RU2790253C1 - Method for phytomelioration of low-fertility, degraded, degraded, old-arroved soils using eastern goat's room (galega) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used to restore and increase the fertility of depleted, degraded, low-fertile and old arable soils without the use of expensive chemicals and to obtain environmentally friendly crop products in organic farming. The method uses oriental goat's rue - galega. Loosening of the arable and subarable soil layers is carried out due to the well-developed, deeply penetrating into the subarable soil horizons of the root system of the phytomeliorant - a perennial leguminous plant - oriental goat's rue. In the summer-autumn period of the previous year, a set of tillage methods is carried out to destroy perennial rhizomatous and root-shooting weeds: plowing, cultivation, milling, in the spring - cultivation, harrowing, pre- and post-sowing rolling. Sowing is carried out in the first decade of May with a seeding rate of 25 kg/ha, row spacing of 45 cm, a seeding depth of 1.5 to 2 cm, and cultivated for 20 years, annually alternating the use of its crops for fodder and seed purposes.

EFFECT: method ensures the enrichment of the plow and subplow horizon of the soil with fresh, labile organic matter, which is a source of humus formation - the main indicator of soil fertility, positively affecting its main functions: productive agrophysical, bioecological, protective and physiological.

1 cl, 6 dwg, 6 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to restore and increase the fertility of depleted, degraded, low-fertile and old arable soils without the use of expensive chemicals and obtaining environmentally friendly crop products in organic farming.

At present, various types of melioration have been developed and recommended: irrigation, drainage, chemical melioration, and agroforestry [1, 2, 3, 4]. In general, melioration is aimed at radical land improvement [5]. To restore and increase the fertility and productivity of depleted, degraded low-fertile and old arable soils, it is recommended to use phytomelioration (soil reclamation with the help of plants).

There is a known method of phytomeliorative restoration of heavily overrun and degraded pasture lands (patent RU No. 2016114116, A01B 79/02, B09C 1/00 A01B 49/04, 12.04.2016) [6].

The disadvantage of this method is that perennial cereal (bluegrass) grasses and shrubs are used as phytomeliorative plants, the high morphobiological potential of perennial legumes is not used, a complex technical, technological and high-cost system for grassing degraded pastures is proposed.

The closest technical solution, selected as a prototype based on the totality of the main essential features, is the method of phytomelioration of the subsurface horizon of the soil (patent RU No. poorly permeable soils. The reclamation method consists in loosening the arable layer with the simultaneous formation of cracks in the subsurface horizon and filling them with loose organic fertilizer. At the same time, the interslit space of the arable layer is sown with annual and perennial grasses with a well-developed root system.

The disadvantage of this method is that the species diversity of plants recommended as phytomeliorative is not indicated, since in this method they are called upon to perform the main function assigned to them - to improve the fertility of the subsoil layer; what was the time interval between the sowing of annual and perennial plants, what type of organic fertilizers and at what dose they were used during reclamation work.

The objective of the invention is to create a method for phytomelioration of depleted, degraded, low-fertile and old arable soils using galega orientalis (Galega orientalis).

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the loosening of the arable and subarable soil layers is carried out due to the well-developed, deeply penetrating into the subarable horizons of the soil of the root system of the phytomeliorant - a perennial leguminous plant - oriental goat's rue, in the summer-autumn time of the previous year, a set of tillage techniques is carried out to destroy perennial rhizomatous and root weeds: plowing, cultivation, milling, spring cultivation, harrowing, pre-sowing and post-sowing rolling. Sowing is carried out in the first decade of May with a seeding rate of 25 kg/ha, row spacing of 45 cm, a seeding depth of 1.5 to 2 cm, and cultivated for 20 years, annually alternating the use of its crops for fodder and seed purposes.

EFFECT: enrichment of the arable and subarable horizon of the soil with fresh (labile) organic matter, which is the source of humus formation - the main indicator of soil fertility, which positively affects its main functions: productive agrophysical, bioecological, protective and physiological, which is achieved through long-term use of high ecological - the biological potential of galega orientalis, which forms a powerful root system, penetrating and draining the arable and deep subarable soil horizons and having a high photosynthetic potential of biological productivity.

In FIG. 1-6 shows a method of phytomelioration of low-fertility, depleted, degraded, old-arable soils using eastern goat's rue, FIG. 1 shows the linear growth of the goat's rue (galega) orientalis, in Fig. 2 - foliage of goat's rue (galega) oriental in the flowering phase, in Fig. 3 - the phase of fruit formation of goat's rue (galega) oriental, in Fig. 4 - growth and development of the root system of goat's rue (galega) eastern 4 years of life, in Fig. 5 - growth and development of the root system of goat's rue (galega) eastern 8 years of life, in Fig. 6 - the structure of the soil profile of light gray forest soil after phytomelioration (biogeocenosis of eastern goat's rue, 20 years old).

The method of phytomelioration (reclamation using plants) of depleted, degraded, low-fertile, old-arable soils using eastern goat's rue is carried out as follows. In the summer-autumn period of the previous year, a complex of tillage methods is carried out to destroy perennial rhizomatous and root shoot weeds: plowing, cultivation, milling, in the spring - cultivation, harrowing, pre- and post-sowing rolling. Sowing is carried out in the first decade of May with a seeding rate of 25 kg/ha, row spacing of 45 cm, a seeding depth of 1.5 to 2 cm, and cultivated for 20 years, annually alternating the use of its crops for fodder and seed purposes.

In the first year, Oriental goat's rue forms a root system, the yield of above-ground vegetative mass is not high (5.0-6.0 t/ha). In the second and subsequent years, goat's rue regrowth is noted in the middle of the second decade of May, and by mid-June the plant reaches the budding phase - the beginning of flowering. The yield of green mass reaches 15.0-20.0 t/ha (Fig. 1 and 2). In the third year, generative shoots are intensively formed and goat's rue crops are used for seed purposes. Seed productivity reaches 0.5-0.6 t/ha (Fig. 3).

Phytomelioration of low-fertility, depleted, degraded light gray forest soils using eastern goat's rue was studied on the experimental field of the Department of Agricultural Ecology of the FSBEI HE "Irkutsk State Agrarian University named after A.A. Yezhevsky. Long-term studies have shown that the duration of the economic use of crops is associated with the morpho-biological characteristics of the eastern goat's rue, the high potential of biological productivity, the specific structure of the root system, intensive growth and development of plants, a pronounced ability for vegetative propagation and self-restoration of herbage.

The ability of vegetative propagation (due to the formation of offspring and rhizomes) allows you to maintain a high herbage density and productivity of plantations for many years of economic use (up to 20 years). The stem density reaches 1040 pcs/m ² . In the second year, plant height reaches 80-90 cm. The highest height is noted in crops of the fourth year of life (100-105 cm), the fifth - 80, the sixth - 90, the seventh-tenth - 85, then - until the twentieth year, an average of 88 cm ( Table 1).

The most important morpho-biological feature of eastern goat's rue is the high leaf area, on which its biological productivity depends. In the first years of use (second - fourth years), the value of the assimilation apparatus reached 141.3-184.3 thousand m ² / ha (on average 166.1), then its value decreased and until the twentieth year it ranged from 57.4 to 76 .2 thousand m ² /ha (average 70.5).

These indicators of the size of the assimilation apparatus are characteristic of a phytomeliorative plant and they are significantly higher than the indicators that are inherent in other phytomeliorative plants.

Indicators of photosynthetic potential (PP), characterizing the "work" of the leaf area during the growing season, ranged from 9.1 to 12 million m ² / ha / days (average 10.7), in the first four years and up to 3.7-5 .2 (average 4.5) from the fifth to the twentieth years. Such values of FP, according to accepted standards, are considered very high.

The maximum yield of green mass was obtained in goat's rue crops from the fourth to the tenth years of economic use, the average yield of goat's rue green mass in subsequent years decreased (on average by 18.8%). The lowest yield of goat's rue was observed in the nineteenth-twentieth year (16.2 t/ha - 64% of the yield level obtained in the first ten years).

Oriental goat's rue forms a powerfully developed tap root system and underground vegetative organs of reproduction and renewal of herbage: offspring and rhizomes. The root system has a high assimilation ability - to extract the elements of mineral nutrition of plants: phosphorus, potassium, calcium from hard-to-reach compounds of subsurface horizons and the parent soil-forming rock and transfer them to the arable horizon, and, due to the symbiotrophic activity of nodule bacteria, absorb and accumulate atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. The depth of penetration of roots into the soil in the fourth year of life of the goat's rue reaches 65 cm, in the eighth - 80 cm. It has a draining effect on the arable and subarable soil horizons. The annual input of dry organic matter with root, crop residues and after-taste reaches 21.2 t/ha. This organic mass serves as a source of humus formation (Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

Thus, oriental goat's rue as a phytomeliorant restores the fertility of degraded soils, improving the physicochemical, water-air properties and the structure of the soil profile. The thickness of the dark-colored soil horizon was 35 cm, the thickness of the podzolized soil horizon was 10 cm, and the “wash-in” horizon (B) was 20 cm.

Information sources

1. Kovda V.A. Soil pathology and protection of the planet's biosphere / V.A. Kovda - Pushchino, 1989.-36 p.

2. Zaidelman F.R. Soil reclamation / F.R. Seidelman. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2003.-448 p.

3. Kovda V.A. Problems of protection of the soil cover and the biosphere of the planet / V.A. Kovda - Pushchino, 1980. - 156 p.

4. Dobrovolsky G.V., Nikitin E.D. Preservation of soils as an indispensable component of the biosphere / G.V. Dobrovolsky, E.D. Nikitin - M.: Nauka, 2000. - 186 p.

5. Shishov L.L. Durmanov D.N. Expanded reproduction of soil fertility and its information support / L.L. Shishov D.N. Durmanov // Problems of soil science and agrochemistry. - M., 1986. - S. 87-101.

6. Patent RU No. 2016114116, А01В 79/02, B09C 1/00 A01B 49/04, 04/12/2016.

7. Patent RU No. 2152146, A01B 79/00, A01B 79/02, 08/24/1998 - prototype.

Claims (1)

A method for phytomelioration of low-fertile, depleted, degraded, old-arable soils using eastern goat's rue - galega, including loosening the arable and subarable soil layers due to the well-developed soil of the root system of the phytomeliorant - a perennial leguminous plant - eastern goat's rue, deeply penetrating into the subsurface horizons, characterized in that in the summer-autumn time of the previous year, a set of tillage methods is carried out to destroy perennial rhizomatous and root-shooting weeds: plowing, cultivation, milling, in the spring - cultivation, harrowing, pre- and post-sowing rolling, and sowing is carried out in the first decade of May with a seeding rate of 25 kg / ha, row spacing 45 cm, seeding depth from 1.5 to 2 cm and cultivated for 20 years, annually alternating the use of its crops for fodder and seed purposes.

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