CN111699777A - Regulation and control method for reducing non-point source pollution of rice field in freeze-thaw area - Google Patents
Regulation and control method for reducing non-point source pollution of rice field in freeze-thaw area Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
Abstract
The invention relates to a regulation and control method for reducing non-point source pollution of a rice field in a freeze-thaw area, and belongs to the technical field of prevention and control of non-point source pollution of the rice field. In a seasonal freeze-thaw rice production area, fertilizer regulation and control are adopted in spring freeze-thaw alternating periods to replace combination of top-slush straw returning and deep-turning shallow-rotation operation, a ridge is built before field soaking to increase capacity expansion, single-row or double-row leguminous crops are planted on the ridge and on two sides of a drainage and irrigation ditch after rice transplanting, water level control is carried out during irrigation to reduce drainage of a rice field, mixed circulating irrigation is carried out in combination with tail water of the rice field, rainfall is avoided during fertilization, drainage is avoided, straw stubble covering is left after rice harvesting and returning to the field, and a rice field area source pollution prevention and control technology system is built through multiple technologies. Compared with the prior art, the method reduces the investment of chemical fertilizers, improves the utilization rate of agricultural wastes, improves the physical and chemical properties of soil, improves the field capacity, increases the utilization rate of land resources and water resources, reduces the nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the rice field, and realizes effective prevention and control of non-point source pollution of the rice field in the freeze-thaw area.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of prevention and control of non-point source pollution of paddy fields, and relates to a regulation and control method for reducing the non-point source pollution of the paddy fields in a freeze-thaw area.
Background
The problem of non-point source pollution in China tends to be improved day by day, but the non-point source pollution in a rice field is still severe, the phenomena of low straw returning utilization rate, unreasonable fertilizer application, single field planting structure, common rice field drainage phenomenon and the like exist, most of nitrogen and phosphorus enter surface water or underground water through runoff, leaching, side seepage and other ways, and the agricultural non-point source pollution is caused; particularly, the phenomenon of freeze-thaw alternation period commonly exists in spring in northern China, a soil plough layer (0-20 cm) is thawed in the daytime and is frozen again at night, a lower soil layer (below 20cm) is not thawed, the physical structure of the soil is particularly easy to damage, surface cracks are formed, the concentration of soluble nitrogen and soluble phosphorus in the soil is increased, and freeze-thaw water generated by freeze-thaw alternation in spring is easy to cause surface runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus and leaching loss in the underground.
At present, a plurality of patent achievements for preventing and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution are published. For example, CN 104355410B discloses an ecological interception and blockage system for controlling non-point source pollution in a rice field, which is mainly used for constructing ecological ditches by paving perforated bricks on the side walls and the bottoms of the ditches and planting greening plants, and the rice wetland and the ecological ditches at the end of the rice field form the ecological interception and blockage system, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing the pollution in the rice field. CN 202610035U discloses the ecological ditch of nitrogen phosphorus interception treatment agricultural pollution, handles the agricultural pollution source through ecological ditch, bamboo floating bed etc.. CN 103410118B discloses an ecological ridge for reducing the side leakage of non-point source pollution of a rice field, which is constructed by bamboo poles, straw curtains, gravels, biochar and the like to reduce the side leakage of nitrogen and phosphorus. CN 105417867B discloses a system and a method for non-point source pollution control and nitrogen and phosphorus recycling of a paddy field, wherein nitrogen and phosphorus substances in a water body are reduced through units such as a water collecting unit, a grating, buffering, adsorption, control, a wetland, water storage, recharge and the like. CN 106233857B discloses a method for reducing the non-point source pollution and increasing the yield of paddy rice, which forms a soil-biochar buffer layer by applying biochar to reduce the non-point source pollution risk of the paddy field.
Most of the technical schemes are single prevention and control or emission reduction technologies, the rice field non-point source pollution prevention and control in the whole production process is not provided, some technologies relate to large engineering, high input cost and low land utilization rate, and the technologies relate to special climate production areas, nitrogen and phosphorus source regulation and control, production process management and comprehensive prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution are less in application. Therefore, the invention establishes a new method for reducing the non-point source pollution of the rice field in the freeze-thaw area based on the research of special agricultural production, source regulation and control of the input products, process interception and cyclic recycling in the freeze-thaw area, and provides a technical approach for comprehensive prevention and control of the agricultural non-point source pollution in the agricultural production in the freeze-thaw area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for reducing non-point source pollution of a rice field in a freeze-thaw area, improve land utilization resources, save natural resources and input resources, and solve the problem of non-point source pollution of the rice field in the freeze-thaw area in northern China.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the invention relates to a regulation and control method for reducing non-point source pollution of a rice field in a freeze-thaw area, wherein fertilizer regulation and control are adopted in spring freeze-thaw alternation periods to replace combination of top-slush straw returning and deep-turning shallow-rotation operation, a field ridge is built before field soaking to increase capacity, single-row or double-row leguminous crops are planted on the field ridge and on two sides of a drainage and irrigation ditch after rice seedling transplanting, water level control is carried out during irrigation to reduce drainage of the rice field, mixed circulating irrigation is carried out in combination with tail water of the rice field, rainfall is avoided during fertilization, drainage is avoided, and straw stubble covering and returning to the field after rice harvesting.
Preferably, the fertilizer regulation and control substitution means that the input amount of chemical fertilizer is reduced by 10% -40% on the basis of the local conventional chemical fertilizer application amount; the local conventional chemical fertilizer application amount is as follows: nitrogen fertilizer N: 150-270 kg/hm2P, P-phosphate fertilizer5O2:45～90kg/hm2Potash fertilizer K2O:45～90kg/hm2The fertilizing mode is to deeply apply chemical fertilizer once when the straws are deeply turned to return to the field.
Preferably, the fertilizer regulation and control substitution means that crop straws, organic fertilizers and long-acting fertilizers are used for replacing part of inorganic fertilizers; or the crop straws and the long-acting fertilizer replace part of the inorganic fertilizer; the specific substitution ratios are as follows:
under the condition of returning the whole amount of straws to the field, the straws of the crops replace 10 to 20 percent of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer, 10 to 15 percent of inorganic phosphate fertilizer and 20 to 30 percent of inorganic potash fertilizer;
applying 1500-3000 kg/hm of organic fertilizer2Under the condition, the organic fertilizer replaces inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by 20 to 40 percent respectively;
under the condition of applying the long-acting fertilizer, the long-acting fertilizer replaces all inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, and the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizers can be reduced by 10-20 percent.
Preferably, the top rake straw returning and deep turning and shallow rotating operation means that in a freeze-thaw production area, when a melt layer is 15-20 cm in the spring freeze-thaw alternation period, all fertilizers are spread on the basis of rice straw stubble covering, all straws on the ground surface are turned and pressed to 15-20 cm into soil by using a furrow rotary plough to form a soil entering layer, and a rotary cultivator is used for performing shallow rotation to 10-15 cm below the ground surface to complete the soil and form a soil preparation layer; a new plough bottom layer is formed between the soil entering layer and the soil preparation layer, and the thickness of the plough bottom layer is 5-10 cm.
Preferably, the ridge is built and expanded before field steeping, the ridge is widened by 10-15 cm and heightened by 20-30 cm on the basis of the original ridge, and the water stored in the field is expanded to 2000-3000 m3/hm2And the runoff loss of the rice field is reduced in the rainfall period.
Preferably, after rice seedlings are transplanted, single-row or double-row low crops are planted on the ridges and the two sides of the irrigation and drainage ditch, the row spacing is 30-50 cm, and the planting distance is 40-50 cm. Can increase biological diversity, inhibit weed, and reduce pesticide application amount.
Preferably, the step of controlling the water level during irrigation to reduce drainage of the rice field refers to that field irrigation management adopts a less-irrigation-duty irrigation method in the field stage of the rice, the water level of field surface water is strictly controlled to be 3-5 cm, drainage of field soaking water is strictly forbidden in the field soaking stage, and dry-wet alternative management is carried out from the last tillering stage to the initial jointing stage and from the last waxing stage to the complete maturing stage, and drainage of the rice field water is strictly forbidden.
Preferably, the dry-wet alternative management means that irrigation is not performed at the final stage of tillering, naturally falls off for 6-7 days, and irrigation is performed after the initial stage of jointing; and (4) no longer irrigating at the late stage of wax ripening, and naturally drying until harvesting at the complete ripening stage.
Preferably, combine paddy field tail water to carry out mixed circulation and irrigate, mean when irrigating, extract the tail water of paddy field drainage ditch and irrigate river or well water and mix and irritate, mix and irritate 10 totally, wherein the tail water is 1 ~ 2 parts: 8-9 parts of river water or well water.
Preferably, the rice is harvested and then is covered and returned to the field by straw stubble, namely, when the rice is harvested, 20-40 cm of straw stubble is adopted, and the rest part of the straw is smashed to be less than 10cm and is covered and returned to the field, so that solar radiation is reduced, the freeze-thaw alternation frequency of soil is reduced, and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus is reduced.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention can obviously reduce the input amount of chemical fertilizer and fully utilize agricultural wastes, thereby achieving the purposes of reducing the production cost, reducing the straw burning and reducing the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus; the top slush straw returning improves the structure of the soil, and reduces the leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus and runoff loss; the water storage capacity of the rice field can be improved by building ridges and increasing the expansion, and the risk of water and soil loss is reduced; the rice and leguminous intercropping planting can improve the utilization rate of land resources, inhibit weeds in the field and reduce the pesticide input; the water level control can save irrigation water and reduce field drainage; the mixed circulation irrigation can improve the utilization rate of water resources; the alternate frequency of soil freeze thawing can be reduced by covering the straws with stubbles and returning the straws to the field.
Detailed Description
The present invention is illustrated in detail by the following examples.
Example 1:
the experiment is carried out in the Shanshan county dam wall Zhenyan Licun (the experiment is started in 2017) in Liaoning river delta region, belongs to a temperate semi-humid seasonal wind climate region, has the average precipitation of about 650mm for many years, is mostly concentrated in 7-8 months, has the frost-free period of about 170d, and has a complete irrigation and drainage ditch. The soil to be tested is saline-alkali paddy soil.
The method comprises the following specific steps: in 3 middle ten days of the alternate period of freezing and thawing in spring, the melting layer reaches 20cm, and long-acting fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer based on the condition of returning the whole straw to the field (gather in the sky)Aspartic acid fertilizer) to replace 25.5 percent of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer, 14 percent of inorganic phosphate fertilizer and 20 percent of inorganic potash fertilizer. After all fertilizers (including chemical fertilizers and straws) are applied in a broadcasting way, all straws are turned over and pressed on the ground surface to 20cm for entering soil by adopting a ploughshare type rotary plow, and then the rotary cultivator is used for carrying out shallow rotation to 10-15 cm below the ground surface for soil preparation. After soil preparation, widening by 10cm and heightening by 20cm on the basis of the original ridge, wherein the width of the original ridge is 40cm, the height of the original ridge is 50cm, and the field water storage capacity is increased by 3000m3/hm2And the runoff loss of the rice field is reduced in the rainfall period. After rice transplanting, single-row soybeans are planted on the ridges and on the two sides of the irrigation and drainage ditch, the row spacing is 50cm, and the hole spacing is 40 cm. The biological diversity is increased, the weed inhibiting effect is obvious, and the dosage of chemical herbicide is reduced. In the field stage of rice, field irrigation management adopts a less-irrigation-duty irrigation method, the water level of field surface water is strictly controlled to be 3-5 cm, the field soaking stage strictly prohibits field soaking water from being discharged, and dry-wet alternative management is carried out from the last tillering stage to the initial stage of jointing and from the last stage of waxiness to the complete maturation stage, namely, irrigation is not carried out at the last stage of tillering, naturally falls dry for about 7 days, and irrigation is carried out again at the initial stage of jointing; no irrigation is carried out at the late stage of wax ripening, and the water naturally falls to dry until the rice is harvested at the complete ripening stage, and no rice field water is discharged. When the rice field is irrigated, proper mixed circulating irrigation is carried out by combining with rice field drainage, and the mixed irrigation proportion is 1 part of tail water: 9 parts of river water, and the utilization efficiency of water resources is improved by 10%. When the rice is harvested, 20cm of straw is used for leaving stubbles, and the rest part of the straw is ground into straw with the thickness less than 10cm and is covered and returned to the field, so that the solar radiation is reduced, the freeze-thaw alternation frequency of the soil is reduced, and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus is reduced.
Demonstration of fertilizer application in areas: polyaspartic acid fertilizer (28-12-8) is used as base fertilizer for one-time deep application, and the dosage is 750kg/hm2. The deparaffinization nitrogen application amount is N210kg/hm2The total phosphorus application amount is 90kg/hm2The total amount of potassium applied is 60kg/hm2。
And (3) applying chemical fertilizer to a control area: applying high nitrogen compound fertilizer (30-14-10) in 750kg/hm in local farmer control area2(ii) a The striking root fertilizer is applied with compound fertilizer (30-0-5), the application amount is 75kg/hm2(ii) a Urea (46%) is applied to the tillering fertilizer, and the application amount is 75kg/hm2. The total nitrogen application amount of deparaffinization is 282kg/hm2Applying phosphorusThe total amount is 105kg/hm2The total amount of potassium applied is 75kg/hm2。
Rainfall and drainage water amount: rainfall 35 times in 2019, and the total rainfall amount reaches 573.8 mm; wherein 6 raining times exceed 30mm, and 3 raining times exceed 70 mm. Runoff is generated in the control area and the demonstration area, wherein the runoff generation frequency in the control area is 6 (including 1 drainage for the field soaking period, the field sunning period and the mature period and 3 drainage for the storm runoff), and the total drainage amount reaches 146.74m3(ii) a The runoff generation times of the demonstration area are 4 times (1 time of drainage in the mature period and 3 times of storm runoff), and the total amount of the discharged water is 130.07m3. The runoff generation times and the total runoff yield of the demonstration area are reduced by 33.3 percent and 11.4 percent compared with those of the control area.
Nitrogen and phosphorus loss and emission reduction rate: the N loss of the rice field in the demonstration area and the control area is 1.17kg/hm2And 7.11kg/hm2Wherein the water loss of the control area paddy field is 3.2kg/hm2Accounting for 45% of the total loss. The P runoff of the rice field in the demonstration area and the control area is 0.145kg/hm2And 0.267kg/hm2. The nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction rates in the technical demonstration area are 83.58% and 45.88% respectively.
The rice yield is as follows: in autumn, the rice yield of the rice is measured by actual striking and actual harvesting of the field blocks of the demonstration area and the control area, wherein the average yield of the demonstration area is 11437.64kg/hm2The average yield of the control zone was 10957.86kg/hm2The yield of the demonstration zone was increased by 4.38% compared to the control zone.
TABLE 1 accounting table for nitrogen and phosphorus loss
The results show that: under the premise of ensuring the stable yield of the rice, the application amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is respectively reduced by 72kg/hm2And 15kg/hm2The reduction ratio of the application amount of the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is 25.53 percent and 14.29 percent respectively, the loss amount of nitrogen and phosphorus is reduced by 83.58 percent and 45.88 percent respectively, and no emission exists in rainfall below 30mm in a single field.
Example 2:
the experiment is performed in a camp village (the experiment is started in 2018) before towns of Zhangtai province, namely lighthouse city in Liaoning province, the camp village is in the midstream of the Taizi river, belongs to northern temperate continental climate, the average precipitation for many years is about 686mm, the average precipitation is mostly concentrated in 7-8 months, the frost-free period is about 171d, and the flood irrigation and drainage ditch is complete. The soil to be tested was rice soil.
The method comprises the following specific steps: in 3 months later than the alternate period of freezing and thawing in spring, the melting layer reaches 20cm, based on the application of 2000kg/hm of commercial organic fertilizer2Under the condition, long-acting fertilizer (slow release fertilizer) is applied to replace 26% of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer, 33% of inorganic phosphate fertilizer and 33% of inorganic potash fertilizer, after all the fertilizer (including chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer) is applied in a scattering way, all the straws are turned over and pressed on the ground surface to 20cm for entering soil by adopting a rotary ploughshare type plough, and the soil is prepared by using a rotary cultivator to perform shallow rotation to 10-15 cm below the ground surface. The field ridge before field soaking is built and expanded by widening the original field ridge by 15cm and heightening by 20cm and increasing the water storage in the rice field by 2000m3/hm2. After rice seedlings are transplanted, double rows of soybeans are planted on the built ridges and on the two sides of the irrigation and drainage ditch on the ridges, the row spacing is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm. And (3) adopting a less-irrigation-duty irrigation method in the field stage of the rice, controlling the water level of the field surface water to be 3-5 cm, strictly prohibiting the drainage of the field irrigation water in the field irrigation stage, and performing dry-wet alternative management in the later tillering stage, the grouting stage and the early harvesting stage of the rice. During irrigation, drainage and river water of a drainage ditch of the rice field are extracted to carry out mixed irrigation, and the mixed irrigation proportion is 2 parts of tail water: 8 parts of river water. When the rice is harvested, the stubble of the straw is left for 30cm, and the rest part is covered and returned to the field after the straw is crushed to be less than 10 cm.
Demonstration of fertilizer application in areas: the slow release fertilizer (26-10-10) is used as a base fertilizer for one-time deep application, and the fertilizing amount is 750kg/hm2. The pure nitrogen application amount is N195kg/hm, and the total phosphorus application amount is 75kg/hm2The total amount of potassium applied is 75kg/hm2。
And (3) applying chemical fertilizer to a control area: applying compound fertilizer (15-15-15%) and urea (46%) at 750kg/hm by local control farmers2And 75kg/hm2(ii) a The striking root fertilizer is applied with urea (46 percent) of 150kg/hm2(ii) a 105kg/hm of urea (46%) applied to tillering fertilizer2. The total nitrogen consumption of deparaffinization is 218kg/hm2The total amount of phosphorus applied is 112.5kg/hm2The total amount of potassium applied is 112.5kg/hm2。
The amount of drained water: the control area and the demonstration area both produce runoff for 4 times, both are artificially drained, and the drainage of the demonstration area is reduced by 5.3 percent compared with the control area.
The rice yield is as follows: in autumn, the rice yield of the rice is measured by actual striking and actual harvesting of the field blocks of the demonstration area and the control area, wherein the average yield of the demonstration area is 9108.3kg/hm2The average yield of the control zone was 8695.4kg/hm2The yield of the demonstration area is improved by 4.75 percent compared with that of the control area.
Nitrogen and phosphorus loss and emission reduction rate: the total nitrogen loss of the rice field in the demonstration area and the control area is 0.91kg/hm2And 3.82kg/hm2. The phosphorus loss of the rice field in the demonstration area and the control area is 0.20kg/hm2And 0.32kg/hm2. The nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction rates in the technical demonstration area are 76.04% and 36.34% respectively.
TABLE 2 accounting table for nitrogen and phosphorus loss
The results show that: on the premise of ensuring the stable yield of the rice, the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer reduction is realized by more than 26 percent and 33 percent, and the ammonia nitrogen discharge amount in the growth period of the rice in a demonstration area is 3.82kg/hm2Reduced to 0.91kg/hm2The total phosphorus discharge amount is 0.32kg/hm2Reduced to 0.20kg/hm276.04% and 36.34% are subtracted, respectively.
Example 3:
the test is performed in two villages of Chuan cattle Zhendong in TieLing county of Liaoning province (the test is started in 2017), the test is in the river basin of Liaohe, the test belongs to monsoon continental climate in a sub-humid area in a middle temperature zone, the average precipitation for many years is about 675mm, the test is mostly concentrated in months of 7-8, the frost-free period is about 146d, and the test has a complete irrigation and drainage ditch. The soil to be tested was rice soil.
The method comprises the following specific steps: in the last 4 months of the alternate period of freezing and thawing in spring, the melting layer reaches 15cm, and 1500kg/hm of commercial organic fertilizer is applied based on the total straw returning and the application2Under the condition, long-acting fertilizer (stable fertilizer) is applied to replace 29 percent of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer, 30 percent of inorganic phosphatic fertilizer and 30 percent of inorganic potash fertilizer, after all the fertilizer (including chemical fertilizer, straw and organic fertilizer) is applied, a share-type rotary plough is adopted to turn all the straws to 15cm into the ground, and then rotary tillage is adopted to dig the straws into the soilAnd (5) performing shallow rotation to 10-15 cm below the ground surface by the machine to prepare soil. The field ridge before field soaking is built and expanded by widening the original field ridge by 10cm and heightening by 25cm and increasing the water storage in the rice field by 2500m3/hm2. After rice seedlings are transplanted, double rows of soybeans are planted on the built ridges and on the two sides of the irrigation and drainage ditch on the ridges, the row spacing is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm. And (3) adopting a less-irrigation-duty irrigation method in the field stage of the rice, controlling the water level of the field surface water to be 3-5 cm, strictly prohibiting the drainage of the field irrigation water in the field irrigation stage, and performing dry-wet alternative management in the later tillering stage, the grouting stage and the early harvesting stage of the rice. During irrigation, drainage and river water of a drainage ditch of the rice field are extracted for mixed irrigation, and the mixed irrigation proportion is 1 part of tail water: and 9 parts of well water. When the rice is harvested, the stubble of the straw is left for 30cm, and the rest part is covered and returned to the field after the straw is crushed to be less than 10 cm.
Demonstration of fertilizer application in areas: the stable fertilizer (28-10-10) is deeply applied at one time, and the total application amount is 750kg/hm2The purities of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are respectively 210kg/hm2、75kg/hm2、75kg/hm2。
And (3) applying chemical fertilizer to a control area: high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (26-12-12) applied by local farmers is 900kg/hm2(ii) a 75kg/hm of urea (46%) applied to striking root fertilizer2(ii) a 60kg/hm of urea (46%) applied to tillering fertilizer2. The total nitrogen consumption of deparaffinization is 296kg/hm2The total phosphorus application amount is 108kg/hm2The total amount of potassium applied is 108kg/hm2。
Rainfall and drainage water amount: rainfall 35 times in 2019, and the total rainfall amount reaches 573.8 mm; wherein 6 raining times exceed 30mm, and 3 raining times exceed 70 mm. Runoff is generated in the control area and the demonstration area, wherein the runoff generation frequency in the control area is 6 (including 1 drainage for the field soaking period, the field sunning period and the mature period and 3 drainage for the storm runoff), and the total drainage amount reaches 146.74m3(ii) a The runoff generation times of the demonstration area are 4 times (1 time of drainage in the mature period and 3 times of storm runoff), and the total amount of the discharged water is 130.07m3. The runoff generation times and the total runoff yield of the demonstration area are reduced by 33.3 percent and 11.4 percent compared with those of the control area. Rainfall 38 times in 2017-2019 years, and the total rainfall amount reaches 577 mm; classifying rainfall according to meteorology, wherein the rainfall (10-24.9 mm) is 21 times, and accounts for 55.3% of the whole year; the rain (10-24.9 mm) is 10 times, accounting for 26.3% of the whole year; heavy rain (25 &)49.9mm)5 times, accounting for 13.2% of the whole year; rainstorm (50-99.9 mm) is carried out for 2 times, and accounts for 5.3 percent of the whole year. Runoff is generated in the control area and the demonstration area, the annual average runoff frequency is 5 (wherein the runoff generation frequency in the control area is 5 (including 3 flowering periods and 2 booting periods), the annual average output flow is 7.49mm, the runoff generation frequency in the demonstration area is 5 (including 3 flowering periods and 2 booting periods), the annual average output flow is 7.44mm, and the annual average output flow in the demonstration area is 0.70 percent lower than that in the control area.
Nitrogen and phosphorus loss: the total nitrogen loss of the demonstration zone and the control zone is 1.34kg/hm2And 3.40kg/hm2The P loss amounts are respectively 0.09kg/hm2And 0.11kg/hm2。
The rice yield is as follows: in autumn, the rice yield of the rice is measured by actual striking and actual harvesting of the field blocks of the demonstration area and the control area, wherein the average yield of the demonstration area is 9134.85kg/hm2The average yield of the control zone was 9012.57kg/hm2The yield of the demonstration area is improved by 1.33 percent compared with that of the control area.
TABLE 3 accounting table for nitrogen and phosphorus loss
The results show that: by applying the rice field non-point source pollution regulation and control technology, the dosage of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is reduced by 29 percent and 30 percent, the yield of a demonstration area is equal to that of a control field, and the pure application amount of the fertilizers is reduced by 152kg/hm2The nitrogen and phosphorus loss is respectively reduced by 60.58 percent and 18.18 percent.
Example 4:
the present example is 50 meters (the test is started in 2018) east China of the Roselle street in Suzhou province of Shenyang city, Liaoning province, belongs to the muddy river basin, belongs to continental semi-humid monsoon climate in warm temperature zone, has average precipitation of about 659.6mm for many years, mostly concentrates on 7-8 months, and has 150-160d frost-free period, and has a complete irrigation and drainage ditch. The soil to be tested was rice soil.
The method comprises the following specific steps: in 3 th ten days after the alternate period of freezing and thawing in spring, the melting layer reaches 20cm, and 2000kg/hm of commercial organic fertilizer is applied based on the total straw returning and the application2Under the condition, long-acting fertilizer (stable fertilizer) is applied to replace 32.5% of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer and no fertilizer16.7 percent of organic phosphate fertilizer and 16.7 percent of inorganic potassium fertilizer, after all fertilizers (including chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer) are applied, all straws are turned over and pressed on the ground surface to 20cm for entering soil by adopting a rotary ploughshare, and then the rotary cultivator is used for carrying out shallow rotation to 10-15 cm below the ground surface for soil preparation. The field ridge before field soaking is built and expanded by widening the original field ridge by 10cm and heightening by 20cm and increasing the water storage in the rice field by 2000m3/hm2. After rice seedlings are transplanted, single soybeans are planted on the built ridges and on the two sides of the irrigation and drainage ditch on the ridges, and the planting distance is 40 cm. And (3) adopting a less-irrigation-duty irrigation method in the field stage of the rice, controlling the water level of the field surface water to be 3-5 cm, strictly prohibiting the drainage of the field irrigation water in the field irrigation stage, and performing dry-wet alternative management in the later tillering stage, the grouting stage and the early harvesting stage of the rice. During irrigation, drainage and river water of a drainage ditch of the rice field are extracted for mixed irrigation, and the mixed irrigation proportion is 1 part of tail water: 9 parts of river water. When the rice is harvested, the stubble of the straw is left for 25cm, and the rest part is covered and returned to the field after the straw is crushed to be less than 10 cm.
Demonstration of fertilizer application in areas: the stable fertilizer (26-10-10) is deeply applied at one time, and the total application amount is 750kg/hm2The purities of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are 195kg/hm respectively2、75kg/hm2、75kg/hm2。
And (3) applying chemical fertilizer to a control area: high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (28-10-10)900kg/hm applied by local farmers2(ii) a The striking root fertilizer is applied with 40kg/hm of urea (46 percent)2(ii) a The tillering fertilizer is applied with 40kg/hm of urea (46 percent)2. The total nitrogen application amount of deparaffinization is 289kg/hm2The total phosphorus application amount is 90kg/hm2The total potassium application amount is 90kg/hm2。
Rainfall and drainage water amount: the total rainfall amount in 2019 reaches 874.2 mm. Runoff is generated in the control area and the demonstration area, wherein the runoff generation frequency of the control area is 6 times (including 1 time of drainage in a field soaking period, a field sunning period and a mature period and 3 times of rainstorm runoff), and the total discharge water amount reaches 132.5m3(ii) a The runoff generation times of the demonstration area are 3 times (1 time of drainage in the mature period and 2 times of storm runoff), and the total amount of the discharged water is 102.1m3. The runoff generation times and the total runoff yield of the demonstration area are reduced by 3 times and 22.94 percent compared with those of the control area.
The rice yield is as follows: in autumn of rice, the field of the demonstration area and the control areaPerforming rice yield measurement of actual threshing and actual harvesting, wherein the average yield in the demonstration area is 9786.15kg/hm2The average yield of the control zone was 9065.55kg/hm2The yield of the demonstration area is improved by 7.36 percent compared with that of the control area.
TABLE 4 accounting table for nitrogen and phosphorus loss
Nitrogen and phosphorus loss and emission reduction rate: the total nitrogen loss of the demonstration zone and the control zone is 2.12kg/hm2And 6.83kg/hm2. The phosphorus loss in the demonstration zone and the control zone was 0.23kg/hm2And 0.64kg/hm2. The nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction rates in the technical demonstration area are 68.96% and 64.06% respectively.
Example 5:
the saline-alkali land utilization research institute (the experiment begins in 2018) of farm Liaoning province newly built in large depression area of Liaoning province, the saline-alkali land utilization research institute is located in delta area of Liaohe, the saline-alkali land utilization research institute belongs to a temperate semi-humid seasonal humid climate area, the average rainfall for many years is about 650mm, the average rainfall is mostly concentrated in 7-8 months, the frost-free period is about 170d, and the saline-alkali land utilization research institute has a complete irrigation and drainage ditch. The soil to be tested is saline-alkali paddy soil.
The method comprises the following specific steps: in late 3 months of the alternate period of freezing and thawing in spring, the melting layer reaches 20cm, and 2500kg/hm of commercial organic fertilizer is applied based on the total straw returning and the application2Under the condition, the base fertilizer is applied with long-acting fertilizer (slow release fertilizer) to replace 27.7 percent of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer, 40 percent of inorganic phosphate fertilizer and 37.5 percent of inorganic potash fertilizer. After all fertilizers (including chemical fertilizers and straws) are applied in a broadcasting way, all straws are turned over and pressed on the ground surface to 20cm for entering soil by adopting a ploughshare type rotary plow, and then the rotary cultivator is used for carrying out shallow rotation to 10-15 cm below the ground surface for soil preparation. Widening by 10cm and heightening by 25cm on the basis of the original ridge, wherein the width of the original ridge is 40cm, the height of the original ridge is 50cm, and the field water storage capacity is increased by 2500m3/hm2And the runoff loss of the rice field is reduced in the rainfall period. After rice transplanting, single-row soybeans are planted on the ridges and on the two sides of the irrigation and drainage ditch, the row spacing is 50cm, and the hole spacing is 40 cm. The biological diversity is increased, the weed inhibiting effect is obvious, and the dosage of chemical herbicide is reduced. Irrigating in the field of riceThe water management adopts a less-irrigation-duty irrigation method, the water level of field surface water is strictly controlled to be 3-5 cm, the field soaking period strictly prohibits the drainage of field soaking water, and dry-wet alternative management is carried out from the last tillering period to the initial jointing stage and from the last wax-ripening period to the complete maturation period, namely, irrigation is not carried out at the last tillering period and irrigation is carried out again at the initial jointing stage; no irrigation is carried out at the late stage of wax ripening, and the water naturally falls to dry until the rice is harvested at the complete ripening stage, and no rice field water is discharged. When the rice field is irrigated, proper mixed circulating irrigation is carried out by combining with rice field drainage, and the mixed irrigation proportion is 2 parts of tail water: 8 parts of river water, and the utilization efficiency of water resources is improved by 20%. When the rice is harvested, the stubble of the straws is kept for 30cm, and the rest part of the straws are crushed to be less than 10cm to cover and return to the field, so that the solar radiation is reduced, the freeze-thaw alternation frequency of the soil is reduced, and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus is reduced.
Demonstration of fertilizer application in areas: the stable fertilizer (26-12-10) is deeply applied at one time, and the total application amount is 750kg/hm2The purities of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are 195kg/hm respectively2、90kg/hm2、75kg/hm2。
And (3) applying chemical fertilizer to a control area: high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (16-15-12) applied by local farmers is 1000kg/hm2(ii) a 120kg/hm of urea (46%) applied to striking root fertilizer2(ii) a 120kg/hm of urea (46%) applied to tillering fertilizer2. The total nitrogen consumption of deparaffinization is 270kg/hm2The total phosphorus application amount is 150kg/hm2The total amount of potassium applied is 120kg/hm2。
Rainfall and drainage water amount: rainfall 35 times in 2019, and the total rainfall amount reaches 573.8 mm; wherein 6 raining times exceed 30mm, and 3 raining times exceed 70 mm. Runoff is generated in the control area and the demonstration area, wherein the runoff generation frequency in the control area is 6 (including 1 drainage for the field soaking period, the field sunning period and the mature period and 3 drainage for the storm runoff), and the total drainage amount reaches 152.63m3(ii) a The runoff generation times of the demonstration area are 3 times (1 time of drainage in the mature period and 2 times of storm runoff), and the total amount of the discharged water is 110.12m3. The runoff generation times and the total runoff yield of the demonstration area are reduced by 3 times and 27.85 percent compared with those of the control area.
Nitrogen and phosphorus loss and emission reduction rate: the N loss of the rice field in the demonstration area and the control area is respectively 2.02kg/hm2And 7.37kg/hm2Wherein the water loss of the control area paddy field is 3.1kg/hm2Accounting for 42% of the total loss. The P runoff of the rice field in the demonstration area and the control area is 0.13kg/hm2And 0.32kg/hm2。
The rice yield is as follows: in autumn, the rice yield of the rice is measured by actual striking and actual harvesting of the field blocks of the demonstration area and the control area, wherein the average yield of the demonstration area is 10835.16kg/hm2The average yield of the control zone was 10024.27kg/hm2The yield of the demonstration area is improved by 7.48 percent compared with that of the control area.
TABLE 5 accounting table for nitrogen and phosphorus loss
Claims (10)
1. A regulation and control method for reducing non-point source pollution of a rice field in a freeze-thaw area is characterized in that fertilizer regulation and control are adopted in spring freeze-thaw alternation periods to replace combination of top-slush straw returning and deep-turning shallow-rotation operation, a field ridge is built before field soaking to increase capacity, single-row or double-row leguminous crops are planted on the field ridge and on two sides of a drainage and irrigation ditch after rice seedling transplanting, water level control is carried out during irrigation to reduce drainage of the rice field, mixed circulation irrigation is carried out in combination with tail water of the rice field, rainfall is avoided during fertilizer application, drainage is avoided, and the straw is left stubbles to cover and return to the field.
2. The method for controlling and reducing the non-point source pollution of the rice field in the freeze-thaw area according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer control substitution is to reduce the input amount of chemical fertilizer by 10% -40% based on the amount of the local conventional chemical fertilizer; the local conventional chemical fertilizer application amount is as follows: nitrogen fertilizer N: 150-270 kg/hm2P, P-phosphate fertilizer5O2:45～90kg/hm2Potash fertilizer K2O:45～90kg/hm2The fertilizing mode is to deeply apply chemical fertilizer once when the straws are deeply turned to return to the field.
3. The regulation and control method for reducing the non-point source pollution of the rice fields in freeze-thaw areas according to claim 2, wherein the fertilizer regulation and control substitution refers to crop straws, organic fertilizers and long-acting fertilizers to substitute part of inorganic fertilizers; or the crop straws and the long-acting fertilizer replace part of the inorganic fertilizer; or, the organic fertilizer and the long-acting fertilizer replace part of the inorganic fertilizer; the specific substitution ratios are as follows:
under the condition of returning the whole amount of straws to the field, the straws of the crops replace 10 to 20 percent of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer, 10 to 15 percent of inorganic phosphate fertilizer and 20 to 30 percent of inorganic potash fertilizer;
applying 1500-3000 kg/hm of organic fertilizer2Under the condition, the organic fertilizer replaces inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by 20 to 40 percent respectively;
under the condition of applying the long-acting fertilizer, the long-acting fertilizer replaces all inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, and the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizers can be reduced by 10-20 percent.
4. The regulation and control method for reducing the non-point source pollution of the paddy field in the freeze-thaw area according to claim 1, wherein the top slush straw returning and deep turning and shallow rotation operation is that in the freeze-thaw production area, when the melt layer is 15-20 cm in the spring freeze-thaw alternation period, all fertilizers are spread on the basis of the stubble covering of the paddy straws, then all the straws on the ground surface are turned to 15-20 cm by a ploughshare type rotary plow and buried into the soil to form a buried soil layer, and then a rotary cultivator is used for performing shallow rotation to 10-15 cm below the ground surface to complete the land to form a whole ground layer; a new plough bottom layer is formed between the soil entering layer and the soil preparation layer, and the thickness of the plough bottom layer is 5-10 cm.
5. The regulation and control method for reducing the rice field non-point source pollution in the freeze-thaw area according to claim 1, wherein the ridge is built for increasing the volume before the field soaking, and the widening is carried out by 10-15 cm and the heightening is carried out by 20-30 cm on the basis of the original ridge, so that the water storage volume in the field is increased to 2000-3000 m3/hm2And the runoff loss of the rice field is reduced in the rainfall period.
6. A regulation and control method for reducing non-point source pollution in a freeze-thaw area rice field according to claim 1, wherein single-row or double-row low-height crops are planted on the ridges and on the two sides of the irrigation and drainage ditches after rice seedling transplanting, the row spacing is 30-50 cm, and the plant spacing is 40-50 cm. Can increase biological diversity, inhibit weed, and reduce pesticide application amount.
7. The regulation and control method for reducing the rice field non-point source pollution in the freeze-thaw area according to claim 1, wherein the water level control during irrigation is used for reducing the rice field drainage, a water-saving irrigation method is adopted for field irrigation management in the rice field period, the water level of the field non-point water is strictly controlled to be 3-5 cm, the drainage of the field non-point water is strictly prohibited in the field non-point period, and dry-wet alternative management is performed and the drainage of the rice field is strictly prohibited in the field non-point period from the last tillering stage to the first jointing stage and from the last waxing stage to the complete maturity stage.
8. The regulation and control method for reducing the non-point source pollution of the rice field in the freeze-thaw area according to claim 7, wherein the alternate dry and wet management means that irrigation is not performed at the end stage of tillering, naturally falls for 6-7 days, and is performed after the beginning stage of jointing; and (4) no longer irrigating at the late stage of wax ripening, and naturally drying until harvesting at the complete ripening stage.
9. The regulation and control method for reducing the non-point source pollution of the paddy field in the freeze-thaw area according to claim 1, wherein the mixed circulating irrigation by combining the tail water of the paddy field is performed by extracting the tail water of the drainage canal of the paddy field and the irrigated river water or well water during irrigation, and the total amount of the mixed irrigation is 10 parts, wherein the tail water is 1-2 parts: 8-9 parts of river water or well water.
10. The regulation and control method for reducing the non-point source pollution of the paddy field in the freeze-thaw area according to claim 1, wherein the step of covering and returning the harvested paddy field with the straw stubble is carried out, namely, the step of covering and returning the harvested paddy field with the straw stubble 20-40 cm is adopted during harvesting of the paddy field, and the step of crushing the rest part of the harvested paddy field with the straw less than 10cm is carried out for reducing the solar radiation, reducing the alternating frequency of freeze-thaw of the soil and reducing the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus.
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