RU2050763C1 - Eroded soil improvement method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves application of organic and chemical soil improving agents through the year to maintain high erosion- resistance and permeability of the soil. The method is performed in the field with stubble preceding crop, and straw of grain crop is not removed for making the soil more erosion-resistant and fertile. The straw is not chopped, and in the process of treatment it is uniformly spread over the field surface. The grain crop threshing is followed by application of lime and fertilizers (phosphorus and potassium), and the soil is chiseled to a depth of 12-14 cm as the tillage outfit moves across the windrows of straw. After a period of 15-20 days the soil is chiseled again. In spring, a mixture of manure, lime, mineral fertilizers and preceding crop straw is plowed into the soil to a depth of 12-15 cm, and the total tillage depth is 23-25 cm. The tillage is followed by rolling down the soil layer 0-10 cm. The tillage is performed with the use of a plow having profiled bottoms or double-depth bottoms with moldboards removed from the main bottoms. Then slit-tillage is performed, and the field is sown with oat seeds mixed with seeds of sunflower in a ratio (0.8-0.7):(0.2-0.3). As the grass mixture attains full feed ripeness, it is grazed round the clock. The soil is ripped to the depth of its compact layer (0-10 cm), and winter crop is sown at optimum dates. EFFECT: soil washout minimized; improved crop development conditions. 2 cl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, to methods for restoring the fertility of old arable soil.

 There is a method of complex cultivation of the soil, in which, based on the calculation, the necessary amount of ameliorants (manure, green manure, lime, micronutrient fertilizers, etc.) is plowed. With this method of cultivation, erosion processes are not eliminated, there is an enhanced mineralization of organic matter, migration of mobile nutrients in the horizontal and vertical directions. As a result, surface and ground waters are polluted, and the desired agroecological effect is not achieved (Methodological guidelines for integrated agrochemical field cultivation. M. Agropromizdat, 1985, p. 32).

 The closest in essence to the method of cultivation can be attributed to the restoration of soil fertility in the combined-tier soil cultivation system, which includes spreading manure at a dose of 50 to 100 t / ha across the field, mixing it with a soil layer of 0 8 cm disk implements and filling this layer with a two-tier plow with a total processing depth of 30 32 cm. In this case, fresh organic matter (manure, stubble), chemical ameliorants are concentrated at the boundary of the arable layer and the arable horizon (27 32 cm), where oxygen is difficult to access. This phenomenon is the basis for the technology of incorporation of organic and other ameliorants according to the prototype.

 The concentration of a separate layer of ameliorant longline processing in the thickness of the soil with a low oxygen content according to the prototype coincides partly with the essential features of the invention.

 However, the technology of soil cultivation according to the prototype can reduce the effectiveness of reclamants and environmental sustainability of the soil-plant according to the following features.

 Embedment at such a depth of manure, especially poorly decomposed, on all types of soils will lead to the formation of toxins that cause plant oppression, useful soil mesofauna, and slows down the return on capital investments in cultivation.

 Fresh organic matter at the boundary of the arable and subsurface horizons will interrupt the movement of moisture from the lower layers of the soil to the upper (the effect of loose layers), will stop the penetration of the root system into the subsurface horizon of the soil, which will aggravate the effect of drought. In the pre-winter, during thaws, leaked water will concentrate in the interlayer (the effect of loose interlayers), and with the onset of cold weather a water-resistant layer will form in it, which will entail the formation of a strong surface runoff and intensification of water erosion processes.

 According to the prototype, lime and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers located at the boundary of the arable and subsurface horizons do not have ameliorative effect on the most active soil layer 0 25 cm, where up to 60 80% of the active root system with a high saturation of pathogens and pesticides is located. With such a positional distance of chemical ameliorants, it is difficult to supply nutrients to plants; soil inactivation from pathogens, pesticide residues, and heavy metals does not occur.

 With this incorporation of manure, lime and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, water and wind erosion reaches a catastrophic level.

 The purpose of the invention is to increase the effectiveness of the effects of ameliorants, minimizing erosion processes.

 The goal is achieved by the fact that in the fall they conduct a deep landless treatment with mulching with straw with a calculated dose of lime and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Straw on the surface eliminates water and wind erosion. Additionally, the soil erosion resistance is improved by ameliorants (lime and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers) and the sanitary condition of the soil is improved by the combined effect of mulch and ameliorants.

 In spring, 60 to 80 t / ha of manure is scattered on the surface, then manure, straw and ameliorants (lime, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers) are planted to a depth of 12 to 15 cm, followed by compaction of a layer of 10 cm to an equilibrium soil density.

 The method sequentially also includes the operations of sieving, sowing a mixture of oats with sunflower in a ratio of (0.8 0.7) (0.2 0.3).

 The method is as follows.

 A field with a grain crop, going for complex cultivation (KAHOP), is harvested with harvested bottoms from straw choppers of combines. Then, after applying lime and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers to the planned crop, a plane-cutting treatment is carried out to a depth of 12-14 cm with a KPSh-type plane cutter. The direction of operation of the unit across the straw rolls. In the process of this work, weeds are cut and straw is distributed over the field, chemical meliorants (lime and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers) are partially embedded in the soil. From the moment of resumption of growth of weeds after 15 to 20 days from the first plane-cutting treatment, deep (28 30 cm) plane-cutting treatment is carried out.

 Autumn technology ensures maximum absorption of snow water, eliminates the process of flushing and erosion of the soil, while there is a uniform, "screen" penetration of a solution of lime into the arable horizon. Its effectiveness is 30–40% higher than when mixed with soil and plowing in the fall.

 In the spring, from the moment of mass emergence of annual weeds and the growth of wintering and perennial weeds, manure is scattered on a field at a dose of 60 80 t / ha and immediately plowed with a 2-tier plow with straw and ameliorants to a depth of 12 15 cm with a total processing depth of 23 25 cm To do this, dumps are removed from the main plow bodies (lower tier). The same operation can be performed qualitatively with a plow with cut-out cases with a plowing depth of 23 25 cm, which ensures the placement of ameliorants at a depth favorable for humus formation (12 15 cm).

Following the plow, the soil is rolled up, compacting its layer of 0 10 cm to equilibrium density. Immediately after compaction carried slotting side slope 45 to a depth of 50 cm after 2 to 3 m and a coating seeded culture (mixture of oats with sunflower in a ratio of (0.8 0.7) (0.2 0.3). At 1 m ² area of crop it will turn out to be 1 2 sunflower plants, its root system in the subsurface horizon forms a continuous network of the root system, which provides effective fixation of nutrients migrating with vertical currents of water. Maintain a uniform distribution of nutrients in the root-inhabited layer, eliminating the impact of rain drops.

 In general, conditions are created for humus formation to similar soils of natural lands. With the proposed method, there will be a release from toxic substances of the soil due to the optimal supply of oxygen and more favorable temperature and water regimes of the arable layer in comparison with the conditions created by the cultivation technology of the prototype.

 Upon reaching the yield of green mass of the integumentary crop 80 120 kg / ha, it is bled when cattle is grazing around the clock. After grazing, the soil is loosened to a depth of the compacted layer (up to 10 cm), followed by cultivation and rolling to ensure high-quality sowing of winter grain crops (winter rye or wheat). In this system, the cultivation of winter cereals is the final stage of cultivation and the first stage of the most efficient use of restored fertility.

 The method of cultivation due to a more effective effect on soil fertility, placement of ameliorants in the zone of maximum distribution of the root system (80%) of cultivated plants allows already in the first year to increase the yield of winter crops by more than 10 centners per hectare in comparison with the prototype. The annual economic effect is also compared with the prototype is increased three times. Soil flushing is minimized by the drain of melt water and is completely excluded by storm water.

Claims (2)

 1. METHOD OF CULTIVATION OF ERADED SOILS, including tillage, manure and lime and their incorporation, characterized in that in the autumn after applying lime and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers on the field with stubble and straw of the grain predecessor, they first planarize the soil to a depth of 12 to 14 cm and then a deep flat-cutting treatment is carried out, manure is introduced in the spring and plowed with lime, mineral fertilizers and straw of the predecessor to a depth of 12 15 cm with a total processing depth of 23 25 cm followed by compaction topsoil 0 10 cm to equilibrium density, followed by slotting and plated cover crops.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as a cover crop using a mixture of oats with sunflower in a ratio of 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.3.