RU2741959C1 - Method for arrangement of heat-loving crops in crop rotation of biological farming - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular to farming, and can be used in cultivating crops using a resource-saving method. Method involves sowing thermophilic crops in a layer of leguminous grasses formed a year earlier. Beginning from the second year of life of legume grasses, immediately after their first stripping on green fodder and harvesting green mass, transverse cutting of 20–30 cm-wide strips is performed. Heat-loving crops - maize or sunflower - are sown into the treated strips in two rows with interline distance of 140 cm. Such location of crops, which are sown in row for 3–4 years, is maintained.

EFFECT: method ensures simplification of arrangement of cultivated heat-loving crops, increase of their yield, production of ecologically clean products and preservation of soil fertility.

1 cl, 1 tbl, 1 ex, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular, to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of crops using a resource-saving method with minimal use of chemicals.

The known method, in which corn and sunflower in the crop rotation system are located on the predecessor - a layer of perennial legumes (Kolomeychenko V.V. "PLANT CULTURE" textbook for universities. M .: Agrobusiness Center, 2007, pp. 162 and 262).

However, such an agricultural technique is quite costly, since the field after the grasses must be plowed up, squeezed out and leveled for sowing the next crop, which increases the cost of cultivating other crops of perennial grasses in the bed.

A technical solution is known, where a continuous narrow-row sowing of clover is carried out and in the second year of life a wide-row clover is formed from a continuous sowing, leaving it for seeds (AS No. 1255069, published 05/08/1986., Bull. No. 33, IPC А01С 1/00 ).

However, this method is also high-cost, since after harvesting the grass stand, fall plowing is carried out for seeds, fertilizers are applied, and the next year the soil is prepared for sowing corn, the subsequent crop rotation.

The closest technical solution is a method in which the continuous sowing of clover is transformed into a wide-row and after harvesting the seeds in the formed aisles, alfalfa is sown for seeds (patent No. 2425476, published 10.08.2011, bull. No. 22. IPC А01В 23/06, А01В 15 / 16).

The disadvantage of the prototype method is that the alfalfa culture is sown into the aisles, which are obtained the next year after harvesting the seeds of the first clover crop.

Consequently, crop rotation slows down. In addition, it is necessary to prepare the soil and carry out a number of agricultural practices for sowing corn or sunflower, including fall plowing with fertilization, inter-row cultivation of row crops, which complicates the method, increases the cost of obtaining a corn crop, fertilizers and chemical means of combating weeds

The technical result is to simplify the method and reduce costs.

The technical solution of the declared object is that heat-loving crops - corn or sunflower, are sown in the transverse direction of leguminous grasses at the beginning of 2 years of life after the first mowing for green fodder, where, on continuous sowing of herbage of perennial leguminous grasses, a joint sowing of different crops in stripes 20-30 cm wide with a line spacing of 140 cm, maintaining this arrangement of crops for a number of years.

The method is carried out as follows.

On a continuous sowing of leguminous grasses (white clover or horned clover, or their mixture), in the spring of the 2nd year of life, the first mowing of the green mass is carried out. Immediately after the first mowing, after harvesting the green mass in the transverse direction, strips 20-30 cm wide are cut into which corn or sunflower is sown in two lines with a line spacing of 140 cm. Such sowing of heat-loving crops on a layer of leguminous grasses formed a year earlier, in early May promotes better absorption of nutrients from the soil, in particular biological nitrogen accumulated in legumes. No additional application of nitrogen fertilizers and plowing of leguminous grasses with a powerful root system is required. In addition, the grass cover in the aisles of corn retains moisture, blocks the germination of weeds, which eliminates the need for herbicides and inter-row treatments. The legumes themselves are sorbents of toxic soils, while a significant part of the toxicants is removed from the field with pre-sowing mowing, which provides favorable conditions for the development of thermophilic crops of crop rotation. Wide interlinear stripes of the main crops (140 cm), in turn, provide a sufficient inflow of solar energy, protection of legumes from overheating and significant retention of moisture in the crops. In the layer of leguminous plants, soil biota is created and preserved, which ensures the restoration of soil fertility, similar to the natural environment.

As a result of using this method, the costs of fertilizing, herbicides, plowing, pre-sowing soil cultivation and care during the growing season are reduced, and at least - the preservation of soil fertility.

After harvesting the main crop with fine grinding of the stem mass, it is possible to obtain another cut of leguminous grasses.

In this area, it is possible to repeat the sowing of corn in a row for another 3-4 years or more, as long as the legume herbage is kept, which will completely eliminate the costs of creating a new layer of perennial legumes and the introduction of chemicals in the fight against weeds.

Example: On a plot with perennial grasses, starting from the 2nd year of legume grasses (white clover, 2nd year of life) with an area of 10 hectares in the first decade of May, the green mass was cut. By this period, clover plants reached a height of 30-40 cm.After cutting the green mass, the site was prepared for sowing heat-loving crops with a chisel cultivator, forming strips 20-30 cm wide across the grass sowing every 140 cm. For sowing corn, a SUPN seeder was used -8. Row spacings were not processed. No herbicides were applied. The grain was harvested by a combine harvester with a straw grinder.

In the first year, a carpet of leguminous grasses is created from clover or hornbeam, you can also mix them.

On this carpet, it is planned to cut neat strips 20-30 cm wide across the rows of grasses. This method assumes surface tillage of only 25-30% of the area, between such strips 140 cm is left for the location of cultivated crops.

Two rows of heat-loving (large) crops are sown in the cut strips, because one row will not provide a sufficient yield.

The large width - 140 cm between the stripes reduces the oppressive effect on undersized legumes, provides them with sufficient illumination, creates its own microclimate under the cover.

At the same time, on leveled areas, the direction of the corn or sunflower rows should be maintained from north to south (green arrows in the figure). In the proposed method, under the carpet of grasses, its natural structure with tubules and capillaries from decomposed roots, worms and insects is preserved. All this ensures effective air exchange with the lower layers of the soil, especially during prolonged droughts. At the same time, legumes reduce infestation by malicious species and provide corn and sunflower with symbiotic nitrogen.

For a number of years, it is possible to sow the necessary food crops in the same strips, renewing them annually with their treatments. The grass carpet lasts for a long time, more than 3-4 years.

The results of the experiments are summarized in the table

The table shows the profitability of the yield obtained: in the numerator of corn, in the denominator - sunflower.

Consequently, the results of the proposed technical solution allow us to conclude that the use of joint crops of heat-loving, large-sized crops with legumes in conditions of significant resource conservation, contributes to an increase in the yield of cultivated crops and the production of environmentally friendly products for a number of years.

Claims (1)

A method of joint placement of heat-loving crops in biological agriculture, representing sowing them on a layer of leguminous grasses formed a year earlier, characterized in that, starting from the 2nd year of life of leguminous grasses, immediately after the first mowing them for green fodder and harvesting green mass, in in the transverse direction, strips with a width of 20-30 cm are cut, and heat-loving crops are sown into the treated strips - corn or sunflower in two lines with an interline spacing of 140 cm, maintaining this arrangement of crops, which are sown in a row for 3-4 years.

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