RU2147395C1 - Method of cultivating vegetable crops in black earth soil zone - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, vegetable growing. SUBSTANCE: method involves harvesting stubble precursor in summer; performing shelling of stubble and mellowing of soil; watering 2-3 times, each watering cycle being followed with cultivation; providing deep boardless soil mellowing in autumn; making ridges; applying humus in ridge spacings and forming rows; restoring and cultivating ridges in spring; seeding vegetable crops; providing post seeding preemergence cultivation; watering vegetable crop plants during germination phase with small irrigation norm in each 4-5 days; cultivating ridge spacings upon each watering cycle; applying biopreparations and thinning. 44% of rotation area is assigned for vegetable crops, 55% for stubble precursors, and 1% for entomophage-attracting crops. Method allows ecologically clean product to be obtained due to rejecting the usage of chemical preparations. EFFECT: increased efficiency by keeping soil fertility, increased yield by increased supply of organic mass into soil and creating favorable plant growing conditions. 2 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to vegetable growing.

 A known method of growing vegetable crops, which is designed to improve the ecology of the environment when cultivated by eliminating the use of herbicides, increasing the efficiency of weed control by mechanical means (1). In this case, the process is ensured and evaluated according to the impact-result (yield) scheme. This method does not increase soil fertility.

 There is also a known method of cultivating vegetable crops with irrigation and alternating crops on a flat or profiled surface (2, p. 327, prototype). In this case, soil cultivation after harvesting the previous crop includes the following agricultural techniques: grinding plant residues and weeds, husking with disk or plow cultivators, spreading the main fertilizer, deep dump plowing.

 Pre-sowing tillage in spring involves early spring harrowing, applying mineral fertilizers, 1-3 deep cultivations, cutting ridges, rolling before sowing, sowing and post-sowing rolling. Crop care consists of 2 - 3 inter-row cultivations, 3 - 4 irrigation, 2 - 3 manual weeding. Plant protection from pests, diseases and weeds is carried out using chemicals. To increase the yield, mineral fertilizers are used.

 The disadvantage of this method is that due to the use of chemicals to protect plants from pests, diseases and weeds, it is impossible to obtain environmentally friendly products. With an increase in the herbicidal load on the soil, the harmful effect of specialized weeds, the “companions” of cultivated plants, increases. In addition, with the chemical method of protection, entomophages are destroyed, and pests become resistant to the drugs used, which contributes, after a sharp reduction, to an increase in their numbers. The main indicators of soil fertility are reduced, since the law of the return of nutrients taken from the soil with the crop is violated due to the fact that vegetable crops are sown by vegetable predecessors.

 The aim of the invention is to obtain a high yield of environmentally friendly products while maintaining soil fertility.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that in the method of cultivation of vegetable crops, including the cultivation of rod predecessors, stubble cultivation, the application of organic fertilizers, plowing, cutting ridges, pre-sowing cultivation, sowing, inter-row cultivation on seedlings, watering, weeding, crop rotation, introduce new features in following sequence.

 Plowing is carried out in the summer. Then carry out 2 - 3-fold watering with cultivation, deep subsurface loosening and cutting ridges. Humus is introduced into the rows between the cut ridges and form ridges with its closure in the middle of the ridge. In spring, the beds are restored, sowing is carried out and cultivated before emergence. Watering is carried out at low rates every 4 to 5 days, and cultivation is carried out between waterings, biological products are used. Of the crop rotation area under crop rotation, 44% is allocated for vegetables, 55% for stubble predecessors, and 1% for crops that attract entomophages.

 Due to the presence of distinctive features in comparison with the prototype, the proposed method meets the criterion of "novelty."

 Comparison of the proposed method with other methods of industrial cultivation of vegetable crops in the open field (for example, 2, pp. 351 - 357) shows that some distinctive features are known, but they do not provide a high yield of environmentally friendly products while maintaining soil fertility.

 Considering the farming system as a system for the distribution and use of anthropogenic and natural energy resources, as defining, the following provisions have been adopted.

 1. The volume of energy use of potential fertility does not exceed the level when the agroecosystem loses stability and reduces productivity.

 2. The volume of alienation of the energy of real fertility is not higher than the compensatory volume of energy of environmentally sound quality entering the agroecosystem due to anthropogenic investments.

 The level of energy alienation and replenishment in the agroecosystem in the proposed method is determined by cultivating the soil, applying organic fertilizers, sowing or planting on ridges, irrigation method, loosening the soil during the growing season of plants, mechanical destruction of weeds, selection of varietal crops, biological method of plant protection against pests and diseases.

When forming a crop rotation scheme in a crop rotation, the amount of organic matter entering the soil in the form of crop-root residues, the nature of the distribution of root residues, and the modes of transformation of organic matter under different crops are taken into account. In the proposed method, 44% of the sown area is allocated for vegetable crops; 55% is occupied by stubble predecessors and 1% is occupied by nectarines to attract natural entomophages. A distinctive feature of the proposed method is that vegetable crops are arranged on stubble predecessors that are harvested early, which allows agrotechnical methods to clear the soil of weeds, pathogens and pests. The conditions for the formation of favorable water, air, thermal and, as a result, food regimes in the agroecosystem at a level that ensures their stability and maximum productivity are achieved by the bed plant technology of cultivation of vegetable crops, which includes, after summer plowing of stubble predecessors, 2–3 times watering with cultivation, then deep (not less than 40 cm) subsurface loosening across the main arable land, autumn cutting of ridges, local introduction of humus into the inter-ridge space at a rate of at least 25 / Ha, followed by formation of the ridges. The profiled surface of the soil eliminates wind and water erosion of the soil, contributes to snow retention. In the spring, dressing of ridges, rolling and sowing (according to the scheme 90 + 50 cm) of all types of vegetables is carried out. In the pre-emergence period, twice crops of vegetable crops are cultivated. The guides for the passage of the tractor are the inter-row spaces. During the growing season, aisles are cultivated at least 4-5 times. On crops, beetroot, cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, zucchini, the last two inter-row cultivations are carried out with re-cultivation, which allows soil to destroy weeds in rows of vegetable crops by sprinkling with soil. Irrigation is carried out by small irrigation rates (150 - 200 m ³ / ha) after 4 - 5 days of the irrigation period, and in the intervals between irrigation, the soil is cultivated (see the scheme in Table 3).

 The agrotechnical methods of the bed technology regulate the modes of transformation of the energy of organic matter in the soil and, above all, the ratio of the processes of input and energy consumption of organic matter through its mineralization. Fertilizers in the agroecosystem are considered as a means of regulating not only the nutritional regime, but, above all, the intensity and volume of the small biological cycle of matter and energy flows, which are disrupted by the alienation of matter and energy from the crop.

Fertility of the soil in the proposed method is restored due to:
- use of stubble predecessors;
- application of organic fertilizers at the rate of 10 t / ha of crop rotation area and local application of humus only for vegetable crops at the rate of at least 25 t / ha;
- Plowing green mass of green manure crops;
- incorporation into the soil of the non-cereal part of the crop (straw, plant and root residues).

 Thanks to this, there is no need to use mineral fertilizers.

 Scientifically based crop rotation, row cultivation technology, and a differentiated irrigation regime with an organic fertilizer system have a positive effect on the development of antagonists in the soil, which leads to a decrease in phytopathogenic fungi. The combination of the agrotechnical method with the biological one contributes to the effective protection of vegetable plants from diseases. The alternation of early and late crops, as well as the sowing of nectaronos at the edges of the fields in combination with biological products can control the number of pests, ensuring the preservation of the crop not lower than the level of chemical protection.

 Examples of specific performance.

 The verification of the proposed method was carried out in the production environment of the OPP "South" Prikubansky district of Krasnodar. The control were vegetable crops grown on the prototype.

 Comparative data are given in table. 12.

 According to the proposed method, the following set of vegetable crops was grown: table beets, sowing tomatoes, late cabbage, onions on turnips. The experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1994. From the table. Figure 1 shows that the humus reserves increased by 10.5 t / ha over six years compared with the humus content in the same area before laying the experiment. In addition, the increased content of mobile phosphorus and potassium, compared with the prototype - by 35% and 34%. As a result, soil fertility and productivity of all crops increase (Table 2), product quality increases (percentage of standard vegetables).

Using the proposed method allows you to:
- maximize the use of bioclimatic potential in optimizing anthropogenic resources;
- conduct integrated environmental protection of plants from pests, diseases and weeds;
- receive high-quality products and significantly reduce the risk of their consumption with a high content of nitrates;
- increase the coefficient of energy assessment in comparison with the optimal method for these conditions and time by 1.3 times;
- Do not use mineral fertilizers and pesticides.

Sources of information
1. USSR author's certificate N 1667666, A 01 B 79/02.

 2. Aleksashin V.I., Alpatiev A.V., Andreeva R.A. and others. A guide to vegetable growing. - L .: Kolos. 1982.

Claims (1)

 A method of cultivating vegetables in the Chernozem zone, including the cultivation of stubble predecessors, stubble cultivation, the application of organic fertilizers, plowing, cutting ridges, pre-sowing cultivation, sowing, inter-row cultivation by seedlings, watering, weeding, crop rotation, characterized in that the plowing is carried out in summer, after which 2–3-fold watering is carried out with cultivation and deep rootless cultivation, cutting of the ridges is carried out in the autumn, humus is introduced into the rows between them, then ridges are formed, which are restored in the spring they are poured, cultivated before emergence, watered at low rates every 4-5 days, after each watering they are cultivated, biologics are used, while 44% of the crop rotation area is allocated for vegetable crops, 55% for stubble predecessors, for cultures that attract entomophages, 1%.

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