RU2813927C1 - Method for complex controlled hydro-reclamation of soil in agricultural landscape using ponds-digging in conditions of south-western part of belarus - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular to land reclamation. Method comprises forming irrigation and drainage system, bordering reclaimed field, in the lower part of which an open discharge channel is arranged, which is simultaneously intended for discharge of excess drained water from the field by means of a drainage furrow. In addition, through the coastal edge, between the edge of the reclaimed field and the coastal edge, sowing is carried out on the coastal water protection strip and the width of the headland with embedding of increased doses of granules into the soil. At the same time in front of the headland in the earthen soil mass there created are artificial bunded rectangular ponds-digging, soil is cultivated, carrying out autumn ploughing to depth of 20–22 cm. Seeds of a mixture of herbs are introduced into the fertile soil layer at depth of 2.0–2.5 cm, sowing is carried out before winter with seeds of eastern galega at depth of 1.5–2.0 cm with a seeding rate of 15–17 kg/ha with simultaneous formation of soil ridges across the slope with a row spacing of 45 cm. Additionally, grasses naturally growing on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils are sown in row-spacing in stripes, and inter-row cultivation is not carried out. Organic fertilizers used are granules which are used to fertilize the reclaimed field using granules of chicken or turkey droppings. Granules are dried to an air-dry state, then crushed and pressed under high pressure. Tall-stemmed eastern galega after the first mowing of ripeness, without reaching the second mowing, is left for winter, and harvesting is carried out in the second year in spring before the beginning of its vegetation, with grinding and removal of its mass from the field. Artificial digging ponds with depth of 1.0–3.0 m form additional accumulation of melt water, and water is directed by means of pumps for sprinkling equipment into open pipeline and supplied for irrigation, at the same time watering of the field is provided with clean water up to 70–80% of the minimum moisture capacity. Granules of chicken or turkey droppings have diameter of 6–8 mm, respectively, which are pressed at pressure of 60 MPa into granules.

EFFECT: method provides higher efficiency of using natural and economic resources, uniform heating of the soil of the reclaimed fields due to the effective collection of moisture during the snow melting period and its preservation during the vegetation period for irrigation, allows to optimize water-thermal and nutrient modes of soil in humid climate due to regulation of volume of moisture supplied to reclaimed field.

3 cl, 2 dwg, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to snow reclamation, and can be used to optimize the water-thermal and nutrient regime of the soil in a humid climate.

Systematic monitoring of snow cover has been carried out in Belarus since 1981. The duration of snow cover on the territory of Belarus averages from 75 days in the south-west and up to 125 in the north-east. During the cold period, the snow cover can be destroyed many times under the influence of thaws (especially at the beginning and end of the winter period). More than 50% of thaw days have a positive average daily temperature, which often leads to complete destruction of the snow cover.

During the cold period, in addition to pure liquid and solid precipitation, mixed precipitation falls, averaging 10-15% per year, which affects the structure of snow reserves. Heavy ice and frost deposits in Belarus are classified as natural hydrometeorological phenomena.

An important characteristic is its density. In Belarus, the density of freshly fallen snow ranges from 0.08-0.12 g/cm ³ in the north-east and to 0.12-0.17 g/cm ³ in the south-west. Over time, snow compacts as a result of subsidence and thawing. The long-term average snow density at the end of January is 0.23-0.28 g/cm ³ , in February - 0.25-0.30 g/cm ³ , in March - 0.29-0.36 g/cm ³ .

Water reserves in snow fluctuate throughout Belarus within the range of 107 mm.

According to the authors of the invention, the geographical location (height, latitude and longitude) determines the importance of snow cover in Belarus. Statically reliable relationships are the height of the snow, water reserves in the snow and the altitude of the area where it is determined by the weather station.

In most of the territory of Belarus, there is a tendency for water reserves in snow to decrease to 4-8 mm over 10 years. Analysis of zoning maps of the territory of the Republic of Belarus based on changes in the maximum values of snow cover height is associated with ongoing climate changes, where an important task is to establish the causes of the changes occurring, one of the reasons is due to climate warming. Forecasting the dynamics of snow reserves, as the main factor of spring floods, can be done by mapping the characteristics of snow cover in a real year. In this case, data from meteorological stations are used together with the results of remote sensing of the earth. It should be noted that geographical studies of snow cover are carried out in order to obtain information about its spatial distribution, accumulation dynamics, duration of occurrence, conditions of snow melting, moisture retention, etc. Observation data of snow cover can be used to solve various problems: studying the climatic and hydrological regimes of the territory, compiling agrometeorological and hydrological forecasts, assessment of changes in the natural environment, etc.

The proposed systematic approach to regulating not only the water regime (including both drainage and irrigation), but also the main agro-ecological factors, makes it possible to balance the flow of matter and energy in the agricultural landscape and increase the efficiency of use of natural resources (light, heat, water, nutrients). Additional opportunities arise to optimize the complex of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, as well as to apply organic (in the form of granules) and mineral fertilizers. Agricultural technology can significantly increase the efficiency of agriculture and landscaping in environmentally unfavorable conditions: in aerosion-hazardous landscapes and with elevated groundwater levels.

The formation of a regulated agricultural landscape during “regulated hydro-reclamation” (that is, something significantly more than just traditional hydro-reclamation) allows not only the efficient use of resources, but also obtaining a sustainable harvest of highly productive crops and pastures in humid climate conditions and, above all, in the southwestern parts of Belarus.

Most of the soils studied in Belarus require special adaptive or reclamation measures to regulate the water regime of soils under conditions of excessive or insufficient moisture. Increasing the efficiency of using winter precipitation is a major reserve for agriculture.

Among the traditional special measures for moisture accumulation is snow retention, which becomes especially important in conditions of insufficient moisture.

Note that work to accumulate snow in the fields should be carried out taking into account the terrain, usually across the slope or at an angle to the prevailing winds.

There is a known method for improving the water-air regime of the soil under crops of perennial forage crops, including cutting the displaced soil into side slots, making a molehill, laying a drainage pipe in it to supply irrigation water with a smaller diameter than the diameter of the molehill, while simultaneously cutting the slot and molehills, a pipe is laid in it, in addition, in the autumn-winter period, when there is excess precipitation and from waterlogged soil layers, mineralized water collects in molehills and through the micropores of drainage pipes enters their internal cavities (RU No. 2116723, A01G 25/06, E02B 11/00, A01B 79/00, 1998).

The disadvantage of this known method is the high absorption costs required for the construction of drainage, as well as a decrease in soil fertility, for example, for sod-podzolic sandy loam soils, where it is necessary to preserve the top fertile layer of soil to maintain growth in terms of development of green mass of grass, as well as obtaining the degree of grain . Thus, the extraction of infertile parent rock to the surface during drainage construction reduces soil fertility and also additionally requires high rates of fertilizer application.

There is also a known method of cultivating corn, which includes deep tillage with the simultaneous formation of soil ridges. Formation of soil ridges at a given distance from each other. Free from live residues, the live residues are then laid and then fertilizers are applied to the ridges. Inter-row cultivation is carried out, and the crop is harvested in the phase of full ripeness. Thus, increased productivity was obtained by maximizing the use of summer precipitation in conditions of insufficient moisture (Patent RU No. 1687105, A01G 1/00, A01B 79/02,1991).

However, when groundwater is close to the surface in the first year of life without irrigation, large losses of plants and thinning of the grass stand are observed, which increases the cost of reseeding grasses. In the conditions of the southwestern part of Belarus, this technology for growing herbs is not reliable enough, i.e. This applies to soddy-podzolic sandy loam soils, where it is necessary to retain snow in the soil layer and create an optimal snow cover that protects plants from freezing. At the same time, it is also necessary to retain moisture in the soil layer in the spring.

In addition, in winter the soil in all fields becomes compacted. As a result, water runs down the slope of the field, water losses reach over 80% through surface runoff. The runoff occurs at a very high modulus (intensity) during a sharp warming of the air. All this, without special measures, hinders the development of gully streak erosion and reduces the productivity of crop rotation. In addition, the process of restoring the fertility of washed away lands on sod-podzolic soils is significantly slowing down.

Unlike irrigation, humidification reclamation involves the conservation and use of moisture that fell in the form of snow in winter on the wetted area, and this can only occur in areas with a sufficient amount of snow (precipitation) to obtain a certain crop. One way is to retain and accumulate snow in winter. This method of intake is accompanied by a careful attitude towards moisture (reducing losses due to evaporation and transpiration by weeds), especially where water intake from surface sources is limited. Snow retention is achieved by installing barriers that slow down the wind speed in the ground layer and prevent it from being blown away from the fields up to 30-70% of the snow, especially in the zone in the southwestern part of Belarus. It is effective in a natural area with a snow cover of less than 50 cm. To obtain high yields of grasses cultivated in Belarus, an important characteristic of the snow cover is its density (as noted above).

For example, with an average snow density of 0.3 g/ ^m3, 30 mm of water or 300 ^m3 /ha accumulates in each 10-centimeter layer. Thus, the accumulation of snow performs two tasks: it acts as a warming agent for the soil under the snow, and in the spring it thaws faster and absorbs abundant melt water, increasing the efficiency of the applied fertilizers during sowing. Crops of tall plants with fairly strong stems (sunflower, corn, eastern galega - goat's rue, mustard, sorghum, etc.) retain snow and also weaken cold and dry winds.

Patent sources of information are also known from the prior art, revealing methods and means of hydro-reclamation using snow cover resources.

Increasing the efficiency of using winter precipitation is a large reserve for agriculture, as the authors of the invention have already noted above.

There is a known method for regulating snowmelt in areas of the soil. Substances that accelerate its melting are applied to the surface of the snow in the form of intermittent stripes located along the horizontal lines of the area. The width of the strips is 2-6 m, and the distance between them is 10-30 m. At the same time, the length of the processed and unprocessed sections of the strip is 10-200 and 10-80 m, respectively (Patent RU No. 2064227, A01B 13/16 dated 07.27.1996) .

The disadvantages of this method are the use of agricultural equipment (spreader or fertilizer seeder) that is not suitable for working on snow cover in winter, the preparation and storage of blackening material, the difficulty of using frozen reagent during periods of negative temperatures, the inability to ensure uniform melting, which, as a result, leads to to the uneven hydrological regime of the soil of reclaimed fields, and, accordingly, to the heterogeneity of crop yields.

Known methods for protecting slopes from erosion should be cited (RU No. 2474648, E02B 11/00 dated 02/10/2013; RU No. 2385985, E02B 5/02, E02B 3/16 dated 04/10/2000; RU No. 2563146, E02B 11/00, A01B 13/16 dated 09/20/2015; RU No. 2393660, A01B 79/02 dated 07/10/2010; RU No. 2690656, A02B 79/02, A01C 21/00, A01G 25/00 dated 06/04/2019).

However, the known methods do not sufficiently ensure the formation of conditions for uniform snow melting, which leads to heterogeneity of yield in the future.

There is a known method for regulating snowmelt, which involves creating curtains in the autumn. In the spring, before the snow melts, snow rolls are created in place of the scenes. During the raking process, snow is mixed with the ground mass of canopy plants. The rate of snow melting in windrows slows down, and the flow of moisture into the soil becomes smoother.

However, this method does not ensure complete uniformity of snow melting, which leads to uneven yields in the future.

There is a known method of snow reclamation, used to control the temperature and water regimes of the soil in regions with stable snow cover. After the snow cover reaches a given height, winter strip stripping of the soil from snow is carried out with the formation of snow rolls. It is carried out mainly across the direction of the prevailing winds in winter. Snow rolls are formed over bare strips of soil along their entire length in the form of arched ceilings between their sides by compacting the snow removed from them. The supports of adjacent snow rolls are located next to each other. Air cavities are formed between the soil surface and the inner surface of the arches of the snow rolls. The air in them is isolated from the cold atmosphere by filling the entrances and exits at their edges with snow. Before the start of snow melting, a controlled continuous blackening of the snow cover is done so that the rate of its melting is increased in the range from natural to the rate of absorption of moisture by a meter layer of soil without the formation of melt water on its surface (Patent RU No. 2724137, A01B 13/16, A01B 79/00 dated 06/22/2020).

The disadvantage of this method is the difficulty of forming snow rolls in the form of arched ceilings. The second stage of the reclamation technological process, which involves blackening, does not take into account the fact that running equipment will disrupt the integrity of the formed windrows, which will lead to uneven snowmelt and, as a result, the hydrological regime of the soil cover.

The closest in technical essence to the proposed solution is the method of snow reclamation. The method includes the following sequence of actions: in winter, strip soil is exposed from the snow cover with the formation of parallel snow windrows; in the spring, part of the snow is moved from the windrows to the winter exposure zone by passing the unit perpendicular to the direction of the winter windrows, forming a system of rectangular snow-lined areas on the field and stripes exposed by snow (Patent SU No. 1605940, A01B 13/16 dated November 15, 1990). The method allows you to remove sub-permafrost rarefaction, reduce moisture loss by reducing surface and internal runoff and increasing the uniformity of moisture distribution across the field.

However, when the soil is exposed in a cavity from the snow cover in winter, uneven freezing occurs; rectangular snow-lined areas create local uneven snowmelt.

Thus, the technical problem with the claimed invention is the need to eliminate the shortcomings of analogues and the prototype by creating a method of snow reclamation that ensures the formation of a uniform and optimal thermal and hydrological regime of reclaimed soils. Moreover, the proposed method can be carried out using tractor equipment common on the farm with a low class of traction force and inexpensive attachments (blades, knives, excavator), without the involvement of expensive specialized equipment and units.

In addition, it should be taken into account that for certain zones, in particular for the territory of Belarus, which belongs to the zone of unstable natural moisture, where in March there is an excess of soil moisture reserves in the fields, but by mid-April additional moisture is required in a number of areas. Therefore, here snow reclamation plays the role of spring moisture recharging.

For agriculture, snow cover is a supply of water necessary for plants, protection from freezing of perennial crops, the root system of which is quite vulnerable.

As noted above, various methods are used to collect snow in rollers, compact it, etc., and install snow-retaining shields along the boundaries of fields.

All these techniques give a significant effect, expressed in additional volumes of water of 200-400 m ³ /ha or more in the conditions of Belarus. However, it is necessary to take into account the topography of the field, wind speed over the snow cover and snow retention.

Snow retention used in agriculture can provide a significantly greater economic effect if it is climatologically justified and more effective methods of its implementation are used. Knowing the characteristics of the soil climate, both in the cold and warm periods of the year, it is possible to more reasonably and systematically change the soil and climatic conditions necessary for the growth and development of plants, their resistance to adverse weather conditions and increasing their productivity (A.M. Shulgin. Soil climate and its regulation. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1967 - 300 pp.; A.M. Shulgin. Snow reclamation and soil climate. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986, - 70 pp.).

The claimed invention is also aimed at solving the following problem: preserving the cultivation of a perennial crop in the form of eastern galega (oriental goat's rue), which can grow in one place for 20 years or more. At the same time, ensuring a supply of nutrients in the topsoil in the form of organic fertilizer granules when processing chicken or turkey manure, which increases soil fertility and plant life and produces high yields, while creating optimal snow cover, when conditions are created to protect plants from freezing, and in the spring period of moisture accumulation, providing initially the first year of life and the subsequent year of life of grasses in a given soil layer.

The technical result achieved by using the claimed invention is to increase the efficiency of use of natural and economic resources, ensure uniform heating of the soil of reclaimed fields due to the effective collection of moisture during the snowmelt period with overwintering and plant development, and its preservation during the growing season for irrigation. The method will allow optimizing the water-thermal and nutrient regimes of the soil in a humid climate by regulating the volume of moisture entering the reclaimed field. Increasing the efficiency of moisture collection and uniform absorption for the decomposition of granules from chicken or turkey manure within the framework of the claimed method, unlike analogues, is mainly achieved by absorption into the soil and part of the removal of snow from the field into a pond-dig for irrigation using sprinkler equipment.

Using the method significantly reduces energy costs by making it possible to use existing agricultural machinery on farms, without the need to use complex technological units.

The stated technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of complex controlled hydro-reclamation of soil in an agricultural landscape using ponds-digging in the conditions of the south-western part of Belarus, characterized by the fact that a hydro-reclamation system is formed bordering the reclaimed field, in the lower part of which an open discharge channel is arranged, designed at the same time, to discharge excess runoff water from the field through a drainage furrow and, additionally, through the coastal edge, between the edge of the reclaimed field and the coastal edge, sowing is carried out on the coastal water protection strip and the width of the headland with the incorporation of increased doses of granules into the soil, while in front of the headland in Artificial diked rectangular ponds-diggings are created in the earthen layer of the soil, the soil is cultivated by autumn plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm, the seeds of a mixture of grasses are introduced into the fertile soil layer to a depth of 2.0-2.5 cm, sowing is carried out before winter with the seeds of eastern galega to a depth of 1.5-2.0 cm with a seeding rate of 15-17 kg/ha with the simultaneous formation of soil ridges across the slope with a row spacing of 45 cm, additionally, in the row spacing, grasses are sown that naturally grow on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils in strip strips, and do not carry out inter-row cultivation, granules are used as organic fertilizers, with which the reclaimed field is fertilized using granules from chicken or turkey droppings, while the granules are dried to an air-dry state, then crushed and pressed under high pressure, high-stemmed eastern galega after the first the cutting of ripeness, not having reached the second cutting, is left before the winter, and harvesting is carried out in the second year in the spring before the start of its growing season, with its mass being crushed and removed from the field.

In addition, in which artificial digging ponds with a depth of 1.0-3.0 m form additional accumulation of melt water, and the water is filled using pumps for sprinkler equipment into an open pipeline and supplied for irrigation, while watering the field is provided with clean water up to 70 -80% of the lowest moisture capacity.

In addition, in which chicken or turkey manure pellets have a diameter size of 6-8 mm, respectively, they are pressed under a pressure of 60 MPa into pellets.

The claimed method allows the use of traditional agricultural machinery and attachments, and allows for the possibility of phased and gradual implementation. Natural snow cover, retained by plants, also covers a given row spacing of a cultivated crop, in particular, eastern galega for green fodder and seeds; in winter it prevents soil freezing, and in spring the soil, freed from snow cover, thaws simultaneously with the snow melting process. At the same time, as a result of using the method, the soil warms up and becomes ready for the growing season earlier than usual, which promotes the regrowth of plants (grass) and increases the growing season of the perennial galega plant already at the first mowing for green fodder and seeds and the use of chicken or turkey manure pellets to preserve soil fertility, and also reduces moisture loss during flushing along the terrain.

As a result of using the method, the accumulation and preservation of a volume of melt water is ensured, which can be used during dry periods with the possibility of using surface pipelines for operating sprinkler equipment in the field. In addition, melt water settles and warms up for irrigation to a comfortable temperature, which helps to increase the yield of perennial plants that have at least 2 terms or more.

The invention is illustrated by the following schematic images (Fig. 1, Fig. 2), which shows a set of means that make it possible to implement the claimed method.

The positions in the drawing indicate:

1 - open discharge channel;

2 - pond;

3 - coastal strip of turf;

4 - stock-regulating edge (threshold);

5 - drainage furrow;

6 - headland;

7 - reclamation field;

8 - artificial pond-dig;

9 - flexible pressure pipe;

10 - mobile pumping station;

11 - surface discharge pipeline from the digging pond to the open channel (1);

12 - discharge pipeline for discharging water into the reservoir (2).

To implement the proposed method, a hydro-reclamation system (HMS) is formed, which includes, bordering the reclaimed field (MF) (7) and in the lower part of it a discharge open channel (1) is installed, intended at the same time for discharging excess runoff water from the field through a drainage furrow (5) , and additionally, through the coastal edge (4), the water protection turf strip (3) - 1 m and the width of the headland (6), equal to half the width of the paddock (0.5 B m), which is (1 + 0.5 m) .

Between the edge of the reclaimed field (7) and the coastal edge (4), sowing is carried out on the coastal water protection strip (3) and the width of the headland (6) with the incorporation into the soil of increased doses of granules (6-8 mm in diameter), capable of accumulating a certain amount of water to a depth of 45 cm and introduce a mixture of herbs into the fertile soil layer, seeds to a depth of 2.0...2.5 cm with the possibility of gas exchange of turf-forming grasses in specific conditions.

This sowing operation is performed with a well-known coulter (RU No. 2733284, A01C 7/20, A01C 7/06 dated 10/01/2020), where an increase in the quality of sowing is achieved by installing a subsoiler and a seed pipe (see patent description) in such a way that their outlet openings located from each other at a distance equal to the required difference in the depth of placement of organic fertilizers in the form of granules of chicken or turkey manure, a water vertical plane, but at the same height noted when sowing these nutrient granules of organic fertilizers (the operation of the device representing this particular method is described below).

The bordering reclaimed field (MP) (7) in the lower part of its slope, in front of the turning strip (6), is arranged with artificial ponds-diggings (8), their construction is carried out in the earthen layer of soil, intended simultaneously for the accumulation, distribution and conservation of moisture with the possibility water supply via a flexible pressure pipe (9) from a mobile pumping station (10) for sprinkler units when irrigating a reclaimed field (7). Depending on the size of the field and geographical location, the depth of the digging pond can be from 1 to 3 m, and the width - from 2 to 5 m. An artificial digging pond is an earthen embankment and a kind of container, used both for discharging excess water and for its accumulation for possible sedimentation of washed-out silt particles to the bottom and for possible irrigation with clean water in the summer.

Artificially formed digging ponds (earth) do not require special concreting (as an option, the slopes and bottom can be made of slabs laid by a lifting crane), and have surface discharge pipelines (11) towards an open discharge channel (1), which connected at the end to a reservoir (2). In addition, between the digging ponds (8) and the turning strip (6), a drainage beard (5) is created, connected by a discharge pipeline (12) to a water collection reservoir (2).

The reclaimed field (7) is a place for snow collection before the snowmelt period. When eastern galega is sown in the fall, it experiences an acute lack of nitrogen, since in the soil that has not yet warmed up in the spring, microbiological activity is suppressed, and mineral forms of nitrogen, especially mobile nitrates, can be washed away by melt water. The presence of row spacing is 45 cm with sowing together of the second type of grass plants in one field with alternating stripes and sown separately. If grasses are sown with one seeder at a row spacing of 45 cm, then eastern galega is sown with another well-known seeder to a depth of 1.5-2.0 cm with a seeding rate of 15-17 kg/ha with soil ridges across the slope.

The organic matter of the manure (the main part of the dry matter of this fertilizer) improves the structure of the soil, its water and air regimes, physicochemical and chemical properties (for example, it increases the absorption capacity and the degree of soil saturation with bases). The degree of influence of manure fertilizers on the agronomic properties of the soil depends on the application dose, the crop to which they are applied and the duration of application.

The raw materials are processed into safe and clean granular fertilizers in the fertilizer production line.

Example 1. Fertilizer granulation is a Solovey-6 flat-matrix granulator, which provides one common technological line (not shown) for the preparation of green cultivated and natural grasses in all climatic zones.

The device can also be used for drying and chopping wood greens (deciduous and coniferous), sawdust and other organic products (chicken and turkey droppings), taking into account its modernization.

Maximum particle size up to 10 mm. The Solovey-6 granulator device is recommended to be used with equipment for wet small raw materials with a production line for use individually in combination with equipment also for granulating organic fertilizers from poultry waste raw materials. Technical data of the Solovey-6 granulator is not given, since it is not the purpose of its description and operating principle.

However, it should be noted that the granules squeezed out of the holes collide with the knife and break off. The broken granules fall down and are removed from the press through the casing sleeve. The granules leaving the press are hot and fragile, so they are transported to a cooler (not shown). Here, air is supplied to the layer of granules by a fan, which cools the granules and at the same time sucks part of the non-granulated flour into the cyclone. During the cooling process, the moisture content of the granules decreases due to the evaporation of moisture and physicochemical changes occur in the granules.

As a result, they acquire the necessary hardness, humidity and temperature. After this, the granules are sent to sorting, where the quality granules are separated from the crumbs. Next, the granules are loaded into filled bags and transported to the manufacturer’s warehouse. As a result, the granules acquire a moisture content of 13-14% in the solid state at a heating temperature of 70-80°C over a period of 60-80 minutes.

Thus, pressed granules under a pressure of 60 MPa can form 8-12 mm long and 6-8 mm in diameter. The productivity of such a granular product device can reach up to 1000 kg of granules in 1 hour of operation.

Hence, it can be noted that the resulting fertilizer from chicken or turkey manure is convenient for packaging, storage, transportation and application to a reclaimed field, it is capable of replenishing humus reserves in the soil and ensures the cultivation of grasses and eastern galega with increased productivity.

Eastern galega (oriental goat's rue) can grow in one place for 20 years or more. Plant height reaches 100-180 cm, foliage cover ranges from 45 to 80%, depending on the year of life of the herbage. The average yield of green mass for the first three years is 32.8 t/ha. Grass harvesting is suitable for all types of bulky forages. Oriental galega is sowed before winter; bird droppings granules are added to the soil as organic fertilizers until the soil freezes.

An important factor for different crops is the growth rate in the initial phase of development.

The root of the eastern galega is taproot, penetrates to a depth of 50-80 cm, is well developed and has a large number of lateral branches, on which up to 1500 nodules are formed. During the growing season, the most intensive formation of nodules occurs on the roots of Galega eastern. The bulk of the roots are concentrated in the arable soil layer. As a result, a powerful bush with a height of 100-180 cm or more with a large number of stems is formed. The number of stems on a plant depends on the sowing method and the age of the grass stand. Like legumes, eastern galega is demanding of moisture, heat, light, and soil.

Thus, it is necessary to take into account the main hydrological indicators: the depth of groundwater in a specific reclaimed field, the duration of standing melt water, soil moisture, respectively 70-80% HB, and the moisture content of capillary rupture. In addition, the terrain, steepness and direction of the field slope should be taken into account.

The main limiting factor in this zone is the duration of the frost-free period and the sum of active temperatures during this period. This results in a lack of moisture, and therefore in the winter in the form of snow, especially on soddy-podzolic soils. The proportion of risk varies in different zones.

Autumn plowing is carried out at a depth of 20-22 cm, the soil is cultivated, sowing is carried out before winter with eastern galega seeds to a depth of 1.5-2.0 cm with a seeding rate of 15-17 kg/ha with the simultaneous formation of soil ridges across the slope with a row spacing of 45 cm , in which grasses that naturally grow on soddy-podzolic sandy loam soils are sown, while the fertilizer is used in the form of granules of chicken or indian manure.

A characteristic feature of such soils is high resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, preservation of seedlings from freezing in winter and providing them with moisture at the beginning of the first year of life, eliminating the loss of plants in winter. In addition, in accordance with the proposed method, the manifestation of water and wind soil erosion is excluded, while in combination with the cultivation of eastern galega in the rowing part. After the first cutting of ripeness and not having reached the second cutting of ripeness, it is left before winter, and harvesting is carried out in the second year in the spring before the start of its growing season with crushing and removal of the mass from the field for feed, followed by a feed additive. As an option, sowing grasses between rows can also be left until next year to obtain the total harvest next year, maintaining the crop rotation provided for when sowing eastern galega (oriental goat's rue).

The remaining undersowing of grasses between the rows in early spring (late April - first half of May) the microbiological activity of the soil is weakened, and the mineralization of the remaining mass of grasses will occur slowly, and this will prevent the leaching of released nutrients, primarily nitrogen, by autumn and spring precipitation beyond the root zone layer. In addition, a powerful grass stand of cereal-legume components with high soil-protective efficiency is created on the reclaimed field, creating a guaranteed absence of restoration of fertility from soil washout. These parameters of the strips - 45 cm between the ridges of eastern galega allow snow to be retained not only inside the growth, but also on strips sown with grasses, creating optimal snow cover, both from wind and from freezing.

The cycle of work is repeated according to agricultural technology plans at least four years later according to the sowing dates before the winter period, taking into account high-stemmed row crops.

Thus, in order to obtain the maximum amount of crop production from each hectare of arable land, it is necessary to have a characteristic of each contour of the reclaimed field with the following indicators: granulometric composition of the soil, depth of groundwater; field slope and orientation; soil solution reaction (pH _salt ), hydrological acidity and sum of absorbed bases; content in the arable layer of humus, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, boron, molybdenum and other microelements; soil moisture corresponding to 70-80% HB. From this factor, it is possible to classify the reclaimed field (field contours) according to similar parameters of the listed indicators of the physical, hydrological and chemical properties of the soil. Then, in accordance with the soil characteristics of crop rotation, a technological scheme for cultivating each crop, adapted to the conditions of the reclaimed field, should be developed.

Thus, the permanent elements of irrigation and drainage systems (HMS) are generally formed almost simultaneously and for a long service life.

Example 2. When forming an open discharge channel (1) on the upper side of the slope, a coastal strip of turf is first formed, implemented according to the proposed new technology described above with the installation of artificial ponds-digging (8) before leaving in the winter. In the spring (April-May), the snow on the slopes (7) gradually melts, and part of the water is absorbed into the soil, and the other part of the water flows into earthen ponds (8); other excess water can flow through a surface discharge pipeline (11) into an open channel (1), the streams of water from the field (7) flow into the drainage furrow (5), then are diverted through a discharge pipeline (12) into the reservoir (2), which is not subject to erosive destruction by melt water flows, and at the same time remains saturated with capillary-suspended moisture stored during the autumn rains, evenly distributed over the soil horizon. Thus, the water regime is regulated, simultaneously with which the soil thermal regime (SM) is regulated. Removing snow from the field increases the amount of absorbed solar energy, which goes directly to heating the soil, where the soil itself is pre-saturated in the arable layer with granules from chicken or turkey droppings, which have the property of water aggregator and swell in size.

The presence of a supply of snow water in the digging ponds (8) for watering during the growing season of plants also allows using a flexible pipe (9) with a mobile pumping station (10) to more efficiently carry out fertilizing with fertilizers.

Thus, the claimed method makes it possible to carry out, in its simplest form, the regulation of matter and energy flows in the agricultural landscape, namely, to optimize the water-thermal regime in MPs during the growing season of plants and to use natural resources more efficiently.

The described technology as a whole is not conservative, but requires further improvement. The adjustability of the properties of the agricultural landscape thanks to HMS largely follows from the possibility of its adaptation, in particular in the conditions of the southwestern part of Belarus and to changing conditions, both natural and anthropogenic.

Additional elements can be used by the HMS: a pond-dig, an additional open channel, a pond at the end of the channel.

A natural earthen pond-dig (8) is necessary to create conditions for excess conservation of water and preserve it for several years. The formation of a water reserve will compensate for its deficit in the event of a severe drought. It is especially relevant for the conditions of the southwestern part of Belarus, which should not experience a deficit of precipitation in the summer. In addition, the irrigated field area is watered by a sprinkler (various types of machines), which takes water from digging ponds (8), in which during daylight hours the water temperature rises from 10-13 to 18-22 degrees C. This water is later used for irrigation irrigated fields without putting the plants in a stressful state.

Digging ponds (8) in the lower part of the field are formed by deepening 1-3 m in the ground and are created separately with the discharge of excess water into an open channel (1), excess waste water accumulates in a reservoir (2) of a larger volume. The digging pond (8) must be made to the side downstream of the open channel (1) (from the bottom side) to make a reinforcing concrete threshold, i.e. up to a height of 0.5 m from the upper water level in it towards the coastal turf strip (3) This creates conditions for settling and purifying water in the dig (8).

To improve the purity of the water, it can be isolated from debris blown by the wind into the digging pond from above by covering it with a fine-mesh grid on top (not shown). The number of digging ponds is determined by the size and length of the field as it descends toward the open channel (1). At the same time, in digging (8), the accumulated warm water can also be used to improve the conditions of its composition for irrigation. It should be noted that an open discharge channel (1) is necessary to discharge excess water from the HMS into a larger reservoir (2), while the accumulated water can be used to moisten the field by pumping water through a pipe (not shown) to other objects with sprinkler systems used irrigation technology in summer.

Thus, in addition, due to the digging ponds, the characteristics of snow melt water are improved, comfortable conditions are created for the growth and maturation of crops and water is saved during irrigation.

In general, the method expands the variety of possibilities that provide, in comparison with the prototype, in the spring, the accumulated reserves of snow melt on strip maps and moisture is retained in the allotted time in the soil layer, while this field increases the territorial area for snow accumulation and serves as a place for its melting and accumulation in ponds - dig in the spring. These moisture reserves and the presence of air-permeable pores in strips and in crops along the ridge for different crops contribute to the active growth and development of the root system with its penetration into the groundwater border, and this ensures a decrease in the groundwater level. The supply of organic fertilizers in the form of granules from bird droppings and nitrogen of nodule bacteria is ensured, which helps to increase the fertility of the field and creates favorable conditions that ensure the greatest productivity of plant crops on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils in the southwestern part of Belarus - this is especially effective in severe frosty winters .

Claims (3)

1. A method for complex controlled hydro-reclamation of soil in an agricultural landscape using ponds-digging in the conditions of the south-western part of Belarus, characterized by the formation of a hydro-reclamation system bordering the reclaimed field, in the lower part of which an open discharge channel is arranged, simultaneously designed to discharge excess run-off water from the field by means of a drainage furrow, and, additionally, through the coastal edge between the edge of the reclaimed field and the coastal edge, sowing is carried out on the coastal water protection strip and the width of the headland with the incorporation of increased doses of granules into the soil, while in front of the headland artificial diked soils are created in the soil layer. rectangular ponds-digging, cultivate the soil, carrying out autumn plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm, seeds of a mixture of grasses are introduced into the fertile layer of soil to a depth of 2.0-2.5 cm, sowing is carried out before winter with seeds of eastern galega to a depth of 1.5- 2.0 cm with a seeding rate of 15-17 kg/ha with the simultaneous formation of soil ridges across the slope with a row spacing of 45 cm; additionally, in the row spacing, grasses that naturally grow on soddy-podzolic sandy loam soils are sown in strip strips, and inter-row cultivation is not carried out, granules are used as organic fertilizers, with which the reclaimed field is fertilized using granules from chicken or turkey droppings, while the granules are dried to an air-dry state, then crushed and pressed under high pressure, high-stemmed eastern galega after the first mowing of ripeness, without reaching the second mowing, left before winter, and harvesting is carried out in the second year in the spring before the start of its growing season with crushing and removal of its mass from the field. 2. The method according to claim 1, in which artificial digging ponds with a depth of 1.0-3.0 m form additional accumulation of melt water, and the water is filled using pumps for sprinkler equipment into an open pipeline and supplied for irrigation, while watering the field provide clean water up to 70-80% of the lowest moisture capacity. 3. The method according to claim 1, in which the granules of chicken or turkey manure have a diameter of 6-8 mm, respectively, and are pressed under a pressure of 60 MPa into granules.

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