RU2804611C1 - Method of cultivating soybeans under soil enrichment conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention is related in particular to biologization of soybean cultivation technology and expanded reproduction of soil fertility. The method of cultivating soybeans under conditions of soil enrichment consists of introducing pig farming waste into the soil superficially to a depth of 15 cm in combination with compost based on chicken manure in doses of 15 t/ha and 1 t/ha, respectively.

EFFECT: use of the invention will increase soybean yields with enhanced preservation and reproduction of the fertile properties of typical chernozem.

1 cl, 4 dwg, 7 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to the biologization of soybean cultivation technology and expanded reproduction of soil fertility.

Modern methods of increasing soil fertility when cultivating soybeans must simultaneously solve the problems of enriching the soil and increasing crop yields.

There is a known METHOD FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF ANIMAL WASTE IN AGRICULTURE OF THE BELGOROD REGION, including the use of animal waste, namely poultry litter with the addition of silico-kieserite and finely ground chalk, which dries the organic mass to a crumbly state and allows them to be technologically and evenly applied to the soil [https://research- journal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/1-3-43.pdf].

The disadvantage of this method is the laboriousness of the process due to the need to mix three components in different physical forms with strict adherence to the percentage of components.

There is a known method [https://sgau.ru/files/pages/35610/15211088310.pdf] of using pig wastewater for irrigating corn crops in the light chestnut soils of the Volga-Don interfluve. The disadvantage of this method is the lack of relevance when used in rain-fed farming. In addition, in Belgorodskaya there are no water resources in sufficient quantities to be used for diluting pig wastewater.

There is a method for the successful use of bedding pig manure with the result of increasing the productivity of crop rotation and reducing the acidity of sod-podzolic soil, described by V.A. Khlystovsky.

[https://universityagro.ru/agrochemistry/manure/]. Since the method of hydroflushing pig excrement is widely used, the disadvantage of the method of using bedding manure is the inability to use the latter as a solution to the problem of rational use (as organic fertilizers) of wastewater.

In the Belgorod region there are many large livestock complexes and poultry farms, numbering tens and hundreds of thousands of heads of livestock and birds. The region annually accumulates 8.3 million m3 of pig waste and 1.1 million tons of poultry manure. Lagoons designed for storing pig wastewater can no longer cope with the newly arriving volumes of livestock waste products. In this regard, the acute issue of waste disposal arises. An effective solution for the Belgorod region, as a leader in agricultural production, could be the use of livestock waste as organic fertilizers, thereby increasing soil fertility and increasing agricultural productivity. -X. crops, subject to maintaining environmentally acceptable environmental parameters.

A joint method of using pig wastewater and compost based on chicken manure in soybean cultivation technology in the conditions of the Central Black Earth region has not been found.

The goal to which the claimed invention is aimed is to obtain an increased yield of soybean grain for feed purposes together with an increase in agrophysical, physicochemical and agrochemical indicators of fertility.

The technical result is the achievement of high soybean yields with enhanced preservation and reproduction of the fertile properties of typical chernozem.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that waste from the livestock industry is used as organic fertilizers and soil improvers - pig waste in combination with compost based on chicken manure in doses of 15 t/ha and 1 t/ha, respectively, against the backdrop of minimal fertilizer application technology - superficially to depth up to 15 cm diskers.

As a result of the sequential application of pig waste and compost based on chicken litter, a process of synergy of the combination of two organic fertilizers occurs in the soil. The content of ammonia nitrogen in bedding-free manure is 50-70% of the total. This provides the first fertilized crop with nitrogen at least 2-3 times better than a dose of litter manure equivalent in total nitrogen, and phosphorus and potassium of litter-free manure, when applied in doses equivalent to these elements, have an effect on plants equivalent to litter manure. Organic matter makes up 70-80% of the dry mass of bedding-free manure, and the C:N ratio is much narrower than in litter, so it mineralizes faster and better provides not only nitrogen, but also other elements to the first fertilized crop. However, for the same reason, litter-free manure has a shorter after-effect on crops and, with amounts equivalent in organic matter content, is 40% weaker than litter manure and participates in the new formation of soil humus.

Composting is a biothermal process of mineralization and humification of components, reducing the loss of nutritional elements of bird droppings while simultaneously accelerating the decomposition of other straw and converting them into forms accessible to plants. When composting, biothermal disinfection of litter occurs; as a result, heating to 60°C creates unfavorable conditions that kill eggs and larvae of flies and helminths, as well as pathogenic non-spore microorganisms. Thus, in compost, straw (which weakly decomposes without composting) acts as an absorber of moisture, ammonia, and carbon dioxide, and bird droppings are enriched with microflora and contain significant amounts of easily decomposing nitrogenous and nitrogen-free organic compounds. Compost based on chicken litter has sufficient flowability and low humidity. A characteristic property is the enrichment of the soil with organic matter, thereby covering the lack of pig waste. At 56% humidity it contains on average 1.6% N, 1.5% P205 and 0.9% K20. This is a valuable, most concentrated and fastest-acting organic fertilizer among other waste products from the livestock industry, containing 10% ammonia nitrogen (of the total amount of nitrogen).

In 2018-2020, a nine-variant two-factor experiment was launched in the Belgorod region in a three-field grain crop rotation of soybeans - winter wheat - corn for grain.

The experiment options are represented by mineral, organo-mineral and organic fertilizer systems:

1. Control without the use of fertilizers

2. Mineral fertilizers for the planned harvest

3. Pig wastewater for the planned harvest

4. Pig wastewater for the planned harvest (0.5 doses in the fall + 0.5 doses in the spring before sowing)

5. Chicken manure for the planned harvest

6. Mineral fertilizers ½ dose for the planned harvest

7. Pig wastewater ½ dose for the planned harvest

8. Chicken manure ½ dose for the planned harvest

9. Pig wastewater + chicken manure, ½ dose

The first factor is the fertilization option, the second is the method of applying the fertilizer. The study used the technology of deep moldboard loosening (ploughing) up to a depth of 27 cm and the technology of minimizing technogenic impact - surface tillage of 15 cm (Mini-till).

The following indicators of soil fertility are taken into account:

1. soil density in two layers 0-20 and 20-40 cm;

2. coefficient of structure;

3. hydrolytic acidity;

4. metabolic acidity;

5. sum of absorbed bases;

6. the number of microorganisms in the soil (biological activity);

7. reserves of mineral nitrogen in layers of 0-20 and 20-40 cm;

8. actual soybean yield.

Table 1 presents data on soil density at the end of crop rotation.

The best indicator of soil density was observed when using a combination of ½ dose of pig waste and compost based on chicken manure, where this indicator is 1.1 and 1.12 g/cm3 in the 0-20 and 20-40 layer, respectively.

Similar results were noted when analyzing the soil structure coefficient (Table 2).

Positive dynamics of the agrochemical properties of the soil, such as hydrolytic and metabolic acidity, were noted in the case of using compost based on chicken manure and a combination - option 5 and 9 (Table 3-4).

The hydrolytic acidity indicator when adding compost based on chicken manure is 2.0 and 1.7 mEq. / 100 g of soil for shallow and deep tillage, respectively, and when using ½ dose of pig waste and compost for shallow tillage - 1.8 and 1.6 mEq. / 100 g soil.

An important indicator is the biological activity of the soil. The data is reflected in tables 5 and 6.

Option 9 is characterized by a high percentage of linen decomposition. However, with surface cultivation this figure is higher than with plowing.

Analysis of the number of microorganisms correlates with the degree of decomposition of linen.

One of the most significant agrochemical indicators is the content of mineral nitrogen in the soil. This indicator often acts as a limiting factor in the formation of a high-quality harvest. Graphs 1-4 (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4) show the dynamics of the content of this element in soil layers 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm with 9 different fertilization options against the background of deep and surface incorporation fertilizers Fig. 1 - Mineral nitrogen reserves in the soil depending on the level of fertilizer in shallow tillage in a soil layer of 0-20 cm.

Figure 2 - Mineral nitrogen reserves in the soil depending on the level of fertilization in shallow tillage in a soil layer of 20-40 cm.

Fig. 3 - Mineral nitrogen reserves in the soil depending on the level of fertilization during moldboard cultivation in the soil layer of 0-20 cm.

Fig. 4 - Reserves of mineral nitrogen in the soil, depending on the level of fertilization during moldboard cultivation in a soil layer of 20-40 cm.

We can judge the effectiveness of organic fertilizers relative to mineral ones based on the prolonged action of the former. Nitrogen is gradually released from organic matter, transforming into mineral form and providing the plants with this nutrient.

The selection was made in 4 terms:

1. In autumn before sowing

2. In the spring after sowing (third decade of May)

3. In summer, in the middle of the growing season (third ten days of June - first ten days of July)

4. End of the growing season (third ten days of July - first ten days of August).

In FIG. Figure 1 shows the prolonged nature of the release of the mineral part of organic matter in option 9 of the combined use of pig wastewater and compost based on chicken manure with surface embedding in the top layer of soil. And the dynamics of nitrogen in the lower layer of 20-40 cm (Fig. 2) results in a more efficient consumption of the mineral part. A decrease in nitrogen content after the second selection is clearly visible, which indicates the active absorption of mineral nitrogen by plants during the critical period.

With deep processing, a different trend emerges. Firstly, the nitrogen content in the top layer of soil is lower compared to options with shallow tillage due to its mobilization into the lower horizon during tillage. Secondly, by the end of rotation the nitrogen content reaches a catastrophically low level (Fig. 3, 4).

The most important indicator of the effectiveness of implementing a particular technology is crop productivity. Table 7 shows the soybean yield with 9 fertilization options using shallow tillage technology and deep moldboard loosening. The best option turned out to be a combination of pig waste and compost at half the dose of each. The actual yield exceeded the planned one by 3 c/ha.

A slightly different picture emerged with deep moldboard loosening. Option 9 of the combination is inferior to small-scale tillage by 0.8 c/ha, but the full dose of compost based on bird droppings, on the contrary, shows quite good results and exceeds the yield of a similar option with small-scale tillage by 2.4 c/ha.

Thus, the method of cultivating soybeans described above and proven by experience in production conditions under soil enrichment conditions with a combination of ½ dose of pig waste and compost based on chicken manure makes it possible to achieve high soybean yields with enhanced preservation and reproduction of the fertile properties of typical chernozem.

Claims (1)

A method for enriching soil for soybean cultivation, which includes introducing pig waste into the soil superficially to a depth of 15 cm in combination with compost based on chicken manure in doses of 15 t/ha and 1 t/ha, respectively.