RU2814818C1 - Rice irrigation system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: rice irrigation system comprises rice paddies, a distribution pipeline, distribution wells, a discharge collector, irrigation pipelines combined with drainage and discharge pipelines, and water outlet structures combined with discharge structures. The system additionally contains closed card discharge irrigators, irrigation drains with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 linear meter, which are located parallel at a distance of 0.7 m from each other, a crop rotation distributor, a local discharge, trapezoidal ridges, last order distributor and filtering geotextile. Irrigation drains are connected perpendicular to the closed card discharge irrigator, positioned to it with a slope of 0.0003 to a depth of 0.05 m. A closed card discharge irrigator is connected through distribution wells perpendicular to the area discharge and the last order distributor through distribution wells. It is laid with a slope of 0.003 to a local discharge to a depth of 1 m and a diameter of 560 mm. On the rice paddies, trapezoidal ridges were formed in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85, a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height of 0.25 m. The symmetry axes of ridges and drainage-moisture drains coincide. The spaces between the ridges are covered with filtering geotextiles.

EFFECT: saving irrigation water, reducing operational work, improving the reclamation state of rice soils by increasing the coefficient of land use, using resource-saving technologies for rice cultivation and creating a favourable water-air conditions in the root layer of the soil, increasing the environmental safety of rice irrigation systems through reducing volumes of pollutants removed from the rice irrigation system through drainage and discharge waters into the receiving drainage.

1 cl, 4 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the cultivation of rice.

The rice irrigation system “Krasnodar” is known (A.D. Gumbarov, A.S. Lugovoy, A.V. Serbinov, “Irrigation rice systems.” - M.: Kolos, 1994, pp. 39, 41). The system has local distribution channels, local discharge canals, irrigation areas consisting of checks, and standard hydraulic structures on canals and roads.

The disadvantages of this rice irrigation system are the high irrigation rate, low land use coefficient, large material and labor resources are required to operate the system, labor intensity and complexity of water distribution and maintaining a layer of water in the checks; transverse rollers reduce labor productivity during agricultural work; make it difficult to move agricultural machines from check to check; The card drains unevenly.

A known rice irrigation system (RIS) includes closed irrigation and discharge channels located in one trench and devices for supplying water to checks and discharge (SU 385561, A01g 25/06, E02b 13/00).

The disadvantages of the known technical solution are the high irrigation rate, the complexity of the construction and operation of the rice irrigation system; the labor intensity and complexity of distributing water and maintaining a layer of water in the checks, the negative environmental impact on the biological systems of rice irrigation systems located on the territory and the territories bordering them.

A known rice irrigation system includes check drainage-moistening channels with an anti-filtration coating, coupled with branch pipes to the channels of the water supply and outlet networks with an underlying filter layer laid below the check channel's anti-filtration coating, connected to the channel by vertical perforated pipes filled with filter material, while on the surface of the checks slots are made, filled with filter material and connected to the check channel, and the channels of the water supply and discharge networks are equipped with inlet and outlet pipes with hydraulic level automatics connected to the check channels (SU 1410914 A01G 25/00).

The disadvantages of the known system are the labor intensity of construction and operation of a rice irrigation system; the difficulty of distributing water and maintaining a layer of water in checks, high irrigation rates, low coefficient of land use, negative environmental impact on the biological systems of rice irrigation systems located on the territory and adjacent territories.

A rice irrigation system is known, including irrigation maps divided into checks and closed drainage made in the form of a cascade of drains laid under the planes of the checks with the exit of each mouth of each drain into the irrigator of the adjacent underlying check in the cascade (SU 1331452, A01G 25/00).

The disadvantages of this invention are the complexity of constructing and operating a rice irrigation system; the labor intensity and complexity of distributing water and maintaining a layer of water in the checks, the negative environmental impact on the biological systems of rice irrigation systems located on the territory and the territories bordering them.

A rice irrigation system is also known, including a distribution pipeline, distribution wells, a discharge collector, irrigation pipelines combined with drainage and discharge pipelines, water outlet structures combined with discharge structures (SU 1099897, A01G 25/00 - prototype).

The disadvantages of this system are the labor intensity and high cost of constructing a rice irrigation system, as well as the complexity of its operation; uneven moistening of the soil profile and its drainage, negative environmental impact on the biological systems of rice irrigation systems located on the territory and the territories bordering them.

The technical result of the invention is to save irrigation water, reduce operational work and improve the reclamation condition of rice soils by increasing the coefficient of land use, using resource-saving technologies for cultivating rice and creating a favorable water-air regime in the root layer of the soil, increasing the environmental safety of rice irrigation systems by reducing the volume of pollutants substances carried out from the rice irrigation system through drainage and waste water into the receiving water.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that a rice irrigation system, including rice paddies, a distribution pipeline, distribution wells, a discharge collector, irrigation pipelines combined with drainage and discharge pipelines, water outlet structures combined with discharge structures according to the invention, has closed card irrigation-discharges, drainage-humidification drains with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 running meter, which are located parallel at a distance of 0.7 m from each other, a crop rotation distributor, a local discharge, trapezoidal ridges, a last order distributor, filtering geotextiles, while perpendicular to the closed The drainage and moistening drains are connected to the card irrigation-discharge, located to it with a slope of 0.0003 to a depth of 0.05 m, and perpendicular to the sectional discharge and the last-order distributor, a closed card-irrigator-discharge is connected through distribution wells, which is laid with a slope of 0.003 to the sectional discharge to a depth of 1 m and a diameter of 560 mm, and on rice paddies in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other, trapezoidal ridges were formed with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85, a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height 0.25 m, and the ridges and drainage-moistening drains are laid with the possibility of their symmetry axes coinciding, the spaces between the ridges are covered with filtering geotextiles.

The novelty of the claimed invention lies in increasing the efficiency of using rice irrigation systems, reducing the labor intensity of operational work and the resource intensity of rice cultivation technology, and increasing environmental safety in the rice irrigation system.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by drawings, where in Fig. 1 shows a rice irrigation system; in fig. 2 too, cut 1-1; in fig. 3 too, cut 2-2; in fig. 4 too, cut 3-3.

The rice irrigation system has elements under the following positions:

1 - closed card sprinkler-discharge;

2 - drying-moistening drains;

3 - crop rotation distributor;

4 - position of the depression curve level during the growing season;

5 - position of the level of the depression curve during the non-growing season;

6 - forest belt;

7 - field road;

8 - interridge spaces covered with filtering geotextiles;

9 - drainage ditch along the roads;

10 - local discharge;

11 - last order distributor;

12 - collector mouth;

13 - distribution well;

14 - group collector;

15 - ridge;

16 - water level during the non-growing season;

17 - water level during the growing season;

18 - irrigation map;

19- field of crop rotation;

20 - rice check.

The rice irrigation system has closed card irrigation-discharges 1, drainage-moistening drains 2 with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 linear meter, which are located parallel at a distance of 0.7 m from each other, a crop rotation distributor 3, a local discharge 10, trapezoidal beds 15, last order distributor 11, filter geotextile. Perpendicular to the closed card irrigator-discharge 1, drainage-moistening drains 2 are connected to it with a slope of 0.0003 to a depth of 0.05 m, and perpendicular to the sectional discharge 10 and the last-order distributor 11, a closed card-irrigator-discharge 1 is connected through distribution wells 13, which is laid with a slope of 0.003 to the local fault 10 to a depth of 1 m and with a diameter of 560 mm, and on the rice paddies 20 in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other, ridges 15 of a trapezoidal shape are formed with the laying of the sides from 1:1 to 1:0, 85, with a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height of 0.25 m, and the symmetry axes of the ridges 15 and the drainage-moistening drains 2 coincide, the spaces between the ridges 8 are covered with filtering geotextiles.

The rice irrigation system is used as follows: On rice paddies 20, perpendicular to the closed card irrigation drain 2 with a slope of 0.0003 to a depth of 0.05 m, drainage-moistening drains 1 with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 running meter are connected, which laid in parallel at a distance of 0.7 m from each other, while perpendicular to the sectional discharge 10 and the distributor of the last order 11, a closed card irrigation-discharge 1 is connected through distribution wells 13, which is laid with a slope of 0.003 to the sectional discharge 10 to a depth of 1 m and with a diameter 560 mm, then on rice paddies 20 in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other they form ridges 15 of a trapezoidal shape with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85, a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height of 0.25 m , while the axes of symmetry of the beds 15 and the drying-moistening drains 2 coincide, then the spaces between the beds 8 are covered with filtering geotextiles.

In subsequent years, in the rice irrigation system, during the non-vegetation period, the distribution wells 13 are switched to the drainage mode, and the moisture content of the root layer of soil during the entire period should not exceed 65% of the minimum moisture capacity, which is achieved by collecting and removing excess surface water through drainage-moistening drains 2 and groundwater into a closed card irrigation-discharge 1, which is located perpendicularly with a slope of 0.003 to the site discharge 10 and then through the group collector 14 to the water intake.

During the growing season, the distribution wells 13 switch to the mode of moistening the root layer of the soil and maintain the humidity in it in the range from 65% to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity by supplying water from the crop rotation distributor 3 to the last order distributor 11, then to the closed card irrigation-discharge 1 and then into the drying-humidifying drains 2.

The construction of a rice irrigation system makes it possible to increase the coefficient of land use and reduce the labor intensity of operational work.

The use of underground drip irrigation in the proposed system makes it possible to: increase the profitability of rice production by increasing the land use coefficient, reducing the cost of repair and operation of irrigation and drainage network canals by reducing their length, as well as fittings and structures on it (water outlets from the sprinkler to the check , water outlets from the check to the discharge, water outlets to the local distributor, tubular crossings, etc.), reductions in irrigation rates; reduce the cost of rice production by reducing technological operations and doses of introduced macro and microelements due to a decrease in suffusion and removal of nutrients from the soil in comparison with the traditional technology of flooding rice paddies; carry out processing at any convenient/necessary time, while the soil is moistened only in the root zone, which does not interfere with the implementation of the required agricultural practices, including harvesting; improve the reclamation condition of the soil due to the absence of a layer of water on the check; reduce the dose of fertilizers through the use of fertigation; eliminate the need for planning rice paddies, thereby significantly reducing the labor intensity of rice production.

The use of underground drip irrigation, subject to the condition that the drainage-moistening drains are on the same axis with the ridges, allows for the best efficiency to ensure the required humidity parameters in the root layer and its uniformity.

The use of ridges allows earlier sowing and/or planting of rice seedlings, and also increases the growing season for accompanying crops of rice crop rotation, which is due to earlier warming of the soil in the ridges; also, more favorable conditions are created in the ridges for the occurrence of redox processes and the development of microorganisms, which, in turn, has a beneficial effect on the soil reclamation condition and the development of rice crop rotation crops. The formation of ridges prevents the occurrence of processes of gleyization, waterlogging and secondary salinization in them, and also contributes to faster drying of the soil in the spring, especially on low fields, which allows accelerating the timing of spring tillage. The trapezoidal shape of the beds with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85 has the best collapse-resistant geometry, which is most optimal for rice soils.

The height and width at the base of the ridge should be at least 25 cm and 30 cm, respectively, which is due to the biological characteristics of the rice root system and creates the most favorable conditions for the development of the rice root system.

The width of inter-ridge technological paths equal to 40 cm is necessary and sufficient to carry out work on caring for plants during the growing season and to carry out mechanized and manual work during the non-growing season.

Covering inter-ridge spaces with filtering geotextiles is necessary to prevent the germination of weeds in them and to allow agricultural machinery to move along them in any weather without over-compacting the soil and forming ruts.

The use of drains with combined drainage-moistening functions in the inventive system makes it possible not only to maintain the required moisture content of the root-inhabited soil layer during the rice growing season, but also ensures the collection and removal of excess surface and ground water in order to lower the groundwater level and create optimal water-air conditions soil regimes during the non-growing season.

The recommended diameter of drying-moistening drains was determined empirically and is 50 mm and is the most effective for ensuring the required values of moistening (draining) of the root layer of soil, as well as the uniform distribution of moisture in it.

Moistening the root layer of soil in the range from 65% to 100% of the minimum moisture capacity during the growing season is due to the need to provide optimal moisture to both the rice crop and accompanying crops of the rice crop rotation, including the creation of optimal conditions for the water-air regime of the soil in the fallow fields of the crop rotation.

Draining the root-inhabited soil layer to values not exceeding 65% of the minimum moisture capacity during the non-growing season is a necessary and sufficient condition for creating optimal conditions for the water-air regimes of the soil, which ensures the preservation of the reclamation state of the soil and the possibility of carrying out agrotechnological measures in rice paddies.

The use of a closed map irrigation-discharge system makes it possible to increase the coefficient of land use and reduce the volume of annual operational work.

Drainage and humidification drains are laid perpendicular to the distribution pipeline, parallel to each other, which is due to the flat topography of the rice paddies.

The recommended distance between drying-moistening drains was determined experimentally and is 0.7 m, which creates the most optimal conditions for water-air regimes in the root layer of the soil during the growing season and inter-vegetation periods.

Drainage-moistening drains are laid to a depth of 0.05 m in the arable horizon of the rice paddy, while the symmetry axes of the ridges and the drainage-moistening drains coincide, which provides the required and sufficient height of the ridges for the root system of rice equal to 0.3 m, and also helps maintain the required humidity on the surface of the check to ensure favorable conditions for manual and mechanized processing of crops.

The minimum backfill height for a closed card sprinkler-discharge made of polyethylene pipes is regulated by the minimum permissible backfill height, determined by the strength conditions of the pipe material when moving construction or agricultural machines over the pipe and must be at least 1 m.

The diameter of the closed card irrigation-discharge, assumed to be 560 mm, is taken from the calculation of the outflow through the drainage-moistening drains of at least 10 l/h per 1 linear meter, as well as the collection and removal of excess surface and ground water from the root layer of the check, while the slope 0.003 to the local discharge is sufficient for optimal drainage of the soil and the creation of favorable non-silting conditions for its operation.

Drainage and moistening drains are laid across the rice paddock towards a closed drainage drain with a slope of 0.0003, which is the minimum acceptable slope for various types of closed drains on flat terrain.

The increase in environmental safety in the rice irrigation system is due to a reduction in the doses of applied pesticides and herbicides, as well as the amount of plant treatment, saving irrigation water through the use of underground drip irrigation, and a reduction in anthropogenic load due to a reduction in agro-technological measures when cultivating rice and rice crop rotation crops.

To prove the effectiveness of the proposed system, production tests were carried out, which were carried out in the peasant farm "Golovin Konstantin Viktorovich" in the Krasnodar Territory, Kalininsky district, Starovelichkovskaya village. The reconstruction was carried out on a map of the Krasnodar-type ROS (rice irrigation system) within the boundaries of three crop rotation fields forming a crop rotation plot with an area of 108 hectares.

In the first year, on the rice irrigation system, after harvesting the rice and accompanying crops of the rice crop rotation, a reconstruction of the Krasnodar-type ROS map was carried out within the boundaries of three crop rotation fields, which included: construction along the upper border of the crop rotation field and then perpendicular to each other through one crop rotation field of sectional discharges; construction along the lower border of the crop rotation field and then perpendicular to each other through one crop rotation field of last-order distributors.

Then, along the length of the side of the rice paddy, four closed card irrigation-discharges with a length of 900 m were constructed from polyethylene pipes of the PE 100 (PN 6.3) brand, with a diameter of 560 mm to which perpendicular to a slope of 0.0003 with a length of 197 m, at a distance of 0.7 m from each other at a depth of 0.3 m, drainage and humidification drains with a diameter of 50 mm were laid and connected to it, the flow of which is 10 l/h per 1 running meter.

After this, distribution wells were installed at the intersections of a closed kart irrigation-dump with a last-order distributor, which performed the function of water outlet from the irrigator to the checkpoint, and a closed kart-irrigator-dump with a sectional discharge, which performed the function of water outlet from the check to the discharge.

Next, the ridges were formed by making technological paths with a bottom width of 0.4 m in the form of a trapezoidal excavation with a depth of 0.25 m, with slopes from 1:1 to 1:0.85, which were covered with filtering geotextiles, and the axes of symmetry of the ridges and drainage humidification drains coincided.

The next and subsequent years on the drainage-humidification system during the non-growing season, the distribution wells were switched to the drainage mode, in which the moisture content of the root-inhabited soil layer throughout the entire period was maintained no higher than 65% of the minimum moisture capacity, which was carried out by collecting and removing through drainage-humidification drainage of excess surface and groundwater into a closed card irrigation-discharge, which was located perpendicular to the site discharge with a slope of 0.003 and then through a group collector to the water intake. During the growing season, the distribution wells switched to the mode of moistening the root layer of the soil and maintained the humidity in it in the range from 65% to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity by supplying water from the crop rotation distributor to the last order distributor, then to the closed card irrigation-discharge and then to the drainage - humidifying drains.

To maintain optimal moisture in the root layer of the soil, the following options for the ratio of diameter and distance between drainage-moisture drains were laid and studied (Table 1): 25 mm - 0.5 m; 25 mm - 0.7 m; 25 mm - 1.0 m; 25 mm - 1.5 m; 50 mm - 0.5 m; 50 mm - 0.7 m; 50 mm - 1.0 m; 50 mm - 1.5 m; 75 mm - 0.5 m; 75 mm - 0.7 m; 75 mm - 1.0 m; 75 mm - 1.5 m.

From Table 1 it can be seen that the first year of research showed the best results both during the growing season and in the inter-vegetative period, while the best percentage of moisture uniformity was achieved with a diameter of humidification-drainage drainage of 25 mm and a distance between drains of 0.5 m, and drainage - 50 mm and 0.7 m, respectively. However, in subsequent years, due to the rapid siltation of the humidification-drainage drainage with a diameter of 25 mm, it showed its ineffectiveness, which was expressed in a sharp decrease in the uniformity of humidification and drying. As a result of field tests, it was found that the most optimal ratio of the diameter and distance between the drying-humidifying drains is 50 mm and 0.7 m, respectively. Increasing the distance between drains with a diameter of 25 mm to 1.0 m and 1.5 in subsequent years did not give a positive effect and the specified indicators of uniformity of humidification and drying were not achieved. Also, other options for the ratio of diameter and distance between drainage-moistening drains were less effective than the option with a drain diameter of 50 mm and distances between them of 0.7 m, at which the best values of uniformity of moistening and drying of the root layer of soil were obtained (Table 1), and the process of restoration of the reclamation state occurred faster (Table 2). In addition, increasing the diameter of the drying-moistening drains in order to reduce the cost and labor intensity of the Krasnodar-type rice map reconstruction project led to an increase in cost by an average of 15% and labor intensity by an average of 23%.

Testing of the drainage-moisture system during 2020-2022 had positive dynamics, which was expressed in an increase in the reclamation state of rice soils (Table 2).

As a result of using the system, positive results were obtained in reducing the concentration of harmful substances in the drainage runoff (Table 4).

As a result of the use of a drying-humidifying rice irrigation system, the cost of produced rice grain decreased by 10%. The irrigation rate of rice decreased by more than 3 times and amounted to an average of 6.5-7.0 thousand m ³ /ha. The use of a drainage-moistening rice irrigation system will increase the coefficient of land use by 5%, as well as increase environmental safety in the rice irrigation system by improving the reclamation condition of the soils of rice fields (Table 2), which is expressed in increasing humus in the root layer of the soil and reducing doses of minerals fertilizers by 2 times, due to the use of a fertigation system, while the best results were achieved with an inter-drain distance of 0.7 m. Electricity consumption at waste pumping stations during the rice growing season decreased by 35-40%.

Claims (1)

A rice irrigation system, including rice paddies, a distribution pipeline, distribution wells, a discharge collector, irrigation pipelines combined with drainage and discharge pipelines, water outlet structures combined with discharge structures, characterized in that it has closed card irrigation-discharges, drainage-moistening drains with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 running meter, which are located parallel at a distance of 0.7 m from each other, a crop rotation distributor, a local discharge, trapezoidal ridges, a last order distributor, filtering geotextiles, while perpendicular to the closed card the irrigation-discharge is connected to drainage-moistening drains located to it with a slope of 0.0003 to a depth of 0.05 m, and perpendicular to the local discharge and the last-order distributor through distribution wells a closed card irrigation-discharge is connected, which is laid with a slope of 0.003 to the local discharge to a depth of 1 m and a diameter of 560 mm, then on the rice paddies, trapezoidal ridges were formed in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other with a side ratio of 1:1 to 1:0.85, a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height 0.25 m, and the symmetry axes of the ridges and the drainage-moistening drains coincide, the spaces between the ridges are covered with filtering geotextiles.

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