RU2814538C2 - Method of increasing anti-erosion resistance of agricultural landscape of closed depressions during snow melting - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention finds application in cultivation of crops on fields with wavy microrelief and saucer-shaped drainless microdepressions. Essence of the problem lies in the fact that in the presence of microdepressions, which are characteristic for fields of the Central Russian Upland, after the end of the spring flood, more snow accumulates on the fields in the drainless saucer-shaped microdepressions than on the neighboring area. Accordingly, in these microdepressions the process of snow melting is slowed down. Here water is retained, its slow evaporation and delay of soil drying to the state of physical ripeness are observed. This shifts the time of field works in spring, at the same time in these depressions the soil becomes poor in its physical-lithological and chemical state, that is, places have leached soils. This leads to reduction of soil fertility in crop rotations as a basis of crop capacity growth. In case of overfilling of microdepressions, soil is washed away according to average weighted norm of water planar erosion of soil and depends on geographical location and orientation of field slope and density of soil skeleton, absence of humus in soil with field slopes. Method includes digital survey of field surface in autumn with fixation of location and parameters of saucer-shaped depressions of field microrelief, according to invention on field after harvesting of early crops, which are precursors in crop rotation, establishing the possibility of using organic fertilizers in autumn before snowfall to close closed shallow depressions - troughs located on the field or on its slope, at which the average annual soil washout, weighted average by the water planar soil erosion rate, is not exceeded. As an organic fertilizer for closing closed shallow depressions - hollows, a prepared mixture of components in the form of rotted horse manure with low-lying peat, respectively 2:1, with the addition of lime 3% of the volume of the peat mass, is used, which is prepared by mixing components and forming a pile with a front loader on an open site, subsequent double mixing of the pile with the help of a screw agitator during treatment with the microbiological preparation “Байкал ЭМ-1” at rate of 10% of the composition of the mixture of components, when the temperature of the mixture is reduced to temperature of 30–35 ° and decomposition, which corresponds to tight and cold storage. After two weeks, application is carried out with a continuous layer of marked saucer-shaped depressions of the field microrelief with the given mixture to the depth of covering the saucer-shaped depressions of the microrelief. After that, in autumn, levelling and cultivation are carried out, rolling with cranked rollers in two tracks, and in spring, after the soil reaches the state of physical ripeness, before ploughing, fertilizer is uniformly spread over the surface of the field in dose of 15 t/ha and the arable horizon is treated. Soil is restored with nutrients, and its functionality in crop rotation is not limited.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to reproduce soil fertility and to increase crop capacity in crop rotation.

1 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and will find application in the cultivation of agricultural crops in fields with wavy microrelief and dish-shaped microdepressions in the form of drainless closed depressions.

The well-known patent (RU No. 2758267 dated April 16, 2021) notes that in the presence of microdepressions, characteristic of the fields of the Central Russian Upland, after the end of the spring flood, more snow accumulates in the fields in the drainless dish-shaped microdepressions than in neighboring areas. Accordingly, the process of snow melting slows down in these microdepressions. Here water is retained, its slow evaporation is observed and the drying of the soil is delayed to a state of physical ripeness, allowing soil cultivation. This shifts the start of field work by one to two weeks, which leads to a significant reduction in crop yields.

This problem should also be added to the need to increase not only the anti-erosion resistance of agricultural landscapes, but also the fact that dish-shaped depressions in the soil are poor in fertilizers for the growth and development of crops in crop rotation, which means that there is no increase in the efficiency of such a network of small depressions with their subsequent expansion, transformation into ravines and even ravines, which are often difficult to pass by agricultural machinery (in early spring, even streams of water flowing from fields are often observed).

In general, there is a need such as long hollows of the microrelief should be stopped completely, which means the absence of gullies and hollows in the fields to improve the agricultural landscape situation in general with a reduction in the processes of water erosion even on sloping lands.

There are known methods for draining closed relief depressions, including elements made in the form of hollows, equipped at the mouths with drainage water intakes connected through pipelines to the collector, while after laying an open collector, a zone of possible backwater from the collector is established, and the drainage water intakes are supplied with perforated vertical tubes in a row, the upper section of which is placed above the backwater level, and the volume of each tube is proportional to the length of the trench section from the mouth to the source (RU No. 2576121, E02B 11/00 dated 02/27/2016; RU No. 2576175, E02B 11/00 dated 02/27/2016).

The disadvantages of the known methods are that they do not fully perform this function, which is due to the high cost of construction, as well as a decrease in useful arable land. Therefore, such structures are installed only in those places where, obviously, in these large spaces there are constantly pockets of water erosion, in which stream erosion of the soil by precipitation and active snowmelt lead to networks of hollows, often difficult to pass by agricultural machinery.

It is known to reduce water planar soil erosion of slope lands for agricultural purposes, including tillage across the slope with the formation of dumps and detachable furrows and the subsequent cultivation of agricultural crops in a crop rotation system, through which surface water runoff is retained (Agricultural hydraulic reclamation / A.A. Bogushevsky, A. I. Golovanov, V. A. Kutergin, etc.; Edited by E. S. Markov. - M.: Kolos, 1981. - P. 369).

Research and experience in the use of sloping lands shows that, as a rule, the capacity of the relief created by transverse cultivation of such lands and the plants grown are insufficient to retain the full amount of melt and rainwater runoff. Accelerated water planar soil erosion continues to occur. Moreover, the degree of its development depends on the length and slope of the slope (field).

It should be noted that corn grows in any soil with an acidity level of no lower than 5.6 pH and no higher than 7.2 pH. The optimal reaction of the soil solution is close to neutral. On soils with a pH of 5.6, the yield is significantly reduced, and at a pH of 4.0, corn plants do not survive (Internet source: https:/www.arrsagro.ru/tehnologija-vozdelyvanija-kukuruzy).

There is a known method of increasing soil fertility, including uniform distribution of tobacco dust over the soil surface at a dose of 2-8 t/ha, uniform application of a solution accelerating the decomposition of tobacco dust to the treated area, and embedding into the soil using discs to a depth of 5-10 cm per month before the intended sowing or planting of agricultural crops, while the solution used is a mixture prepared from bird droppings at the rate of 3 t/ha, pre-fermented with the microbiological preparation “Baikal M1”, diluted in water with a volume of 10,000-15,000 l/ha (RU Patent No. 2710727, A01C 21/00, C05F 11/00, C05F 11/08, C05F 15/00 from 01/10/2020).

The disadvantage is the complexity and number of operations to implement the method, which causes its significant labor intensity and cost.

There is a known method of cultivating corn, including pre-sowing cultivation, sowing seeds, pre-emergence harrowing and subsequent care of the crops, while pre-sowing cultivation is carried out to a seeding depth of 8-9 cm, on the 4-5th day pre-emergence cultivation is carried out with harrowing to a depth of 3-4 cm , and two or three days before emergence, repeated harrowing is carried out (Patent RU No. 1475507, A01B 79/02 dated 04/30/1989).

The disadvantage of this method is that the yield is not high enough - no more than 57.9 c/ha due to the fact that fertilizers are provided.

There is a known method of increasing the productivity of cultivated crops by adding bulk organic-mineral fertilizers to an open furrow cut in the soil simultaneously with loose soil, mixing them and filling the furrow with a layer of soil. Mixing organic-mineral fertilizers with the soil before planting allows you to transform the uneven concentration of fertilizer, and also helps to create a favorable air-soil balance (Patent RU No. 1794332, A01B 49/06, A01C 21/00 dated 02/15/1993).

The disadvantage of this technical solution is the need to use a combined opener.

There is a known method for ensuring uniform flow and drying of the soil to a state of physical ripeness by performing a thorough leveling of the field surface. This method includes carrying out a leveling survey of the field surface, drawing up a planning project, removing the fertile soil layer and placing it in piles, performing leveling work giving the area a general slope of at least 0.003, cutting off elevated areas and filling in depressions. Then the fertile soil from the piles is leveled on the area subjected to leveling, and high rates of organic fertilizers are applied. (Cultural and technical land reclamation /Electronic resource/ - URL; http://cawater-info./bK/4-3.htm/ access date 03/01/2021/).

The disadvantage of this method is the high cost and labor intensity of the work.

There is a known method for accelerating the removal of surface water from low-lying elements. This method involves constructing water absorption wells made of prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, equipped with a drainage pipeline, at the lowest elevations of closed low sections of the field (Drainage well-absorber for receiving and discharging surface water. Patent RU No. 2714837, E02B 11/00 dated 02/19/2020).

The disadvantage of this method is the high cost of construction, as well as a decrease in the utilization rate of arable land. Therefore, such structures are installed only in those places where the catchment area of the water absorption well exceeds 3 hectares.

Known methods for regulating snow melting should be cited (SU No. 16112296 A01B 13.06 dated 12/07/1990; SU No. 1664963, E02B 11/00, A01I 79/02 dated 07.23.1991; SU No. 1787332, A01B 13/16, 79/02 dated 01/15/1993; SU 388090, E02B 11/00 dated 10/03/1993; RU No. 2174995, S09K 3/18, C23F 11/08 dated 10/28/2001).

From the above inventions, we can take as a basis that they use the surface of the snow, add certain doses of mineral fertilizers mixed with peat crumbs from the mass of fertilizers, as well as crushed straw and mixed with snow, while blackening it with black soil in order to obtain a darkening effect in all cases. material before spring snowmelt. However, the thickness of the snow may not be the same everywhere, in particular for each dish-shaped depression in the microrelief of the field. In the spring, with the onset of positive temperatures, the soil will be freed from snow and melting will begin, where the thickness of the snow cover is the least. Melt water will flow down or stagnate in hollows, falling into the remaining snow, and gradually accumulate water under the snow and even, if possible, saturate the soil during a thaw, and then a random downward flow of water will begin, causing soil washout.

An additional search of patent information showed what should be cited when, in case of excess moisture, trenches or cracks filled with an absorbent mass of material can serve to drain water (SU No. 204750, A01B 79/02 dated 02.01.1968 and SU No. 1516025, A01B 79/02 , С09К 17/00 dated 10/23/1989). The main disadvantage is the high cost of the applied substances and their subsequent processing.

The closest technical solution (prototype) is a method of increasing the uniformity of snow melting and achieving physical ripeness of the soil on the field, including carrying out a digital survey of the field surface in the fall with recording the location and parameters of saucer-shaped depressions of the field microrelief, and in the spring, during the snowmelt period, spraying on the snow surface above the marked saucer-shaped decreases in the microrelief of the field of a mixture consisting of 90-95% calcium chloride and 10-5% ash (Patent RU No. 2758267, C09K 17/06, E02B 11/00, A01B 13/16 dated 10/27/2021).

The method consists of a mixture consisting of potassium chloride and ash. When using this method, it is mainly intended for spraying a small amount of material on the surface to blacken the snow in areas allocated for treatment. However, the proposed method does not provide higher stability of agricultural landscapes, biologization and ecologization of the soil cover with the subsequent cultivation of agricultural crops in a crop rotation system, through which the uniformity of snow retention on the field surface is then achieved in one surface, in which the average annual soil loss, weighted average over the crop rotation, should not exceed the norms for water planar soil erosion. In addition, sprayed fertilizers and pesticides are washed away along with melt water into the collector, which is a source of environmental pollution, causing serious environmental and social damage to nearby populated areas. Therefore, it is necessary to use in the technology of using for such lowering of the microrelief fields from organic fertilizers from local species such as rotted horse manure mixed with lowland peat, which contains plant species in its composition and is significantly easy to obtain and is significant in the economic aspect, when, starting in the second year of life of crop rotation fields, there would be an almost complete absence of large accumulated surface runoff in the hollows (in their absence) and soil erosion and even attenuation of soil erosion. Such phenomena as saucer-shaped depressions of the microrelief along the length in the form of hollows were stopped completely, based on the size recorded during the survey, as well as the possibility of increasing soil fertility, i.e. improving its physicochemical properties and increasing moisture reserves in the subarable horizon, in particular in depressions of the field microrelief in the fall after harvesting the crop.

The problem solved by this invention is to reduce the processes of water erosion of saucer-shaped depressions of the microrelief by adding organic fertilizer based on rotted horse manure mixed with lowland peat and other normal components noted below.

The technical result obtained from solving the problem is to ensure conditions under which water planar soil erosion - its average annual washout will not exceed the norm corresponding to the average annual rate of soil formation, weighted average by crop rotation, and as a result, to ensure expanded reproduction of soil fertility and increased productivity crops on lands with a slope of at least 0.003.

The technical result of the invention is solved by the fact that in the method of increasing the anti-erosion resistance of the agricultural landscape of closed depressions when snow melts on the field, carrying out a digital survey of the field surface in the fall with recording the location and parameters of the saucer-shaped depressions of the microrelief of the field, according to the invention, the field after harvesting early agricultural crops, which are predecessor in crop rotation, establish the possibility in the fall before snow falls to use organic fertilizers to close closed shallow depressions - hollows located along the field or half its slope, in which it does not exceed the average annual soil loss, weighted average by the norm of water planar soil erosion, use a prepared mixture of components in the form of rotted horse manure with low-lying peat, respectively 2:1 with the addition of lime 3% of the peat mass, mixing them and forming a pile with a front-end loader in an open area, followed by double mixing of the pile using a screw turner when treated with the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1 normally 10% of the composition of the mixture of components, when the temperature of the mixture is reduced to a temperature of 30-35° and decomposition, which corresponds to dense and cold storage, after two weeks the application is carried out in a continuous layer of marked saucer-shaped depressions of the microrelief of the field with this mixture to the depth of covering the saucer-shaped depression of the microrelief , after which in the fall leveling and cultivation are carried out, rolling with cranked rollers in two tracks, and in the spring, after the soil reaches a state of physical ripeness, it is carried out evenly over the surface of the field before plowing, fertilizers are scattered at a dose of 15 t/ha, and the arable horizon is cultivated.

The application of the specified fertilizer as a continuous backfill of saucer-shaped depressions of the microrelief of the field allows, without removing the fertile layer from the field, to backfill the depression of the microrelief with an organic fertile mixed mass in the form of rotted horse manure mixed with lowland peat, through which dark material is obtained using the well-known RUM-8 fertilizer spreader. Conversion of fertilizer into forms digestible by plants due to the natural moisture of rainy days in the fall, then the appearance of snow cover with the onset of the first frosts on the soil. Such saucer-shaped depressions of the field microrelief, as noted in the prototype, are recorded by the operator in advance, according to the survey of the field surface.

Thus, in the spring there is no need for special equipment for cultivating the field during the snow melting period, since it is known that agricultural machinery can hardly pass through a damp field, tractor wheels make large ruts and often sink, disturbing the soil surface, i.e. disrupt its layout of the surface layer of soil, form deep depressions - ravines, along which water collects in large streams. As a result, surface fertile soil is washed away, which is not acceptable in the spring before plowing the field. Therefore, in the proposed new solution, at the beginning of spring, under the influence of sunlight, the thickness of the snow gradually decreases and begins to warm up the soil thickness, dark material in the form of mixed rotted horse manure with low-lying peat with lime heats up faster and begins to give off heat to the snow cover still on top, providing thus the onset of snowmelt earlier. As a result, a mixture of organic fertilizers, impregnated with a microelement in the form of the preparation Baikal EM-1, uses the physicochemical properties of the soil and the active substance of organic fertilizers, and the soil of low microrelief is saturated with them and the moisture capacity of a given backfilled horizon is significant (the thickness may be different) and the agricultural landscape of plants develops more steadily, weeds appear, which creates optimal conditions for these depressions and filled microdepressions against soil erosion in general.

As a result, the melting of snow cover over the entire area of the field occurs at approximately a constant rate and the resulting melt water is almost completely absorbed into the soil, which means it can significantly reduce surface washoff on erosive, dangerous depressions and the absence of large accumulations of melt water in them. In general, this will increase the reserves of productive moisture, which will increase the yield of agricultural crops in crop rotation.

As a result of this, the field will achieve physical ripeness of the soil simultaneously over the entire surface, improving the properties of the soil, creating a background on which higher and more sustainable actions are achieved over the years, especially when developing new technologies, significantly increasing the yield of cultivated crops and soil fertility.

It should be noted that an important point for the next year is crop rotation, established according to recommendations specifically on the farm (for example, six-field crop rotation of grain crops). Hence, in the spring, before plowing the fields, the organic fertilizers mentioned above are additionally scattered at a dose of 15 t/ha.

Thus, it can be noted that organic-black composts are prepared based on the addition of peat, a black background. Peat is formed when bog plants die and incompletely decompose under conditions of excess moisture and lack of air.

So, for horse manure, in our proposal, this ratio to peat is 2:1, respectively.

Horse manure with a moisture content of 75% contains 25-26% organic matter, which is 5-6% more than cow manure, but 5-7% less than goat and sheep manure. Horses almost completely digest plant seeds, so almost no weeds are introduced into the soil with their feces.

Fresh horse manure is alkaline due to the presence of bases in the feces and partly in the urine. When animals are kept on peat, the acidity increases, but the pH does not fall below 7; the average pH on straw and sawdust bedding is 7.9. During decomposition, the alkalinity decreases, the humus is almost neutral. Rotted manure and mixed manure with other components in the mixture are reduced using lime and simultaneously processing microbiological preparations, which does not require large expenses for its application using known agricultural technology and in large quantities compared to known methods.

The specific gravity of horse manure is approximately 800.5 kg/ ^m3 .

Horse manure has low humidity, which means the mass fraction of dry matter is high and amounts to 28-29%. For comparison, for cow it is only 20-30%, and for sheep it is 71-72%. Fertilizer based on horse excrement becomes very hot when decomposed.

Hence, the task of optimizing doses and ratios of organic fertilizers using modern technologies for agricultural crops and obtaining high yields is relevant.

Considering the implementation of the proposed method in crop rotation and the release of snow cover when melting using darkened material, a heat-insulating layer is formed. To transport this mixture using dump trucks and other equipment, the finished product is delivered to the field where RUM-8 fertilizer spreaders are used.

In the spring, it is also possible to regulate snowmelt on frozen soil using agricultural machines such as the K-701, SP-11 tractor, and T-150K wheeled tractor. They create compacted banks before the snow melts and alternating snow-free strips, additionally mulching with low-lying peat. In winter, snow retention is carried out using a 5x5 m cage method using agricultural machinery: T-150K, SVSh-7, MTZ-80.

Let's consider an example of the implementation of the proposed method of increasing the uniformity of flood flow and achieving physical ripeness of the soil in the field.

As was already known, in the fall, after harvesting the crop, in order to reduce the cost of tillage and the absence of winter crops, the operator freely records the location and parameters of closed saucer-shaped depressions in the microrelief of the field, which is left fallow, the soil, which is then used in crop rotation (for example, in a six-field ), saturated with row crops that have a dense root system from year to year.

At the same time, the technology uses organic fertilizers in the form of rotted horse manure mixed with lowland peat, respectively 2:1, with the addition of a small amount of lime 3% of the peat volume, as well as the treatment of all components with the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1 at a rate of 10% of the composition a mixture of components in the first year of filling in the fall of depressions in the microrelief of the field ensures only the completion of the first stage - increasing the uniformity of flood runoff and achieving physical ripeness of the soil on the field. In the second year, in order to get a high yield, in the spring they determine the optimal timing for applying organic fertilizers to the entire field after overwintering with pure fallow and apply fertilizer evenly across the field at a dose of 15 t/ha, cultivate to a depth of 6-8 cm and plow to a depth of 18-20 cm. Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out at a depth of 4-6 cm, and then sowing of seeds with a given crop and the norm provided for in the crop rotation system.

In this case, the rate of water planar soil erosion is determined by a well-known formula in the sources, which includes such values as: coefficients taking into account crop rotation; set of crops, their rotation and tillage system; granulometric composition and genesis of the soil, geographical location and orientation of the field slope; field slope; respectively, weighted average by crop rotation and soil slope, the average long-term rate (rate) of soil formation, mm/year, and the density of the soil skeleton (volumetric mass), t/m ³ , as well as a coefficient equal to the ratio of the humus content in soil with a normal fully developed unwashed profile to humus content in the soil.

Horse manure has a porous structure, is characterized by high airiness and, when decomposed, causes a lot of heat, and the addition of peat characterizes the darkening of the material along with it in the mixture before the spring snowmelt.

It should be noted that horse manure is recommended to be incorporated at a shallow or medium depth into the soil, as it affects productivity, and its effect can last up to 10-12 years.

The example takes into account that bedding horse manure is transported to quarantine sites taking into account medical, sanitary and veterinary rules and is disinfected biothermally. This is loose-dense (hot pressing) storage.

Laying is carried out in a loose layer 1 m high, at an internal temperature of 60-70°C, then on days 4-6 it is compacted and the next loose layer is laid. The height of the pile reaches from 2 to 3 m. After compaction, the temperature of the manure after two weeks drops to 30-35° and decomposition corresponds to dense and cold storage with subsequent delivery for spreading on the field.

An example of the finished product is shown in the following figures (photo): Fig. 1 - the pile turner ERK AK 250 is presented; fig. 2 - work on the production of laying manure in piles is presented; in fig. 3 - work is presented when applying and mixing fertilizer components in piles with an auger during maturation, as well as using lime and the Baikal EM-1 preparation.

Horse manure is classified as an object that has minimal negative impact on the environment (Federal Law dated January 10, 2002, No. 7-FZ, as amended on July 29, 2017).

To convert hard-to-reach nutritional compounds into those accessible to plants and microorganisms and indicators, the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1 was taken.

Thus, the application of the proposed method in agricultural production can significantly reduce surface wash-off on the erosion hazard of soils and increase the reserves of productive moisture, the ability for the soil to reach a state of physical ripeness simultaneously over its entire area, as well as increase the yield of agricultural crops.

Claims (1)

A method for increasing the erosion resistance of an agricultural landscape of closed depressions when the snow melts on the field, including conducting a digital survey of the field surface in the fall with recording the location and parameters of the saucer-shaped depressions of the field microrelief, characterized in that on the field after harvesting early crops, which are the predecessor in crop rotation, the possibility is established in the fall before snow falls, use organic fertilizers to close closed shallow depressions - hollows located along the field or along its slope, in which the average annual soil loss, weighted average by the rate of water planar soil erosion, is not exceeded; use a prepared mixture of components in the form of rotted horse manure with lowland peat, respectively 2:1, with the addition of lime 3% of the volume of the peat mass, mixing them and forming a pile with a front-end loader in an open area, followed by double mixing of the pile using a screw turner when treated with the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1 at a rate of 10% of the composition mixture of components, when the temperature of the mixture is reduced to a temperature of 30-35° and decomposition, which corresponds to dense and cold storage, after two weeks the application is carried out with a continuous layer of marked saucer-shaped depressions of the microrelief of the field with this mixture to the depth of covering the saucer-shaped depression of the microrelief, after which leveling is carried out in the fall and cultivation, rolling with cranked rollers in two tracks, and in the spring, after the soil reaches a state of physical ripeness, before plowing, fertilizer is spread evenly over the surface of the field at a dose of 15 t/ha and the arable horizon is cultivated.