the' Noninera drought in the decade is not enough in April, if sufficient snow falls in winter to ensure soil moisture and the moisture requirement of wheat during green turning and pulling, and is limited by the lack of rainwater in spring, spring irrigation is an essential management means, and top dressing and irrigation in the period are inseparable, which is the most important primary water and fertilizer management means except for bottom fertilizer application in autumn sowing in winter wheat production, and improper water and fertilizer management at the moment can affect the wheat yield to a great extent, and the influence degree is 20-50%. In this context, in winter wheat production, a water and fertilizer application technology suitable for spring management needs to be explored.
At present, in winter wheat production, spring water and fertilizer management is more realized by adopting a mode of spreading urea and combining flood irrigation (furrow irrigation), so that the method is a trouble-saving operation mode for farmers, and is caused by the shortage of labor force in spring rural areas. However, the method of spreading urea and combining flood irrigation has the disadvantages that: firstly, water resources are wasted, spring drought is a common phenomenon, rainfall is rare, the groundwater level is low, many places are irrigated after groundwater is vacated, and water resource supply is seriously insufficient; secondly, the flood irrigation mode causes uneven irrigation and incomplete irrigation due to uneven fields and mismatching of water source positions and terrain; thirdly, the urea is dissolved and converted quickly by means of sprinkling the urea and then irrigating, and the urea is deeply lost to the outside of the range absorbed by root systems along with water, so that the loss of nitrogen nutrients is large, the utilization rate is low, and the quality of deep underground water is also influenced. In summary, the irrigation method adopted by farmers in production guarantees the growth of wheat at the cost of water resource and environment, and the benefit of resource exchange is also nothing.
Chinese patent document 201310533982.6 discloses a method for top dressing of winter wheat by first irrigation and then application, which is easy to implement in operation, but field ridging is easy to collapse during irrigation, the water surface remaining height is uncertain about the water quantity, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount under different yield levels and technical requirements under different soil conditions are questionable.
The water and fertilizer integrated application is more and more extensive with the research and popularization of scientific technology, which is a technology combining fertilization and irrigation, solid quick-acting fertilizer is dissolved in water and is promoted by using a water-borne fertilizer fertilization mode from the application of northern fruit trees, potatoes and facility vegetables only on southern tropical fruit trees originally, the core of the technology is that instant fertilizer is mixed with water in a fertilizer applicator, fertilizer water is conveyed to a micro-spray zone with holes in the field through a pipeline, and then the fertilizer water is sprayed to crops through the holes in the micro-spray zone. The technology can save water and fertilizer and improve the efficiency of water and fertilizer, and is an important technical measure for agricultural transformation, resource and energy conservation and sustainable development in China. The technology is also popularized and applied to winter wheat in rain-fed areas such as Hebei and the like, although the technology has obvious advantages on wheat crops, certain defects exist, pipelines need to be laid for water spraying and fertilization, equipment investment is large, and expensive equipment investment is not easy to accept by many people compared with the yield of grains. In addition, the current labor force left in rural areas is the old people over the age of fifty-six, or women, the technical level and the capability are both low, whether the nutrient concentration is proper, the pipelines are blocked, the irrigation quantity is limited, and the like are all the technical links which need to be faced, and the safety of the pipelines, the fertilizing tanks and other equipment in rural areas is also a problem, so the implementation and the popularization of the integrated application of the water and the fertilizer are also limited by various factors.
There are a series of problems in current winter wheat spring irrigation: the method is either practical but not water-saving and fertilizer-saving, or advanced in technical method but difficult to operate and difficult to popularize in large area, and is unfavorable for solving the problems of spring drought in winter wheat production areas, water resource shortage, low fertilizer utilization rate, serious resource waste and the like in China.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a drought-resisting and water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method.
Description of terms:
a wheat field: the number of tillers of a group after the wheat field is turned green is generally 60-80 ten thousand per mu, and the group mostly belongs to a strong seedling wheat field;
second-class wheat fields: the tiller number of a group after wheat field green turning is generally 45-60 ten thousand per mu, and the group belongs to a transition type between weak seedlings and strong seedlings;
three types of wheat fields: the tiller number of the wheat field is generally less than 45 ten thousand per mu after the wheat field is turned green, and the wheat field is mostly late-sown weak seedlings.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a drought-resistant water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method is carried out when winter wheat is in a green turning-jointing stage, and comprises the following steps:
(1) applying nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer into the wheat field in a ditching and fertilizing or spreading mode on the ground surface;
(2) after fertilization, a simple micro-spraying device is adopted for irrigation, the simple micro-spraying device is laid in a wheat ditch and extends from one end of a wheat field to the other end according to the wheat seeding direction, the simple micro-spraying device comprises a plurality of sections of water belts which are sequentially connected, each section of water belt is 6-8 meters, the first section of water belt is connected with a water source outlet, the tail section of water belt is connected with a micro-spraying belt, the end part of the micro-spraying belt is a plugging end, micro-spraying holes are formed in the micro-spraying belt, and the length of the micro-spraying belt is 5-6 meters;
(3) when watering, irrigating from the farthest end of the wheat field, removing a water belt when the water sprayed by the micro-spray belt can be remained on the ground surface for 3-5 minutes, withdrawing the micro-spray belt out of the watered area, communicating a plurality of sections of water belts, irrigating in a range covered by the micro-spray belt spraying, and sequentially irrigating until the other end of the ground is reached;
(4) the irrigation of the second ridge is sequentially carried out by connecting water belts in the direction opposite to the step (3), and the second ridge is irrigatedThe irrigation of three ridges is the same as the irrigation of the step (3), the analogy is repeated, the irrigation directions of two adjacent ridges are opposite, and the irrigation quantity of two ridges per mu is 35-40m3。
Preferably, in the step (1), the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is as follows:
the annual output per mu is at the level of 600-700kg, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 10-14 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and accounts for 60-70% of the total input amount of nitrogen in the whole growth period of wheat, and the input amount of the potassium fertilizer is 3-4 kg/mu calculated by pure potassium and is 40-50% of the total input amount of potassium in the whole growth period;
the annual output per mu is at the level of 500-600kg, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 7-10 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and is 50-60% of the total input amount of nitrogen in the whole growth period of wheat, and the input amount of the potassium fertilizer is 2-3 kg/mu calculated by pure potassium and is 30-40% of the total input amount of potassium in the whole growth period;
the annual acre yield is at the level of 400-500kg, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 5-7 kg/acre calculated by pure nitrogen and is 40-50% of the total input amount of nitrogen in the whole growth period of wheat, and the input amount of the potassium fertilizer is 1-2 kg/acre calculated by pure potassium and is 20-30% of the total input amount of potassium in the whole growth period;
the per mu yield in the year is below 400kg, and only nitrogen fertilizer is applied during irrigation; the nitrogen fertilizer input amount is 3-5 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and is 30-40% of the total nitrogen input amount in the whole growth period of wheat.
According to the invention, the preferable annual acre yield is over 400kg, the residual nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer in the whole growth period of the wheat are used as base fertilizers to be applied at one time before sowing the winter wheat, meanwhile, the phosphate fertilizer is applied, the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 6-12 kg/acre, rotary tillage or plowing is carried out after fertilization to finish the land, and then sowing is carried out.
According to the invention, the preferable annual acre yield is below 400kg, the residual nitrogen fertilizer in the whole growth period of the wheat is used as base fertilizer to be applied at one time before sowing the winter wheat, meanwhile, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied, the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 5-6 kg/acre, the application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 3-5 kg/acre, rotary tillage or plowing is carried out after fertilization to finish the land, and then sowing is carried out.
According to the invention, the water and fertilizer application period of the first wheat field is in the jointing stage, the water and fertilizer application period of the second wheat field is in the getting-up stage, and the water and fertilizer application period of the third wheat field is in the green turning stage.
Preferably, according to the invention, the nitrogen fertilizer is urea; the phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate or triple superphosphate; the potash fertilizer is potassium chloride or potassium sulfate, preferably potassium chloride. According to the invention, the base fertilizer can also be a compound fertilizer with a certain proportion.
According to the invention, the ditching fertilization is preferably carried out in the wheat field by mechanical or manual ditching, wherein every two rows of wheat are ditched and one row is ditched, and the ditching depth is 5-10 cm.
According to the invention, two adjacent water-saving belts are communicated through the interface, when water is filled, the pressure of water in the water belt of the main pipeline is adjusted to be 0.25-0.5MPa, so that the water spraying height of the micro-spraying belt is 1-1.5 meters, the transverse width of the spraying cover is (2-2.5) × 2 meters, the size of the micro-spraying holes is 0.6-1mm, and the distance between the spraying holes is 300-350 mm. The micro-spraying belt and the water source pressure enable the water spraying to cover the ridge width of 4-5 meters.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method disclosed by the invention adopts the simple micro-spraying device for irrigation, is low in cost, simple and convenient to install, easy to operate in the field, different from a conventional water and fertilizer integrated device, capable of being used for many years as spraying and receiving are carried out, free of risks of aging and loss, convenient for water quantity control and observation, and easy to accept by farmers in production.
2. According to the winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients are input according to different target yield levels, and the irrigation mode is matched, so that the water consumption is saved, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient input is saved, the yield of wheat is ensured, the utilization rate of a nitrogen fertilizer is improved, and the nitrogen input can be saved by 20-25% compared with the traditional fertilization.
3. The spring irrigation fertilization method for winter wheat of the invention has obvious effects on supplying potassium nutrition to plants, improving spike differentiation, resisting lodging in later period, reducing diseases and thousand kernel weight of grains, and simultaneously improves the utilization rate of potassium fertilizer.
4. The spring irrigation fertilization method for the winter wheat is easy to operate under different plots and terrain conditions, the phenomenon of insufficient irrigation is avoided, the uniformity of irrigation in different sections can be accurately controlled according to the water retention time, surface runoff and deep soil seepage are avoided, water is saved by 25% -33% compared with the conventional furrow irrigation, the water utilization efficiency is greatly improved, fresh water resources are saved, and the effect is remarkable under the spring drought conditions.
5. The spring irrigation and fertilization method for the winter wheat adopts the simple micro-spraying device for irrigation, the retention time of water on the ground surface is favorable for uniform dissolution and diffusion of the nitrogen fertilizer buried in the soil, the volatilization loss easily caused by fertilizer application on the ground surface is avoided, the nitrogen nutrient is prevented from being leached out of the root absorption range, and the absorption and utilization of the nitrogen by the root system of the crop are improved.
6. Compared with the traditional irrigation fertilization method, the winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method can ensure the stable yield and the yield increase of wheat, but has obvious effects on cost saving and income increasing. Because the irrigation device is convenient to lay, the irrigation device can be used as an irrigation mode for supplementing irrigation according to soil moisture content and weather change even under the condition of no fertilization. The method can loosen the soil surface without hardening and cracking.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a simple micro-spraying device laid in a wheat ditch;
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following detailed description of embodiments thereof, but not limited thereto, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
A drought-resistant water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method comprises the following steps:
1. applying nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer at the initial stage of wheat jointing, and irrigating after applying fertilizer, wherein the nutrient input amount and the application period are as follows:
the annual output per mu of the wheat is about 660 kg/mu, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 12 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and accounts for 63 percent of the total input amount of nitrogen elements in the whole growth period of the wheat, the application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 3.6 kg/mu calculated by pure potassium and is 45 percent of the total input amount of potassium elements in the whole growth period,
the residual nitrogen fertilizer (37 percent of the total input amount of nitrogen element) and potassium fertilizer (55 percent of the total input amount of potassium element) in the whole growth period of the wheat are applied as base fertilizer at one time before sowing the winter wheat, and simultaneously, the phosphate fertilizer is applied, wherein the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 11 kg/mu.
1. Fertilizing and irrigating method
(1) Nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied to the wheat field by mechanical ditching, every two lines of wheat are ditched one line at the depth of 9cm, and soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied.
(2) After fertilization, a simple micro-spraying device is adopted for irrigation, the simple micro-spraying device is laid in a wheat ditch and extends from one end of a wheat field to the other end of the wheat field according to the wheat seeding direction, the simple micro-spraying device comprises a plurality of sections of water belts which are sequentially connected, two adjacent water-saving belts are communicated through a connector, each section of water belt is 8 meters, a head section of water belt is connected with a water source outlet, a tail section of water belt is connected with a micro-spraying belt, the end part of the micro-spraying belt is a plugging end, micro-spraying holes are formed in the micro-spraying belt, the length of the micro-spraying belt is 6 meters, the size of the micro-spraying holes is 0.;
(3) adjusting the pressure of water entering the water belt to be 0.3MPa, spraying water to the periphery through the small holes, wherein the spraying height is 1.5 m, the spraying coverage transverse width is 2.5 x 2 m, namely wheat beds with the width of 5m can be covered, irrigating from the farthest end of the wheat field during watering, removing a section of water belt when the water sprayed by the micro-spraying belt is remained on the ground surface for 5 minutes, retreating the micro-spraying belt out of the irrigated area, communicating the sections of water belt, irrigating within the range covered by the micro-spraying belt spraying, and sequentially irrigating until the other end of the ground is reached;
(4) the irrigation of the second ridge is sequentially carried out by connecting a water belt in the direction opposite to the step (3), the irrigation of the third ridge is the same as the step (3), the rest is done by analogy, the irrigation directions of two adjacent ridges are opposite, and the irrigation quantity of two ridges per mu is 40m3。
Example 2
A drought-resistant water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method comprises the following steps:
1. applying nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer in the spring wheat growing period, and performing spring irrigation after applying the fertilizer, wherein the nutrient input amount and the application period are as follows:
the annual output per mu of the wheat is about 520 kg/mu, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 9 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and accounts for 55 percent of the total input amount of nitrogen elements in the whole growth period of the wheat, the application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 2.4 kg/mu calculated by pure potassium and is 40 percent of the total input amount of potassium elements in the whole growth period,
the residual nitrogen fertilizer (45 percent of the total input amount of nitrogen element in the whole growth period) and potassium fertilizer (60 percent of the total input amount of potassium element in the whole growth period) in the whole growth period of the wheat are applied as base fertilizer at one time before sowing winter wheat, and simultaneously phosphate fertilizer is applied, wherein the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 8 kg/mu.
2. Fertilizing and irrigating method
(1) Nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied to the wheat field by mechanical ditching, furrowing is carried out on every two lines of wheat, the depth is 7.5cm, and soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied.
(2) After fertilization, a simple micro-spraying device is adopted for irrigation, the simple micro-spraying device is laid in a wheat ditch and extends from one end of a wheat field to the other end of the wheat field according to the wheat seeding direction, the simple micro-spraying device comprises a plurality of sections of water belts which are sequentially connected, two adjacent water-saving belts are communicated through a connector, each section of water belt is 7 meters, a head section of water belt is connected with a water source outlet, a tail section of water belt is connected with a micro-spraying belt, the end part of the micro-spraying belt is a plugging end, micro-spraying holes are formed in the micro-spraying belt, the length of the micro-spraying belt is 5.5 meters, the size of the micro-spraying holes is 0.;
(3) adjusting the pressure of water entering the water belt to be 0.28MPa, spraying water to the periphery through the small holes, wherein the spraying height is 1.2 meters, the transverse width of the spraying cover is 2.4 x 2 meters, namely wheat beds with the width of 4.8 meters can be covered, irrigating from the farthest end of the wheat field during watering, removing a water belt section when the water sprayed by the micro-spraying belt is remained on the ground surface for 4 minutes, retreating the micro-spraying belt out of the irrigated area, communicating the water belt sections, irrigating within the range covered by the micro-spraying belt spraying, and sequentially irrigating until the other end of the ground is reached;
(4) the irrigation of the second ridge is sequentially carried out by connecting a water belt in the direction opposite to the step (3), the irrigation of the third ridge is the same as the step (3), the rest is done by analogy, the irrigation directions of two adjacent ridges are opposite, and the irrigation quantity of two ridges per mu is 40m3。
Example 3
A drought-resistant water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method comprises the following steps:
1. applying nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer in the spring wheat growing period, and performing spring irrigation after applying the fertilizer, wherein the nutrient input amount and the application period are as follows:
the annual output per mu of the wheat is about 450 kg/mu, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 6 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and accounts for 45 percent of the total input amount of nitrogen elements in the whole growth period of the wheat, the application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 1.5 kg/mu calculated by pure potassium and is 30 percent of the total input amount of potassium elements in the whole growth period,
the residual nitrogen fertilizer (55 percent of the total input amount of nitrogen element in the whole growth period) and potassium fertilizer (70 percent of the total input amount of potassium element in the whole growth period) in the whole growth period of the wheat are applied as base fertilizer at one time before sowing winter wheat, and simultaneously phosphate fertilizer is applied, wherein the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 7 kg/mu.
2. Fertilizing and irrigating method
(1) Nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied to the wheat field by mechanical ditching, every two lines of wheat are ditched one line at the depth of 6cm, and soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied.
(2) After fertilization, a simple micro-spraying device is adopted for irrigation, the simple micro-spraying device is laid in a wheat ditch and extends from one end of a wheat field to the other end of the wheat field according to the wheat seeding direction, the simple micro-spraying device comprises a plurality of sections of water belts which are sequentially connected, two adjacent water-saving belts are communicated through a connector, each section of water belt is 6 meters, a head section of water belt is connected with a water source outlet, a tail section of water belt is connected with a micro-spraying belt, the end part of the micro-spraying belt is a plugging end, micro-spraying holes are formed in the micro-spraying belt, the length of the micro-spraying belt is 5.5 meters, the size of the micro-spraying holes is 0.;
(3) adjusting the pressure of water entering the water belt to be 0.26MPa, spraying water to the periphery through the small holes, wherein the spraying height is 1m, the transverse width of the spraying cover is 2.2 x 2 m, namely wheat beds with the width of 4.4 m can be covered, irrigating from the farthest end of the wheat field during watering, removing a section of water belt when the water sprayed by the micro-spraying belt is remained on the ground surface for 4 minutes, retreating the micro-spraying belt out of the irrigated area, communicating the sections of water belt, irrigating within the range covered by the spraying of the micro-spraying belt, and sequentially irrigating until the other end of the ground is reached;
(4) irrigation of the second furrow(3) Connecting water belts in opposite directions for sequentially irrigating, wherein the irrigation mode of the third ridge is the same as that of the step (3), and the rest is repeated, the irrigation directions of two adjacent ridges are opposite, and the irrigation quantity per mu of water is 36m3。
Example 4
A drought-resistant water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method comprises the following steps:
1. applying nitrogen fertilizer in the spring wheat green turning period, and performing spring irrigation after applying the fertilizer, wherein the nutrient input amount and the application period are as follows:
the annual wheat yield per mu is about 370 kg/mu, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 4 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and accounts for 36% of the total nitrogen input amount of the wheat in the whole growth period, the residual nitrogen fertilizer (64% of the total nitrogen input amount in the whole growth period) in the whole growth period of the wheat is used as a base fertilizer to be applied at one time before sowing of winter wheat, and meanwhile, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied, wherein the application amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is 6 kg/mu, and the application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 4 kg/mu.
2. Fertilizing and irrigating method
(1) The nitrogen fertilizer is uniformly spread on the ground surface by manpower.
(2) After fertilization, a simple micro-spraying device is adopted for irrigation, the simple micro-spraying device is laid in a wheat ditch and extends from one end of a wheat field to the other end of the wheat field according to the wheat seeding direction, the simple micro-spraying device comprises a plurality of sections of water belts which are sequentially connected, two adjacent water-saving belts are communicated through a connector, each section of water belt is 6 meters, a head section of water belt is connected with a water source outlet, a tail section of water belt is connected with a micro-spraying belt, the end part of the micro-spraying belt is a plugging end, micro-spraying holes are formed in the micro-spraying belt, the length of the micro-spraying belt is 5 meters, the size of the micro-spraying holes is 0.;
(3) adjusting the pressure of water entering the water belt to be 0.25MPa, spraying water to the periphery through small holes, wherein the spraying height is 1m, the spraying coverage transverse width is 2 x 2 m, namely, wheat beds with the width of 4 m can be covered, irrigating from the farthest end of a wheat field during watering, removing a water belt when the water sprayed by the micro-spray belt is remained on the ground surface for 3 minutes, retreating the micro-spray belt out of an irrigated area, communicating multiple water belts, irrigating in a range covered by the micro-spray belt, and sequentially irrigating until the other end of the ground is reached;
(4) the irrigation of the second ridge is sequentially carried out by connecting a water belt in the direction opposite to the step (3), the irrigation of the third ridge is the same as the step (3), the rest is repeated, the irrigation directions of two adjacent ridges are opposite, and the irrigation quantity of two ridges per mu is 38m3。
Application example 1
The comparison with the existing water and fertilizer integration technology is carried out by the embodiment 1. And (3) integration of water and fertilizer: the solid quick-acting fertilizer is dissolved in water and applied in a mode of water carrying fertilizer, and the quick-acting fertilizer is common water-soluble fertilizer or water-soluble simple-substance fertilizer. As can be seen from table 1: the water consumption of the existing water and fertilizer integration is obviously reduced, although the yield is almost the same as that of the embodiment 1 of the invention, the income of farmers growing wheat is reduced due to obviously overhigh input cost on wheat crops, the acceptance of the farmers is very low, in addition, the water and fertilizer integration has higher requirements on technical links, common people are difficult to master, and the number of the water and fertilizer integration machines for the first time is less than thousand yuan, so the irrigation and fertilization technology has obvious acceptance and application prospect compared with the water and fertilizer integration technology.
TABLE 1 comparison of the effects of two irrigation and fertilization methods
Note: the water hose and the micro-spray pipe hose in the water and fertilizer integration technology and the embodiment 1 are updated and calculated according to 3 years; the farmer acceptance refers to the random investigation of the acceptance of the two technologies by the farmers.
Application example 2
Comparison with large water furrow irrigation was made by example 2. The furrow irrigation period and the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer dosage are the same as the embodiment, and the irrigation mode is adopted after urea is spread in spring (the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer and the residual nitrogen fertilizer are applied to the base fertilizer at one time, and the nitrogen-base topdressing ratio is 1: 1). Analysis by table 2: compared with the traditional irrigation and fertilization, the irrigation and fertilization method in the embodiment 2 can ensure that the plough layer soil is loose and not hardened, 30 water is saved per mu, the apparent utilization rates of the nitrogenous fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are respectively improved by 4.6 percent and 5.5 percent, the movement of nitrate nitrogen to the deep soil is reduced to a great extent, and the yield of seeds is improved by 4.9 percent.
TABLE 2 comparison of the effects of two irrigation and fertilization methods
Application example 3
The same micro-spraying device is adopted for watering, and compared with the traditional fertilizer application amount and variety mode (the nutrient input amount in the growth period is 15 kg/mu of nitrogen, the base dressing ratio is 1:1, the urea is broadcast and applied in the rising period in the topdressing period, the phosphorus is 7 kg/mu, the potassium is 6 kg/mu, the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are all applied in the base, the base fertilizers adopt the conventional compound fertilizers of 15-14-12, and the base fertilizers are applied by 50 kg/mu) in the embodiment 3, the irrigation time, the mode and the amount are the same. Analysis by table 3: compared with the traditional fertilizer application amount and mode, the irrigation and fertilization method of the embodiment 3 can improve the wheat grain yield, obviously improve the utilization rate of the potash fertilizer due to the multiple application of the potash fertilizer, and simultaneously reduce the input of nutrients (the input of nitrogen is reduced by 1.7 kg/mu, and the input of potassium is 1 kg/mu).
TABLE 3 comparison of the effects of two irrigation and fertilization methods
Claims (4)
1. A drought-resistant water-saving winter wheat spring irrigation fertilization method is carried out when winter wheat is in a green turning-jointing stage, wherein a water and fertilizer application period of a first-class wheat field is in the jointing stage, a water and fertilizer application period of a second-class wheat field is in a growing stage, and a water and fertilizer application period of a third-class wheat field is in a green turning stage; the method comprises the following steps:
(1) applying nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer into the wheat field in a ditching and fertilizing or spreading mode on the ground surface; ditching and fertilizing are carried out in the wheat field by mechanical or manual ditching, wherein each two rows of wheat are ditched and one row is ditched, and the ditching depth is 5-10 cm;
the input dosage of the nitrogenous fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is as follows:
the annual output per mu is at the level of 600-700kg, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 10-14 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and accounts for 60-70% of the total input amount of nitrogen in the whole growth period of wheat, and the input amount of the potassium fertilizer is 3-4 kg/mu calculated by pure potassium and is 40-50% of the total input amount of potassium in the whole growth period;
the annual output per mu is at the level of 500-600kg, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 7-10 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and is 50-60% of the total input amount of nitrogen in the whole growth period of wheat, and the input amount of the potassium fertilizer is 2-3 kg/mu calculated by pure potassium and is 30-40% of the total input amount of potassium in the whole growth period;
the annual acre yield is at the level of 400-500kg, the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 5-7 kg/acre calculated by pure nitrogen and is 40-50% of the total input amount of nitrogen in the whole growth period of wheat, and the input amount of the potassium fertilizer is 1-2 kg/acre calculated by pure potassium and is 20-30% of the total input amount of potassium in the whole growth period;
the per mu yield in the year is below 400kg, and only nitrogen fertilizer is applied during irrigation; the input amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 3-5 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen and is 30-40% of the total amount of the nitrogen element input in the whole growth period of the wheat;
(2) after fertilization, a simple micro-spraying device is adopted for irrigation, the simple micro-spraying device is laid in a wheat ditch and extends from one end of a wheat field to the other end according to the wheat seeding direction, the simple micro-spraying device comprises a plurality of sections of water belts which are sequentially connected, each section of water belt is 6-8 meters, the first section of water belt is connected with a water source outlet, the tail section of water belt is connected with a micro-spraying belt, the end part of the micro-spraying belt is a plugging end, micro-spraying holes are formed in the micro-spraying belt, and the length of the micro-spraying belt is 5-6 meters; the two adjacent water-saving belts are communicated through a connector, when water is filled, the pressure of water in the water belt of the main pipeline is adjusted to be 0.25-0.5MPa, so that the water spraying height of the micro-spraying belt is 1-1.5 m, the transverse width of the spraying cover is (2-2.5) × 2 m, the size of the micro-spraying holes is 0.6-1mm, and the distance between the spraying holes is 300 plus 350 mm;
(3) when watering, irrigation is started from the farthest end of the wheat field, when water sprayed by the micro-spraying tape is remained on the ground surface for 3-5 minutes, a section of water tape is removed, the micro-spraying tape is retreated and moved out of the watered area, a plurality of sections of water tapes are communicated, irrigation is carried out in the range covered by the micro-spraying tape, and irrigation is carried out in sequence until the other end of the ground is reached;
(4) the irrigation of the second ridge is connected with a water belt in the direction opposite to the direction of the step (3) for sequential irrigation, and the irrigation of the third ridge is similar to the irrigation of the step (3) in sequenceThe irrigation directions of two adjacent ridges are opposite, and the irrigation quantity per mu is 35-40m3。
2. The method for spring irrigation and fertilization of drought-resistant and water-saving winter wheat as claimed in claim 1, wherein the annual acre yield is above 400kg, the residual nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer in the whole growth period of the wheat are applied as base fertilizers at one time before sowing of the winter wheat, meanwhile, phosphate fertilizer is applied, the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 6-12 kg/acre, rotary tillage or plowing is performed after fertilization to finish the land, and then sowing is performed.
3. The method for spring irrigation and fertilization of drought-resistant and water-saving winter wheat as claimed in claim 1, wherein the annual acre yield is below 400kg, the residual nitrogen fertilizer in the whole growth period of the wheat is applied as a base fertilizer before sowing of the winter wheat at one time, and simultaneously phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied, the application amount of a phosphate fertilizer is 5-6 kg/acre, the application amount of a potassium fertilizer is 3-5 kg/acre, after fertilization, rotary tillage or plowing is performed to finish the land, and then sowing is performed.
4. The method for spring irrigation of winter wheat with drought resistance and water conservation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is urea; the phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate or triple superphosphate; the potash fertilizer is potassium chloride or potassium sulfate.
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