RU2556893C1 - Method of irrigation when ploughing on sod-podzol sandy loam soils of central non-black earth area - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method comprises ploughing, application into soil of water or liquid fertilizer, after harvesting the crop the field is prepared - decontaminated, neutralized and dehydrated sludge residue is scattered across the field, obtained during biological purification on the complex of livestock wastes, then before ploughing on the irrigated field soil disking is carried out to the depth of 5 cm, the passage is made in two directions, longitudinal and transverse, and ploughing is carried out not on the slope of the field, but perpendicular to the horizontals in direction of the slope, followed by application into the soil of liquid effluent across the width of the arable field with the sprinkler unit with the sprinklers equipped with the closed pipelines to transport the said effluent from the storage pond, after application of the liquid effluent and drying the sludge remaining after application of liquid effluent in the ploughed field, soil disking or cultivating is carried out, its smoothing and compacting is carried out with smooth water-filled rollers. The effluent through the ploughing and depth of the soil enters the drainage pipes, which communicate with the open collector.

EFFECT: increase in soil fertility.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agricultural reclamation in drainage and humidification systems, in water conservation measures, with the introduction of wastewater and livestock waste.

BACKGROUND

A known method of irrigation during plowing and a device for its implementation, including the formation of a furrow by a soil-cultivating organ, the supply of water or liquid fertilizer to it and the subsequent closing of the furrow by soil, in which, in order to increase productivity and uniform distribution of liquid in the soil, before closing the furrow, the soil, plowed in the previous passage, raise above the plow sole, which serves water, forcing it out of an adjacent furrow (Copyright certificate SU No. 1752280, class A01G 25/00, from 08/07/1992).

The disadvantages of this method include high energy consumption, uneven distribution of livestock waste and low technological reliability of the irrigation process. In addition, with the plowing of each strip, as well as with the formation of a cavity into which liquid from a plow furrow rushes, it requires a complex irrigation technology and, in the practical implementation of this technology, the work efficiency is reduced. It should be especially noted that this technology does not provide for the use of livestock runoff for soils with close occurrence of groundwater (1-3 m). The water permeability of the field for irrigation during plowing depends on how plowing is carried out, for example, across horizontals or along them, subject to the appropriate technology for processing the plowed field by mechanisms, for favorable and unambiguous conditions for the development of a crop throughout the field.

A known method of applying liquid fertilizers simultaneously with plowing the soil, including the formation of a furrow during plowing, fertilizing and closing the furrow (Patent RU No. 2080042, class A01C 21/00, 23/00, A01B 49/06 from 05/27/1997).

The technical disadvantage of this method: the impossibility and insufficient depth of making easily volatile liquid components; the inability to make loose components - if necessary, the distribution of components to different depths, the uncertainty of the quality indicators of fertilizer; increased costs for the implementation of the method. In addition, this method of applying liquid fertilizers on the field is carried out according to a complex technology according to the multilayer method, which does not take into account sod-podzolic sandy soils of the central Non-Chernozem region with close occurrence of groundwater. Distribution at the same time as applying liquid fertilizer and dry fertilizer to the soil is quite difficult in practical application, since wheeled mechanized equipment makes large ruts in the field, drowns and violates the upper fertile soil layer. In most cases, the sod-podzolic sandy loam non-chernozem soils for the arable layer are 20 cm, it is in this layer that fertilizers must be applied, processed and better structured, it is richer in humus than the underlying layers - all this should be taken into account especially in drainage and humidification systems with close occurrence of groundwater.

Watering methods are known (Author's certificate SU No. 829049, class A01G 25/00 of 08/15/1981; SU No. 1576047, class A01G 25/00 of 07/07/1990; SU No. 1746947, class A01G 25/00 of July 15, 1992 )

The disadvantages of these methods are the impossibility and insufficient depth of making easily volatile liquid components; the inability to make loose components - if necessary, the distribution of components to different depths, the uncertainty of quality indicators for sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Non-Black Earth region, especially in cases where there is a close occurrence of groundwater on drainage-wetting lands.

There is also known a method of irrigation during plowing, including the formation of a furrow by a soil-cultivating organ, the supply of water or liquid fertilizer to it, and the subsequent closing of the furrow by soil, before plowing in an irrigated field, deep loosening is carried out to a depth of 0.4-0.6 m in increments between the loosening zones in within 1.1-1.4 m, while the direction of movement when loosening is performed at an angle of 15-45 ° to the subsequent directions when a furrow is formed by a soil-cultivating organ, and water or liquid fertilizer is introduced into it by inlet or when moving mobile on the unit provided with said container for transporting liquids and their distribution (Patent RU № 2246205, Cl. A01G 25/00 from 20.02.2005).

The disadvantage of this method of irrigation are: the complexity of the implementation of soil treatment technology for irrigation preparation. Especially such irrigation technology does not provide for the difficulty of applying it on the surface of the earth with a complex relief of the irrigated field. The water permeability of the field depends on the method of irrigation, for example, when plowing the entire field across or horizontally, while observing the appropriate technology for processing the plowed field by mechanisms, including disking, cultivation, rolling, which improves the water-air regime of the soil and creates the most favorable and unequivocal conditions for the development of culture throughout the field, which cannot be achieved in a known manner.

For soddy-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Non-Black Earth region, in most cases the arable layer is 20 cm, it is in this layer that fertilizers are applied, it is processed and is better structured, richer in humus than the underlying layers. In addition, it is necessary to take into account drainage and humidification lands with a close occurrence of groundwater, and to obtain high yields it is important that all supplied liquid fertilizers remain in the arable layer uniformly over the area in the calculated moistening layer and irrigation should be carried out without dumping to maintain the ecological situation, and lack of entry into groundwater, ultimately, into rivers, streams, lakes, causing a rapid growth of aquatic vegetation, microorganisms, flowering of water, since only 40 ... 60% of the introduced nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus is fertilized They are assimilated by plants, the remaining amount is fixed in the soil, inaccessible for plant nutrition, their compounds, i.e. to hold for a long time in the soil the main nutrients for plants and thereby increase the yield of agricultural crops, solving the problem of the drainage system for collecting the removed excess water in open collectors and collecting such water in the settling pools with their subsequent use for irrigation or when a certain concentration is reached, not exceeding the maximum permissible concentration, discharge is carried out in the spring flood (in spring, when intense snow melting occurs within 1-15 days, depending on the accumulated volume of the sump).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The claimed invention is aimed at solving the following problem: an effective and cheap method of irrigation when plowing on a drainage and humidification system in drained soils and increasing productivity.

Technical result: increased soil fertility, productivity and environmental friendliness of agricultural crops cultivation on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils with limited material, labor and energy costs.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of irrigation when plowing on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of the central Non-Black Earth region, including plowing, applying water or liquid fertilizer to the soil, after harvesting the crops, the fields are prepared - the disinfected, decontaminated and de-fertilized silt sediment is scattered over the field biological treatment on a complex of pig-breeding wastewater, then before plowing on an irrigated field, soil is excavated to a depth of 5 cm, while the passage is done in two formulations, longitudinal and transverse, and plowing is carried out not according to the field slope, but perpendicular to the horizontal to the direction of the slope, with the subsequent distribution and introduction of liquid runoff into the soil in movement with a sprinkler unit with sprinklers across the width of the arable field and equipped with closed pipelines for transporting the said runoff from the pond -accumulator, in addition, after making liquid runoff and drying the sludge remaining when making liquid runoff on a plowed field, the soil is loosened by disking m or cultivation of the soil, carry out its alignment and rolling smooth water-filled rollers.

In addition, the filtering runoff through plowing and soil thickness enters the drainage pipes, which communicate with the open collector-collector.

After aeration tanks, a liquid mixture in the form of liquid manure (97% moisture) with small suspended particles through a discharge pipe under pressure comes first to the storage ponds (storage tanks) of pig-breeding stocks throughout the year, the stocks settle only in the winter, here also an unpleasant odor is released (in the form of methane), then by gravity it enters the discharge pipe towards the drainage chamber to the pumping pump station. A pump station with a predetermined design pressure delivers the effluent to the sprinkler units with the spray nozzles through the transport and irrigation pipelines to hydrants for irrigation disposal fields (IPU). The supply of the total volume of effluents for irrigation includes the following chemical compounds: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc., which with liquid manure enter the arable soil. This irrigation is used for sowing perennial grasses and other crops, according to the agronomic requirements of the introduced organic complex fertilizer in compliance with environmental safety rules around the IPU.

After introducing the liquid runoff and drying the sludge remaining during the introduction of the liquid runoff on a plowed field, it is again loosened by disking or cultivating the soil, leveling and rolling it with smooth water filling rollers.

Filtering drainage through plowing and soil thickness enters the drainage pipes, which communicate with an open collector-collector or are then diverted to a storage tank, placed by gravity-fed pumping station, or a mobile pumping station (SPS).

The new proposed method of irrigation during plowing does not have an obligatory direction of loosening at an angle for tillage units: disking, cultivating, leveling and rolling, since plowing mainly depends on the relief conditions of the field (slope, etc.) with the arrangement of distribution pipelines, irrigation and drain. When plowing, ridges (piles) and depressions are always formed, connected with the plows of aggregates, they become enclosing strips for the retention of liquid runoff generated from irrigation by sprinkler aggregates with sprayers, where special labor-intensive methods of technology for deep loosening are not required, determination of the calculated step values between zones loosening, which is accompanied by softening and collapse of the soil. As a result, plowing is carried out across the horizontals (slopes) of the field, and bringing it after making pig-breeding stocks to readiness, is repeated disking or cultivating, leveling and rolling. This action is accompanied by the destruction of the so-called “crust” from the sludge deposited on top, separated from the liquid runoff during irrigation and drying of the plowed field. In this case, excess methane will come out, which is always present in pig farms, and especially it accumulates in storage ponds filled from the pig complex during the year with a characteristic pungent odor.

The remaining organic matter and soil clods on a plowed field mix between, penetrating into the upper soil layer, which for sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils, the arable layer in most cases is 20 cm, it is in this layer that fertilizers must be applied, it becomes richer in humus than underlying layers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawing shows a diagram for irrigation on the drainage and humidification system.

The scheme for the implementation of the irrigation method during plowing includes: a workshop for separating solid fraction 1, concrete platform 2, vertical sedimentation tanks 3, aeration tanks 4, secondary settling tanks 5, a cartantium tank 6, sludge cards 7, a discharge pipe 8, storage ponds for the liquid fraction of piglets 9, a stockpile a chamber 10 located in front of the pumping station 11, which provides the intake and supply of effluents to the closed main pipe 12 with a valve 13, a distribution pipe 14 with hydrants 15 for connection to a sprinkler unit (design e application may be different) with sprinklers and with the issuance of the estimated costs of effluents (water) on a plowed field. To collect drainage flow, for example water, there is a closed open collector-collector 16 with a storage tank 17.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The method of irrigation during plowing on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils includes the following operations:

- excess active sludge during biological treatment at the livestock complex, is formed in the aeration tank mixer, which enters the concrete platform 2, after passing through sieves and draining the liquid fraction into the pipeline 8 with storage ponds 9 of the liquid fraction;

- drying for 6 months, the sediment is stored with collars to a moisture content of 40 ... 60%, which improves the environmental situation due to the complete cessation of gas emissions with a pungent odor, the precipitate of which is monitored for the absence of pathogenic microflora;

- according to the content of nutrients, solid sludge is an organic fertilizer, it is transported by tractor and tractor to the field and scattered after harvesting, the field that is determined for plowing;

- after spreading solid sludge sludge on the field before plowing, the soil is discarded at shallow (up to 5 cm), loosening;

- carry out plowing across the contours along the field slope (perpendicular to the field slope);

- discharged liquid effluent from the complex via the discharge pipe 8 to the storage ponds 9, from where they by gravity enter the drainage chamber 10 located in front of the pumping station 11 for pumping pig-breeding effluents through the main pipe 12 to the supply pipe 13 with hydrants 14, then to the sprinkler in motion, with sprinklers;

- control indicators of effluents (liquid fertilizers) directed to the pumping station;

- disking or cultivating a plowed field is carried out after irrigation with runoff and drying the field with the destruction of the so-called “crust”, after the deposition of small fractions of manure;

- carry out the alignment and rolling smooth water filling rollers.

The norms for introducing solid sludge sludge and pig breeding effluents - under the sprinkler with sprinklers, are established according to the results of checking for compliance with the SanPiN requirements of both sludge sludge and pig breeding by components that characterize the biological treatment of pig (livestock) drains at the complex.

For soil post-treatment of the liquid fraction of effluents, irrigation disposal fields (IPUs) are being prepared. To prevent groundwater pollution and improve the water-air regime of soils, an indoor drainage is being built. All drainage runoff is discharged into open collectors, then it is accumulated in specially constructed storage tanks of a serviced field. Drainage water is discharged in the spring during the flood period during the period of intensive snow melting for 10-15 days, depending on the accumulated drainage water, which is controlled by the responsible authorities for the environmental situation. In adverse dry years, drainage during the summer period can be supplied to humidification irrigations for growing perennial grasses and other crops.

According to the certificate of conformity and the results of the verification of compliance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.3.2.560-96 at the Vladimirskoye pig-breeding pig complex to determine the environmentally safe disposal area, the liquid fraction in the storage ponds after the industrial treatment facilities should contain the following MPC indicators: pH ) - 6.5 ... 8.5.% Mg / l; ammonium nitrogen - 0.39 mg / l; nitrogen nitrates - 9.1 mg / l; nitrite nitrogen - 0.02 mg / l; dry residue - 100 mg / l, sulfites - 100 mg / l; chlorides - 300 mg / l; phosphorus - 0.2 mg / l.

The implementation of the specified technical problem and the technical result provides the need to increase humus formation and soil fertility. In fact, both components of the fertilizer - the solid fraction of sludge sediment and the liquid fraction of effluents - only in conjunction with plowing solve the technical problem and the declared technical one. This is facilitated by the periods of the method and the introduction to various depths of the components and the ease of incorporation into the soil during plowing. The characteristic pungent odor (methane) disappears, which contributes to the method of fertilizing during the processing of organics, including organic matter in the sludge sediment and the liquid fraction of effluents at the depth of the arable layer. All these processes are interconnected and manifest in a complex. As such a method of irrigation during plowing on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils are the operations indicated above with the norm of introducing solid sludge sediment and liquid effluents, the latter are carried out by sprinkling units with sprinklers. The duration of irrigation of a plowed field under irrigation pipelines is determined by the operating time of the sprinklers themselves, connected to the sprinkler unit, and the sprinklers themselves can have nozzles of different diameters, which will also preserve the uniform distribution of the sediment layer of drains or water when plowing the soil. This method of irrigation was applied for the first time without cutting furrows on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Non-Black Earth region.

Thus, taking into account the terrain, plowing, soil cultivation, fertilizer application rate, network layout, sprinkling, water management methods in the drainage and humidification system, it not only saves and limits labor and energy costs, but the environmental requirements for water quality are also observed, discharged through drains into open collectors and watercourses of the Non-Black Earth region. The proposed method expands the possibilities of using livestock runoff in increasing soil fertility, i.e. The high technical result is mainly the result of the interaction of the components of the organic complex origin of the fertilizer, introduced in a special way before and after plowing the soil.

Ultimately, these processes before and after plowing the field and watering during plowing the soil contribute to humus formation and soil fertility, and, consequently, crop yields. It should be emphasized that the described processes and neoplasms lead to the observance of scientifically based standards for the introduction of silt solids and liquid fractions during plowing. Increased productivity.

Claims (2)

1. The method of irrigation when plowing on soddy-podzolic sandy loam soils of the central Non-Black Soil region, including plowing, applying water or liquid fertilizer to the soil, characterized in that after harvesting the crop, the fields are prepared - the decontaminated, decontaminated and de-fattened sludge is scattered across the field during biological cleaning at a complex of livestock stocks, then before plowing on an irrigated field, the soil is discarded to a depth of 5 cm, while the passage is made in two directions, longitudinal and bottom river, and plowing is carried out not along the field slope, but perpendicular to the horizontal to the direction of the slope, followed by the distribution and introduction of liquid runoff into the soil in movement with a sprinkler unit with sprinklers on the width of the arable field and equipped with closed pipelines for transporting the mentioned drains from the storage pond, in addition , after making a liquid runoff and drying the sludge remaining when making a liquid runoff on a plowed field, the soil is discoded or cultivated, its soil is leveled and rolled vanie smooth, water-filled rollers. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the filtering drain through plowing and the thickness of the soil enters the drainage pipes, which communicate with an open collector-collector.

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