RU2415534C2 - Method to cultivate sweet pepper, mostly in trickle irrigation system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of cultivation includes picking of precursor, peeling of stubble remains, application of organic and mineral fertilisers, real tillage for depth of 0.25-0.29 m, prevernal harrowing, pre-planting cultivation for depth of 0.10-0.12 m, levelling of relief, preparation of seedlings and its planting into a layer of soil with temperature of +10-12°C with plant population of 40-50 thousand pcs./ha, vegetation watering, treatment of spaces between rows, fertilisation, protection of plants and fruits against farm pests and diseases and harvesting. To gather crops of 30 t/ha, macrofertilisers NuoPsoKso are applied in fractions with irrigation water, and microelements from solution of natural mineral bischofite with a norm of 100-150 l/ha: in budding phase with a dose of 20-30%, in blossoming phase - 40-50%, in fruiting phase - 20-40%. Irrigation water is saturated with carbonic acid, bringing its mineralisation to 20-40 mg/l, and watering is carried out. To gather crops of 50 t/ha, macrofertilisers NigoPsoKnos are applied, and microelements from solution of bischofite with a norm of 200-250 l/ha. Irrigation water is saturated with carbonic acid, bringing its mineralisation to 50-70 mg/l. To produce crops of 70 t/ha, macrofertilisers N₂₃₀P₁₅₀K₂₃₀ are applied in fractions with irrigation water, and microelements from bischofite solution with a norm of 300-350 l/ha. Irrigation water is saturated with carbonic acid, bringing its mineralisation to 70-90 mg/l, and watering is carried out.

EFFECT: method provides for improved crop capacity and quality of sweet pepper fruits.

1 dwg, 14 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the technology of cultivation of sweet pepper in the drip irrigation system.

A known method of automatically controlling drip irrigation in a greenhouse and a device for its implementation, including measuring moisture in a control portion of a substrate in planting containers of plants by pulling an insulated conductor used as a humidity sensor through their root layers of a control portion of a substrate in which the purpose and end of drip irrigation is when the humidity of the substrate is reached around the insulated conductor, the lower and upper boundaries are carried out simultaneously in planting vessels in all areas of the greenhouse, wherein the substrate for averaging humidity seating receptacles on the control section and thus the length of the insulated conductor is determined experimentally and calculated by the formula:

n≥ (G / G × g) ² +1,

where n is the number of landing tanks;

G is the standard deviation of humidity in the landing tanks;

G × g - permissible error of the standard deviation of humidity in the landing tanks.

A known device for implementing the described method is mounted on a control section and includes a humidity sensor, a generator, a current meter, a transformer, while the humidity sensor is made of flexible insulated wires with sealing at the ends and separation in the middle part into two bundles, one of them is connected to the first the output, and the other to the second output of the secondary winding of the transformer, the primary winding of the transformer is connected to the generator through a current meter, the output of which is connected to a threshold block, which Execute from the comparator, a second input connected to the potentiometer setting the set humidity and the output from the time relay and the actuator irrigation installation, the third winding of the transformer is connected to a feedback loop that stabilizes the voltage amplitude; humidity sensor - the conductor is dragged in the control area through the root layer in the planting containers for plants; the transformation coefficient between the generator and the humidity sensor is determined based on the number of landing tanks in the control area and calculated by the formula:

Kn = Ki√n,

where Kn is the transformation coefficient for landing tanks at the control site;

Ki is the transformation coefficient for one landing tank in the control section;

n is the number of landing containers (patent RU No. 2216930 C2. IPC ⁷ A01G 25/16, A01G 9/00, A01G 9/02. A method for automatic control of drip irrigation in a greenhouse and a device for its implementation / Yu.V. Egorov, C. S. Litvinov, V. I. Galitsky, R. D. Nurmetov (RU) - Application No. 2001135084/13; Declared December 26, 2001; publ. November 24, 2003).

Despite the possibility of controlling the humidity of the substrate in planting containers, the described method and device do not provide control over the presence in the substrate of vital nutrients for sweet pepper and trace elements: Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, F, Cr, Au, Va, Ti, Co, etc.

There is also known a method of cultivating vegetables and other row crops, including autumn cutting of ridges in the latitudinal direction, their spring mandrel, sowing or planting plants on the southern slope, in which the angle α of the southern slope of the ridge at its entire height is:

α = γ-δ, degrees

where γ is the geographical latitude of the area where the plants are grown, deg .;

δ is the geographical latitude at which the direction of the midday rays of the sun is perpendicular to the horizontal plane during the period of sowing or planting, degrees; on the southern slope of the ridge, at a level of 1/3 ... 1/2 of the height of the ridge (not higher than the soil surface prior to cutting the furrows, a step (horizontal platform) is created for planting or planting plants, placing an irrigation boiler pipeline; the southern slope of the ridge is kept in a dense and the north - in loose (RU, published application No. 2005135896. A. IPC A01B 79/02 (2006. 01). Method for the cultivation of vegetable and other row crops / V.P. Lutsenko, E.D. Garyanova, G.V. Gulyaeva (RU) .- Announced on November 18, 2005; published on May 27, 2007).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem being solved - increasing the yield and quality of fruits of sweet pepper when cultivated in the drip irrigation system - include fertilizing (NPK) before sowing seeds or planting seedlings in open ground. Sown macronutrients are used inefficiently by plants, and nitrogen fertilizers increase the content of nitrates and nitrites in sweet pepper fruits.

A well-known irrigation pipe made of elastic material for a drip irrigation system, in the walls of which each water outlet is installed in the form of an elastic tube of elliptical cross-section, is mounted between a lapped pipe wall, in which a strip of ferromagnetic alloy is placed in the inner wall of the pipeline, a ferromagnetic alloy is deposited on the external wall of the pipeline ; a ferromagnetic alloy is deposited on the wall between the inner and outer walls of the pipeline.

A known method of driving an agricultural unit, including applying a follow-up indicator to the field surface and subsequent movement of the agricultural unit along equidistant follow-up rows, in which an irrigation system of a drip irrigation system equipped with a strip of ferromagnetic alloy and placed along rows of vegetables, fruits and berries and others is selected as a follow-up indicator .cultures.

A known system for automatically driving an agricultural unit, including a ferromagnetic track indicator and an unit containing magnetically sensitive left and right turn sensors mounted on the unit on the sides of its movement in a circuit of magnetic cores, magnetic field sources with two extreme and one strip tips, and executive relays of the rotation mechanism, in which the extreme pole lugs are made in the form of normally open magnetically controlled contacts placed in front symmetrically the axis of the unit, and the middle pole tip - in the form of a pair of normally closed magnetically controlled contacts mounted on the frame of a mounted agricultural machine on the back of the unit, each actuating relay of the rotation mechanism is sequentially connected to the electric circuit with a normally open magnetically controlled contact in front of the unit and a normally closed magnetically controlled contact on the frame of the machine and the power source, and the ferromagnetic follow-up indicator is placed on the irrigation pipe, mounted in motion driving the unit while driving (patent RU No. 2275016 C1. IPC A01G 25/02 (2006.01), A01B 69/04 (2006.01). Irrigation pipeline of the drip irrigation system, a method for driving an agricultural machine on plantings with drip irrigation and a system for automatically driving an agricultural machine / V.M. Ermakov, AMSaldaev, M.V. Ermakov, V.V. Korinets, V.A. Shlyakhov ( RU). - Application 2004128764/12; claimed on September 28, 2004; publ. 04/27/2006. Bull. No. 12 // Inventions. Useful models. - 2006. - No. 12).

The magnetization of irrigation water when it is supplied to the cavity of a flexible irrigation tube before dropping droplets to the roots of vegetable plants leads to an increase in yield and quality of fruits. However, for the growth of sweet pepper plants, flowering, ovary and fruiting, a fractional supply of macronutrients (N, P, K) and vital trace elements Mo, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, etc. are necessary. In the described system, these agricultural techniques are not performed.

There is a method of growing sweet pepper and eggplant in a seedling-free manner under drip irrigation on light sandy loamy soils, including the choice of a predecessor, peeling of crop residues, the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, plowing with a turnover of the formation to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m, early spring harrowing, preplanting cultivation to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m, leveling the relief, preparing seedlings, planting seedlings in a soil layer with a temperature of + 10-12 ° C and a density of standing of 40-50 thousand pcs./ha, vegetation irrigation to maintain the minimum threshold moisture capacity not lower than 70% of HB in a layer of 0-0.4 m, row spacings, top dressing, protection of plants and fruits from agricultural production pests and diseases, harvesting (patent UA No. 7690 U. IPC ⁷ A01B 79/02. A method of growing sweet pepper and eggplant in a seedling-free manner under drip irrigation on light sandy loamy soils / A.O. Lymar, V.I. Lymar, V. I.Zharinov, I.M.Shabunin (UA) .- Application No. 20040706260; filed July 27, 2004; published July 15, 2005; Bull. No. 7 // Industrial Property. - 2005. - No. 7).

The disadvantages of the described method for growing sweet pepper and eggplant include the fact that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers introduced in the fall in large volumes in the drip irrigation system are used inefficiently. Even with NPK added and maintaining the humidity threshold during the entire growing season at the level of 70-80-70-% HB, the predicted (estimated) yield is not ensured, and even more so the fruit quality and keeping quality are not increased.

A known method of growing sweet pepper Capcicum annum L. cultivars Atris F 1, Zerto F 1, Claudio F 1, Reina F 1, Gelini F 1 and hot pepper varieties Yagiz F 1, Folgore F 1 and Calor F 1, including the choice of soil type, its main processing, preparation of seedlings for planting in the phase of 5-6 leaves with a height of 15-16 cm, reaching the soil temperature in the planting soil not lower than 15 ° C. The formation of planting density during drip irrigation of 30-35 thousand plants per hectare and 40-50 thousand plants when irrigated by sprinkling, planting plants according to the planting scheme 60-80-90 × 35-40-50 cm, row spacings, protecting plants and fruits from aphids and thrips and CM-PVY-TM viruses, 6-8 vegetative irrigation rates of irrigation water consumption of 300-500 m ³ / ha to maintain in the 0-0.4 m layer the threshold of minimum moisture capacity at the initial stage of about 70% HB and the first half vegetation at the level of 75-80% HB and the introduction of macronutrients NPK to obtain 10 tons of hot pepper production: 45 kg of nitrogen, 16 kg of P ₂ O ₅ and 58 kg K ₂ O for the active substance and sweet pepper: 56 kg of nitrogen, 12 kg of P ₂ O ₅ and 68 kg of AI K ₂ O, plant formation, eating fruit as it ripens in technical ripeness (see Tips for growing pepper. The brochure "Seeds Numens - 2003-2004.".

The disadvantages of the described method of growing sweet and hot peppers include the fact that the introduced NPK macronutrients in the drip irrigation system to obtain 30 t / ha N ₁₆₈ Р ₃₆ К ₂₀₄ , to obtain 50 t / ha N ₂₉₂ Р ₆₀ К ₃₄₀ and obtain 70 t / ha N ₃₉₂ P ₈₄ K _{476 are} not used properly, as they were introduced in full for plowing, and not the needs of pepper plants. Pepper fruits due to the lack of trace elements do not have the required taste. The introduced macronutrients in the indicated doses are used only by 30-45%.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to increase the efficiency of introduced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and microelements upon fractional application with irrigation water in a drip irrigation system when cultivating sweet pepper.

EFFECT: increased yield and quality of fruits of sweet pepper.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating sweet pepper, mainly in the drip irrigation system, including selecting a predecessor, peeling crop residues, applying organic and mineral fertilizers, plowing with a turnover of the formation to a depth of 0.25-0.29 m, early spring harrowing, pre-planting cultivation to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m, leveling the terrain, preparing seedlings, planting seedlings in a soil layer with a temperature of + 10-12 ° C with a density of standing of 40-50 thousand units / ha, vegetation irrigation for maintaining threshold of the least moisture capacity of 70-80-70% HB in the layer 0-0.4 m, inter-row cares, top dressing, protection of plants and fruits from agricultural pests and diseases and harvesting, according to the invention, to produce a crop of 30 t / ha of sweet macro pepper N ₁₄₀ P ₅₀ K ₅₀ fractionally with irrigation water: in the fourth to fifth phase of this leaf, 26-36% N, 8-12% P , 6-8% K, in the budding phase 32-36% N, 28-32% P, 28-37% K, in the flowering phase 22-26% N, 36-42% P, 42-46% K in the phase fruiting 10-12% N, 14-28% P, 15-18% K while maintaining in the layer 0-0.4 m humidity not lower than 70% HB for the entire growing season, and trace elements from a solution of the natural mineral bischofite with a density of 1.05 -1.10 t / m ^{3 at a} rate of 100-150 l / ha are applied fractionally: in the budding phase with a dose of 20-30%, in the flowering phase is 10-50%, the fruiting phase is 20-40%, for complete assimilation by the plants of the introduced macro- and microelements, the irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide, bringing its mineralization to 20-40 mg / l, and 2-4 watering is carried out in the flowering phase , 3-5 irrigation in the fruiting phase and 1-4 watering in the phase of technical ripeness, to obtain a crop of 50 t / ha of sweet macro fertilizer N ₁₈₀ P ₈₀ K _110, make fractional with irrigation water: in the phase of the fifth to sixth of this sheet make 22- 28% N, 14-28% P, 8-12% K, in the budding phase 26-28% N, 28-32% P, 40-44% K, in the flowering phase 18-24% N, 24-28% P, 18-21% K, in the fruiting phase 20-34% N, 12-36% P, 23-34% K while maintaining in the layer 0-0.4 m humidity not lower than 80% HB for the entire growing season, and trace elements from bischofite solution with a density of 1.05-1 , 10 t / m ^{3 with a} norm of 200-250 l / ha are applied fractionally: in the budding phase with a dose of 15-25%, in the flowering phase 45-55%, in the fruiting phase 20-40%, to increase the yield and complete assimilation of macro - and microelements, after the introduction of macro- and microelements, the irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide, bringing its mineralization to 50-70 mg / l, and 1-3 waterings are carried out in the flowering phase, 3-5 waterings in the fruiting phase and 1-4 p olive in the phase of technical ripeness, to produce a crop of 70 t / ha of sweet macro fertilizer pepper N ₂₃₀ P ₁₅₀ K ₂₃₀ contribute fractionally with irrigation water: in the phase of the third and fourth present leaves contribute 16-22% N, 12-16% P, 16- 18% K, in the budding phase 32-38% N, 26-36% P, 28-32% K, in the flowering phase 12-18% N, 17-24% P, 38-46% K, in the fruiting phase 22 -40% N, 24-45% P, 4-18% K while maintaining in the layer 0-0.4 m humidity not lower than 90% HB for the entire growing season, and trace elements from a solution of the natural mineral bischofite with a density of 1.05-1 , 10 t / m ^{3 with a} norm of 300-350 l / ha contribute fractionally: in the budding phase of 10-15%, in the flowering phase of 30-35%, in the phase of boat carrying 50-60%, to improve the quality and keeping quality of the fruit and complete assimilation by the plants of the introduced macro- and microelements, the irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide, bringing its mineralization to 70-90 mg / l, and 3-5 irrigation are carried out in the flowering phase, 2- 4 watering in the fruiting phase and 1-5 watering in the phase of technical ripeness.

The invention is illustrated by the technological scheme.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows. Sweet pepper is one of the most valuable crops. Its fruits are rich in biologically active substances, are distinguished by high palatability, have healing and healing properties.

Nutritional and healing properties of sweet pepper. Sweet pepper in terms of vitamin C is in the first place among vegetables - it is 4 times more than in lemon. Biologically ripe fruits of (red) ascorbic acid are doubled, and carotene is several tens of times more than in fruits of technical ripeness (green). Red fruits are rich in routine with vitamin activity. Its content in red pepper reaches 300-400 mg%. It is especially valuable that in pepper in large quantities there is simultaneously rutin and vitamin C, which greatly enhances the effectiveness of the action of one and the other vitamin. Fruits harvested from the same bush at different times differ in the presence of ascorbic acid. The later the fruits of the same degree of ripeness are harvested, the more they contain ascorbic acid.

In addition to vitamins, the fruits contain nitrogenous substances, sugars, salts, which are necessary for humans. The predominant part of carbohydrates is represented by sugars - glucose, fructose and sucrose, with glucose and fructose being in approximately the same amount, and sucrose is relatively small. With the ripening of peppers, the amount of sugars, titratable acids and vitamins in the fruits increases, as a result of which they are much more nutritious in biological ripeness than in technical.

The peculiar bitter taste of peppers depends on the presence of capsaicin alkaloid in them - up to 0.01%. The inner walls of the fetus are richest in them; in the skin and seeds, it is much smaller. The highest content of capsaicin in peppers is noted during their physiological ripeness and ranges from 0.045 to 0.711%. Volatile essential oils, which are contained in fruits 0.1-1.25% of dry matter, give a specific aroma to peppers.

The color of the fruit depends on the presence of carotenoids in them. Red is due to the presence of lycopene, and yellow is due to xanthophyll, which is a derivative of carotene.

Sweet pepper as a multivitamin product is widely used in clinical nutrition for anemia, scurvy, loss of strength, hypo- and vitamin deficiency, to stimulate appetite and stimulate digestion. The juice of sweet (green) pepper helps to strengthen nails and hair, improve the functioning of the sebaceous glands and lacrimal ducts, in a mixture with carrot juice, well cleans the skin of spots.

Standard requirements for the quality of sweet pepper fruits. In accordance with GOST 13908-68 “Fresh sweet pepper. Technical conditions "the fruit must be fresh, clean, healthy, in shape and color corresponding to the botanical variety, with a stalk. The length of the elongated fruit is at least 0.06 m along the largest transverse diameter, and the rounded fruit is at least 0.04 m. The taste of the fruit is slightly sharp. It is allowed to have slightly sluggish, but not wrinkled fruits with fresh scratches in the lot - no more than 10%, and with deviations from the established sizes by 1 cm - no more than 5%. When delivered to the market, the quality of the fruit is determined based on the analysis of the average sample. To compile a sample, samples are taken from different places (top, middle, bottom): from a batch to 100 boxes - at least three packing units; over 100 boxes - additionally one unit of packaging from each subsequent full or incomplete 50 boxes. At least three spot samples are taken from each packaging unit selected from different locations. The mass of a spot test is at least 5 kg. Spot samples should be approximately equal in weight. They are combined together, weighed, disassembled and analyzed for all quality indicators. The results of the analysis apply to the entire batch.

Pepper belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae Pers.), The genus Capsicum Tourn. and is a perennial shrub, but in culture is used as an annual plant.

In the modern taxonomic division of cultural pepper, four species are universally recognized, the names of which the world botanists did not agree on. To the greatest extent the international botanical nomenclature corresponds to the names of the species proposed by V.L. Gazenbush: Mexican pepper or annual (C. Annuum L.), Colombian pepper, or shrubby (C. Conicum Meyer., Syn. Frutescens S. et H. ), pubescent pepper (C.pubescens R. et P.), Peruvian pepper, or dangling (C.angulosum Mill., syn. C.pendulum Willd). Other known species should be classified as wild. In our country, only Mexican subspecies is grown.

Zoned and promising varieties and hybrids of sweet pepper. Mid-season and early-ripening varieties and hybrids are widely zoned for open ground: Pioneer, Swallow, Gift of Moldova, California Miracle, for protected ground - Cheerfulness, Dobrynya, Tenderness, Pinocchio, Winnie the Pooh, Jubilee Semko F ₁ , Montero F ₁ , Fidelio F ₁ and etc.

Biruitorul 65 sweet pepper variety was obtained by the Moldavian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture and Vegetable. Productivity 20.0-30.0 t / ha.

Variety of pepper Cheerfulness. The period from full germination to technical ripeness of the fruit is 97-105 days. Fruits are large, conical, slightly ribbed, light green in technical ripeness and red in biological, weighing 64-78 g, wall thickness 5-6 mm. The taste is good and excellent. Commercial yield in technical ripeness is 8.9-9.8 kg / m ² . Weakly affected by apical rot, moderately susceptible to gray rot, aphids severely damaged. Recommended for cultivation in winter greenhouses in winter-spring extended culture.

Variety of Bulgarian pepper 79 was obtained at the former Experimental Breeding Station of the All-Union Research Institute of Canning and Vegetable Drying Industry “Mayak” by individual selection from the variety Bulgarian 70. Harvest varies from 10.0 to 30.0 t / ha depending on the zone.

The Victoria pepper variety was bred by the Moldavian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture and Horticulture from Crossing A Gift from Moldova × Swallow. Productivity in the zoning zone is 19.0-21.2 t / ha.

Variety of pepper Waxy Senyushkina. It was bred at the Crimean experimental breeding station VNIIR from spontaneous hybrids of American yellow 413. The harvest of marketable fruits is 20.0-30.0 t / ha.

Gogoshara pepper local variety. It is selected by the Moldavian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture and Vegetable. The harvest of fruits in technical ripeness ranges from 15.0 to 35.0 t / ha.

The pepper variety Dar of Tashkent was bred by the Uzbek Research Institute of Vegetable-Gourds and Potatoes from Crossing Kolokolchik × Moldova 118. Yield 27.0-39.0 t / ha.

Variety of pepper Dobrynya. The period from full germination to technical ripeness 88-92 days. The fruits are large, prismatic, glossy, light green in technical ripeness, red in biological ripeness, weighing 84-89 g, wall thickness 4-8 mm. The taste is good. Commercial yield in extended crops is 11.2-14.3 kg / m ² . Resistant to TMV and Fusarium. Slightly affected by the top rot of fruits. It is recommended for cultivation in winter-spring culture.

A variety of pepper Donetsk early. It was selected by the Donetsk vegetable and melon experimental station by the method of individual selection from the hybrid Tsetsei shungo × line of the local precocious population. Productivity 20.0-25.0 t / ha.

Pepper variety California Miracle. The period from full germination to technical ripeness of 100-129 days. The fruits are cuboid in shape, smooth, glossy, green in technical ripeness, red in biological ripeness, weighing 80-128 g, wall thickness 4-8 mm. Taste good and excellent, strong aroma. Commercial yield 25 t / ha. Resistant to TMV.

Variety of dwarf pepper. The period from full germination to technical ripeness 110 days. The fruits are large, cone-shaped, smooth, glossy, yellowish in technical ripeness, bright red in biological ripeness, weighing up to 85 g, wall thickness 7-9 mm. The taste is good, the aroma is weak. Productivity 2.2-5.0 kg / m ² . It is recommended for cultivation in the spring-summer turnover (in film greenhouses) in garden plots, in home gardens and farms.

The canned pepper variety 3. It was bred at the Experimental Breeding Station for Vegetable Production in the Armenian SSR from crossing Kalinkovsky × Armenian Round. Productivity 20.0-30.0 t / ha.

The canned red pepper variety 211. It was obtained at the former Mayak Experimental Breeding Station of the All-Union Research Institute of the Canning and Vegetable Drying Industry by individual selection from spontaneous hybrids of the American yellow variety 413. Fruit yield ranges from 20.0 to 35.0 t / ha.

Pepper variety Large yellow 903 was developed by the Maykop experimental station VNIIR by individual selection from the Osh-kosh variety. Harvested fruits in technical ripeness 11.0-31.0 t / ha.

Variety of pepper Swallow. The period from full germination to technical ripeness is 106-130 days, to biological - 137-167 days. Fruits are conical, slightly oval, smooth. In technical ripeness of light green color, weighing 53-79 g, in biological ripeness, red, weighing 69-84 g, thick-walled: in technical ripeness, wall thickness 5.2-5.5 mm, in biological 6.1-7.1 mm, amicably ripen. The palatability of the fruit is good and excellent. Commercial yield up to 45 t / ha. Relatively resistant to bacterial wilting. Pepper Swallow is selected by the Moldavian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture and Vegetable Production using individual selection from Moldova 118. The yield is high from 25.0 to 50.0 t / ha.

Montero pepper grade F ₁ . The period from full germination to technical ripeness 90-108 days. Fruits are long, prismatic, smooth, slightly and medium glossy, green in technical ripeness, red in biological ripeness, weighing 112-171 g, wall thickness 4.0-7.2 mm. Taste good. Commercial yield in winter greenhouses is 9.6-10.7 kg / m ² , in film - 2.4-2.6 kg / m ² . Resistant to TMV. It is recommended for garden plots, household plots and farms for winter-spring and spring-summer turnovers.

Variety of Pepper Myasisty 7 was bred by the Simferopol vegetable and potato experimental station by individual selection from the spontaneous hybrid of the variety Myasisty 22. Yield 20.0-25.0 t / ha.

The Novogogoshara pepper variety was obtained by the Moldavian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture and Vegetable Growing from Gogoshara Crossing Local × White Round. Productivity 20.0-45.0 t / ha.

Pepper variety Novocherkassii 35 was bred at the Biryuchekutsky experimental station of the research institute of individual research by individual selection from the local population. Productivity varies greatly from 17.0 to 35.0 t / ha.

The pepper variety Pervenets of Siberia was bred by the West Siberian vegetable and potato experimental station NIIOKh from the hybrid Tsetsey edesh × Novocherkassky 35. The yield in the zoning zone is 10.8-17.0 t / ha.

Pepper variety The Gift of Moldova was bred by the Moldavian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture and Horticulture by Crossing Byala Kapia × Line 115/60. Harvested fruits in technical ripeness 25.0-50.0 t / ha. Pepper The gift of Moldova has a period from full germination to the first fruit harvest in technical ripeness 119-124 days. Fruits are hanging, smooth, cone-shaped, in technical ripeness of light green color, in biological - dark red, weighing 53-70 g in technical ripeness, wall thickness 4-6 mm. Taste good. Commercial yield up to 45 t / ha. Resistant to fusarium wilt.

Variety of pepper Tomato, local variety of Zaporizhzhya region of the Ukrainian SSR. Productivity 15.0-25.0 t / ha.

Ruby pepper variety, obtained by the Moldavian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture and Horticulture from Crossing Gift of Moldova × Novogogoshara. Productivity 35.0-45.0 t / ha.

Variety of pepper Fidelio F ₁ . The period from full germination to technical ripeness 90-101 days. Fruits are cuboid, smooth, glossy, yellowish white in technical ripeness, yellow in biological ripeness, weighing 83-99 g, wall thickness 5-6 mm. Taste good and excellent. Commercial yield in winter greenhouses is 12.1-14.1 kg / m ² , in film 2-2.1 kg / m ² . Resistant to TMV. It is recommended for garden plots, household plots and farms for winter-spring and spring-summer turnovers.

Pepper variety Yubileiny 307 was bred by the Simferopol vegetable-catrophilic experimental station from the hybrid Meat × Pepper 67. Productivity of marketable fruits is 30.0 t / ha.

Pepper grade Anniversary Semko F ₁ . Early ripe. Prismatic fruits are smooth, glossy, medium silver, light green in technical ripeness, red in biological ripeness, weighing 60-106 g, wall thickness 3.8-7.8 mm. Taste good and excellent, medium flavor. Commercial yield in unheated film greenhouses is 5.1-6 kg / m ² , in open ground 1.3-2.7 kg / m ² . Tolerant to verticillin wilt. Inclined to the disease with apical rot of fruits. It is recommended for cultivation in the open ground, unheated film greenhouses and under temporary film shelters in garden plots, in home gardens and farms.

The quality of the fruit varies significantly depending on the soil and climatic conditions. In the southern regions, the content of dry matter, sugars and ascorbic acid in fruits is slightly higher.

When grown in open ground, pepper in a crop rotation is placed after early and cauliflower cabbage, legumes, cucumbers, and green crops. Productive experience shows a significant impact of soil and climatic conditions on the quality of sweet pepper fruits. Plants are very demanding on the mechanical composition of the soil and its fertility. The best soils are light structural and light loamy chernozems, as well as cultivated sod-podzolic and gray forest soils. Soils rich in humus and a high content of mineral elements, with a deep occurrence of groundwater provide maximum plant productivity. On heavy clay and waterlogged soils, pepper does not grow well and bears fruit. The optimum acidity of the soil for the normal growth and development of plants is 6.6-7.2.

Agriculture cultivation, fertilizers and predecessors of sweet pepper. Autumn tillage begins immediately after harvesting the predecessor. In our experiments, this is an early cabbage. Two-track stubble cultivation is carried out with heavy disc harrows of the BDT-3 model to a depth of 0.06 ... 0.08 m. This contributes to the grinding of vegetable residues of cabbage, the destruction of weeds and the creation of conditions that improve the quality of plowing.

The introduction of mineral fertilizers was carried out according to the experimental design, followed by plowing to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m.

In early spring, as the soil was ripening, cover harrowing was carried out with 3BSS - 1.0 medium-sized tooth harrows in the C-11U or SP-16 coupler in two tracks. Two weeks before the seedlings were planted, continuous cultivation was carried out across the plowing with simultaneous harrowing and leveling of the relief.

Harvest of sweet pepper depends on the quality of the grown seedlings.

Agrotechnical methods for improving the quality of sweet pepper fruits. Peppers in open and protected ground are grown in seedlings. For growing seedlings, film greenhouses are mainly used. The nutrient mixture should contain 30-45% of organic matter, it is prepared on the basis of peat and humus with the addition of earth, loosening materials and fertilizers. Soils can be of the following composition: peat - turf land - sawdust with rotted manure in accordance with 5: 2: 3, peat - turf land - sawdust in a ratio of 2: 1: 1, peat - turf land - sawdust in a ratio of 3: 1: 1 . It is also possible to use composts prepared from turf land (40-50%) and manure (50-60%) or from peat (60-70%), manure (30-20%) and field land (10%). To improve the agrochemical properties of the mixtures, mineral fertilizers are added to them. It is recommended to add 0.6-0.8 kg of ammonium nitrate, 1-1.5 kg of superphosphate and 0.8 kg of potassium sulfate per 1 m ^{3 of} humus-earth mixture. In mixtures where peat is 60-70% - 0.6-0.8 kg of ammonium nitrate, 4-8 kg of superphosphate and 1 kg of potassium sulfate.

A more promising way to grow seedlings in peat pots without a dive, because young plants are characterized by weak regeneration of the root system. Therefore, plants grown without dive are ready for planting 5-7 days earlier than dive plants.

Preliminary exposure of seeds in water heated to + 40-45 ° C for four to five days, and then two to three days at a temperature of + 20-25 ° C and their subsequent drying allows seedlings to be obtained one to two days after sowing instead weeks when sowing dry seeds. The temperature before emergence should be maintained at + 25-30 ° C with an optimum soil moisture of 80-90% HB. After the emergence of seedlings, the temperature should be reduced to + 12-15 ° C for 4-6 days, which eliminates the extension of plants and contributes to their better rooting. In the future, the temperature must be maintained at + 22-28 ° C on sunny days, + 18-20 ° C - on cloudy and + 10-12 ° C at night. Dosing seedlings with blue light in the phase of 2-5 leaves promotes better plant growth. To ensure optimal soil moisture (80-90% HB), irrigation is carried out, spending 5-7 l / m ³ .

10-15 days before planting, the seedlings are hardened - they limit watering, lower the temperature to the level of outdoor air and improve lighting.

Growing pepper in film greenhouses allows you to plant plants 1-2 months earlier than in open ground and harvest them much later. Seedlings in the Non-Chernozem zone are planted in greenhouses in late April - early May. Late planting dates entail a significant reduction in yield. Most often, the tape arrangement of plants (80 + 40) × 20-25 or (60 + 30) × 20-30 cm is used. 60-, 70-day seedlings are planted, plant density is not less than 6 plants per 1 m ² . Seedlings are planted in late May - early June at an air temperature of at least + 17-15 ° C and when there is no danger of frost. At this temperature, the soil at the depth of planting warms up to + 10-12 ° C. Two days before planting in the soil, seedlings in pots are abundantly watered.

Plants cannot stand deep planting; seedlings are closed a few centimeters below the root neck, but not deeper than the first true leaves. The distance between plants in the row is 25-30 cm, a two-line planting scheme is used - 90 + 40 + 20 cm. The plant standing density is 40-50 thousand units / ha.

Pepper is a culture of heat-loving, humid climate. It does not tolerate frost, plants die even at a temperature of + 0.3-0.5 ° C. The optimum temperature for plant growth is + 22-28 ° C in sunny weather, + 22-24 ° C in cloudy, and at night + 18-20 ° C, daily average + 21 ° C. Air temperature + 30 ° C and higher causes active growth of plants, however, the flowers are not pollinated and fall, especially in conditions of high humidity, and from the remaining ones, medium-sized deformed fruits develop. Plants do not tolerate large differences in night and day temperatures and increased air humidity, so when growing in greenhouses, greenhouses should be ventilated, while avoiding drafts.

The root system of sweet pepper. At all stages of development, the aerial mass of pepper grows more actively than the roots. This advantage is especially noticeable from the beginning of the fruiting period. Penetration of roots in depth and their horizontal movement depends primarily on the mechanical composition and physico-chemical properties of the soil. On sandy loamy soils and loams, the root system in pepper reaches a depth of 0.80 m by the end of the growing season and extends horizontally for 1 m or more (1.05-1.37 m). A characteristic feature of pepper is that the bulk of the roots are concentrated in the arable layer of the soil.

The existing opinion about the unsatisfactory restoration of the root system in pepper during transplantation is not fully confirmed. With optimal, corresponding to the biological characteristics of the culture, a relatively rapid root regeneration is observed in young pepper plants. Deterioration of conditions always negatively affects the increase in mass of the root system. Despite the significant activity of root formation in young pepper plants, they still need almost two months to equal the control (plants without planting) in the accumulation of roots. In practice, this occurs only in the fruiting phase.

After planting seedlings of sweet pepper, the main methods of caring for plants in the field are cultivating row-spacings, weed control, watering, top dressing, and combating diseases and pests.

Loosening the soil is recommended every 2-3 weeks and always after every rain or watering. During the growing season, the area occupied by pepper is treated 5-6 times, and sometimes more. Manually cultivating the soil around the plants contributes to increasing productivity and product quality, which is carried out once or twice during the growing season.

At the first two or three row-spacings, the depth of cultivation is 0.10-0.12 m, and then it should be reduced to 0.06-0.08 m in order to avoid root injury. When the plants of the conjugate rows are closed, the inter-row treatment is stopped in order to avoid damage to the plants.

In experiments on the development of pepper cultivation technology, crop care includes one cultivation (MT3-80 with a KRN cultivator - 5.6), spraying with treflan (1.2-1.5 kg / ha) or centurion (0.5 l / ha) and one or two hand weeding. This contributed to the destruction of weeds and the maintenance of the upper arable layer in a loose state. When growing pepper, loosening the soil is extremely necessary, since pepper is very sensitive to the content of air in the soil (its optimum content is 30-35%).

Pepper is very demanding on mineral nutrition. For the formation of 10 tons of fruits, plants consume 53 kg of N, 14 kg of P ₂ O ₅ and 70 kg of K ₂ O (Z.I. Zhurbitsky, 1963). According to the data of V.A. Ludilov et al. (1999), in the Rostov Region, the most effective method for growing pepper was the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N ₁₂₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ , which ensured an increase in fruit yield by 54%. Mineral fat generally increased dry matter, total sugar and vitamin C in the fruit.

Pepper is also responsive to the modern use of mineral and organic fertilizers. According to P.I. Patrona, on ordinary chernozems of Moldova, the modern use of high doses of mineral fertilizers with humus (20 t / ha) with a thickened planting increased the yield of sweet pepper from 33 to 60.5 t / ha without reducing the quality of the products.

In our experiments, mineral fertilizers were applied in the form of ammonium nitrate with a nitrogen content of 34%, ammophos (50% P ₂ O ₅ and 10% N) and potassium chloride (45% K ₂ O).

Fighting diseases and pests in sweet pepper plantations. The most common and harmful diseases of pepper in our country are infectious wilting, columnar, macrosporiosis, bacterial spotting, cucumber mosaic. All of them cause tremendous damage, since one hundred percent damage to plants is often observed. Significant damage to the production of pepper is also caused by pests (the bear, the larvae of the nutcrackers, scoops, aphids), but to a lesser extent than the disease.

Anti-aging measures are preventative. Prevention of epiphytotics of wilting observance of crop rotation in crop rotation. The most effective measures to combat the disease of stolburn are spatial isolation between nightshade crops; destruction of cicadas and weeds; thickened plantings and the creation of optimal conditions for the growth and development of pepper plants; the use of column resistant varieties. The fight against the disease cucumber mosaic is preventive in nature: culling seedlings before planting in the field; creation of optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants; the fight against the carrier of the pathogen (aphid), with weeds, on which it hibernates; isolation of sections of pepper from crops affected by cucumber mosaic by at least 100 m (from cucumber first of all).

As chemical agents for the fight against diseases, Cyhanol and the Bravo preparation were used; for insect control, Karate and Fuzanon were used. Processing is carried out using the OH-2000 sprayer on the basis of the MTZ-80 tractor.

The pest is widespread in all areas of pepper growing. Damage is done by both adult insects and their larvae. They destroy sprouted seeds, roots, stems, leaves and entirely young plants. The main control measures are the correct system for processing and using poisoned baits. Regular row spacing and early deep chill. Actellik (0.15%) is used against pests when they appear. Effective biological control method. For this purpose, the aphid predator is used - the gall midge aphidimizu. Lay out 1-3 cocoons per 1 m ² 2-3 times with a 2-4-week interval.

Pepper reacts very sharply to soil and air humidity. With a lack of moisture in the soil, the plants stop growing, the fruits fall off or become small, ugly and bitter. Especially pepper needs watering during fruiting.

Watering is one of the important agricultural practices in growing peppers. This is caused not only by the moisture loving nature of the plants, but also by their negative reaction to the increased concentration of mineral compounds in the soil. Plants react negatively not only to moisture deficiency, but also to waterlogging. In the basic technology in irrigated agriculture, up to 10 irrigations are carried out during the growing season at a rate of 300-400 m ³ / ha. During the flowering period, watering is stopped. Water temperature should be around 35 ° C. When using water with a temperature of + 15-20 ° C, the crop ripens later and is lower by 20%. The total water consumption of pepper is 3300-3500 m ³ / ha. 162-198 m ^{3 of} water is consumed per 1 ton of crop. With an irrigation rate of 400 m ³ / ha, productivity decreases. The main regulatory factor in the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region, which determines the yield of pepper fruits, is irrigation. The water regime of the soil directly affects the action of other factors that determine the vital activity of pepper plants.

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 ... 2004

An analysis of the data indicates that the soil moisture in all years of research was fairly accurately maintained within the limits established by the experimental design. The deviation of the pre-irrigation moisture threshold in one direction or another did not exceed 3 ... 5%.

In the dry year of 2002, pepper seedlings were planted on June 1. At the time of transplanting, the initial moisture reserves in the active soil layer 0 ... 0.5 m amounted to 1219 m ³ / ha or 78% HB.

For good survival of seedlings in all variants of the experiment, it was necessary to carry out one irrigation with an estimated irrigation norm of 110 m ³ / ha on the day of transplanting.

In the variant with an irrigation regime of 90% HB, a decrease in soil moisture reserves to a predetermined level over the entire growing season was noted 61 times. Irrigation was carried out at a rate of 110 m ³ / ha. The irrigation period was 3 days.

In the variant with maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture at the level of 80% HB for the entire period, the drying out of the soil to a predetermined level was noted 29 times. Irrigation was carried out at a rate of 220 m ³ / ha. The irrigation period was 2 ... 5 days.

During the growing season, 17 irrigations were carried out in the area with an irrigation regime of 70% HB. Irrigation rate 330 m ³ / ha. The irrigation interval on the plot of this option was 3 ... 10 days.

So, in the variants of 70%, 80% of HB in the second half of the growing season, irrigation was stopped, and in the variant of 90% of HB conducted one irrigation with a norm of 110 m ³ / ha

In all cases, in 2002, six harvests of fruit were carried out. In the 3 ... 5 collection, the highest yield of pepper was noted. The collections were carried out at different times due to the uneven end of the growing season according to the experimental options. On the plot of the option with maintaining the irrigation regime at the level of 90% HB, the collection was completed on September 25, 80% HB on September 26, 70% HB on September 21. The difference in the duration of the growing periods of irrigation regimes led to different volumes of the final moisture reserves in the active and one and a half soil layers. So, the final moisture reserves in areas with an irrigation regime of 90% HB for a layer of 0 ... 0.5 m amounted to 1186.2 m ³ / ha or 76% of HB, in a layer of 0 ... 1.5 m - 3125.9 m ³ / ha or 77% HB. In the area with a water consumption level of 80% HB, the moisture reserves in the active 0.5 m soil layer decreased to 1123.8 m ³ / ha (72% HB), in the 0 ... 1.5 m layer - to 3004.1 m ³ / ha (74% HB). In the area maintaining the irrigation regime at the level of 70% HB, the moisture reserves in the active layer at the end of the growing season amounted to 1061.4 m ³ / ha or 68% HB, in the layer 0 ... 1.5 m - 2882.3 m ³ / ha or 71% HB.

In wet 2003, seedlings were planted on May 30th. The moisture reserves in the active 0 ... 0.5 m soil layer in this period did not exceed 1277 m ³ / ha or 82% HB, in the 0 ... 1.5 m layer - 2882.3 m ³ / ha or 71% HB. In the initial period of the growing season and before the start of budding, 63.9 mm of precipitation fell, so vegetative irrigation was not carried out.

In the area with maintaining the pre-irrigation humidity threshold of 90% HB, 19 irrigation was carried out. The dynamics of soil moisture at the option site with maintaining a pre-irrigation moisture threshold of 80% HB was formed in such a way that its decrease to the specified levels of "budding - technical ripeness" during the growing season was noted 19 times. In comparison with 2002, 10 irrigations were carried out on the plot of this option. In areas with a moderate irrigation regime of 70% HB, the number of irrigations decreased to 4. The inter-irrigation periods increased significantly. The end of the growing season in all cases was noted 2 ... 4 days later compared to last year.

In 2004, the seedling planting period was the same as in 2003 - May 30. However, the moisture content in the active soil layer 0 ... 0.5 m was lower and did not exceed 1249 m ³ / ha (80% HB), in the layer 0 ... 1.5 m - 2801.1 m ³ / ha or 69% HB. Low daytime temperatures and periodic precipitation contributed to a decrease in the number of irrigations compared to 2002. So, the total number of irrigations for the 90% HB variant is 51.3; 80% HB - 24; 70% HB - 13. When practicing the elements of the claimed technology, harvesting was carried out manually for each plot in the phase of technical ripeness of pepper 5 ... 6 terms as the fruits ripen for 4 ... 6 days. In basic technology, harvesting was also done manually. Fruits in technical ripeness are characterized by higher tissue strength compared to fruits in biological ripeness. At the top of the fetus, the tissue is less durable than on other parts.

The technology for growing pepper in film greenhouses does not differ from open ground. It should be borne in mind that the fruits are formed in the places of branching of the stems, therefore, when the plant reaches a height of 0.15 m, it is necessary to remove the apical growth point, which helps to strengthen the branching of plants. At the beginning of the formation of fruits, it is recommended to remove all lateral shoots and leaves before the branching of the main stem. On plants leave 2-3 skeletal shoots. At these shoots in each subsequent node of the two shoots leave one, the most developed, pinch the other after the place of formation of the fetus. All skeletal shoots are tied.

When all the necessary agricultural techniques are performed, for example, in the Moscow Region, technically ripe pepper fruits can be harvested in the second half of July - 30-45 days after the formation of the ovaries. Overripening of fruits should not be allowed, since plants spend a lot of nutrients on seed formation, while yields and quality of fruits are reduced. Collect fruits with the stalks, avoiding damage. The collected fruits are placed in boxes and transported to the store.

Machine harvesting of peppers involves a one-time harvest in the technical ripeness of the fruit. Fruits are more resistant to mechanical damage than tomatoes. When using the SKT-2 tomato harvester when harvesting pepper, according to data of Kh.Z. Guniya (1987), in the heap standard fruits accounted for 70.4%, non-standard fruits - 29.6%, including 5% for mechanical damage, defective (rotten, crushed) - 8.1%, plant impurities were 0.4%, land - 0.3%.

The drawing shows a drip irrigation system with devices for making macronutrients and microelements with irrigation water, as well as supplying carbon dioxide CO ₂ .

The device cannot function without a water source 1. As the latter, there can be open reservoirs with fresh water (mineralization no more than 5 g / l), wells and irrigation water reservoirs.

The drip irrigation system includes a pumping station 2 either with an electric drive or with an internal combustion engine, a device 3 for preparing the mother liquor both from solid water-soluble mineral fertilizers (N, P ₂ O ₅ , K ₂ O), and in the form of concentrated solutions or acids (H ₃ PO ₄ ) and other forms, filter 4 for cleaning irrigation water from biota, suspensions, mineral debris to a particle size of 0.3 ... 0.5 mm installed in the hydraulic network as a means of monitoring manometers 5, 6, 7 , 8, 9, valves 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of flexible water supply yaschego pipe 18, distribution pipes 19, flexible piping 20 irrigated with discharge outlets (droppers) 21.

The drip irrigation system is equipped with a hydrocyclone 22 for removing litter, suspensions and sedimentation of foreign inclusions, a mesh screen 23 and a sediment chamber 24.

The filter 4 is made of a welded structure, the cavity of which is filled with sand and gravel filler 25. The filter 4 is formed by a neck 26, thick pipes 27, 28, end walls 29, 30, perforation pipes 31, 32, risers 33 and 34. The lower riser 34 is hydraulically connected to housing 35 fine filter. The latter has a removable cartridge 36 (mesh, woven, disk, etc.), and the hydrocyclone 22 with the filter 4 is connected by a pipe 37.

Dry and liquid fertilizers in the device 3 are poured (filled) through the neck. Due to the supply of irrigation water through the pipeline 38, the cavity of the device 3 is filled, and the mother liquor is discharged through the pipeline 39 through the valve 13 into the pipeline 37.

The drip irrigation system is equipped with a meter 40 for water flow, a pressure regulator 41 and a receiver 42 of compressed gas. The receiver 42 has a valve 43, a pressure gauge 44, and a check valve 45. The check valve 45 is connected via a pneumatic pipe 46 to a distribution pipe 19.

Thus, the described drip irrigation system allows, together with irrigation water, to apply NPK macronutrients, bischofite micronutrients and carbon dioxide CO ₂ to the root systems of sweet pepper in a water-soluble form when supplied to flexible irrigation pipes 20.

To obtain a programmed crop of 30 t / ha of sweet pepper, Belozerka macro-fertilizer N ₁₄₀ P ₅₀ K _50, fractionally with irrigation water is applied by flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip irrigation system. Each dropper has a flow rate of up to 4 l / g. This allows throughout the growing season of sweet pepper in the root-inhabited layer of 0-0.4 m to maintain a humidity of at least 70% HB. The indicated mineral fertilizers N ₁₄₀ P ₅₀ K ₅₀ (in kg a.a. / ha) in the fourth to fifth phase of this leaf are applied in doses of 26-36% N, 8-12% P, 6-8% K. Available in the drip system The irrigation feeder prepares the mother liquor, which, after cleaning, is fed by the dosatrons to the distribution network and through pressure regulators to the flexible irrigation pipes with droppers. In the budding phase, 32-36% N, 28-32% P, 28-37% K are added. Considering the needs of pepper plants in macro fertilizers, 22-26% N, 36-42% P, 42-46% K are brought into the flowering phase To obtain a full-fledged and high-quality crop, 10-12% N, 14-28% P, 15-18% K are added to the fruiting phase. The optimal dose ratios N: P: K are established on the basis of experiments performed in the growing vessels. To saturate the sweet pepper fruits with necessary microelements, root dressing is carried out with a solution of the natural mineral bischofite with a density of 1.05-1.10 t / m ^{3 at a} rate of 100-150 l / ha. The specified solution is introduced fractionally: in the phase of budding of pepper plants, the solution is supplied with a dose of 20-30% of the nominal value, in the flowering phase - 40-50%, in the fruiting phase - 20-40%. Table 1 shows the composition of samples of bischofite brine of the formula MgCl ₂ · 6H ₂ O, extracted in the fields of the Volgograd region. Explored reserves of solid mineral bishofit (bishofit) in the Lower Volga region more than 1 · 10 ¹² tons. Table 2 gives an analysis of bischofite brine samples, density, and solution salinity. Table 3 shows the content of macro- and microelements in bischofite brine. The data presented show the ecological purity of the natural bischofite material and its applicability as a micronutrient food for sweet pepper. Table 4 presents the biochemical composition of the fruits of sweet pepper, depending on the soil and climatic conditions of cultivation according to the basic technology in irrigated agriculture. Table 5 shows the effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of the fruits of sweet pepper on the example of the Rostov region. Tables 6, 7, and 8 show the effects of different levels of macro- and microelements, as well as carbon dioxide on the yield and quality of the fruits of sweet pepper Belozerka (technical ripeness of fruits) when cultivated in the drip irrigation system according to the averaged data of the 2006-2008 seasons. Comparative data (control - basic technology) show that the fractional introduction of macro elements (N ₁₄₀ P ₅₀ K ₅₀ ), a solution of bischofite and carbon dioxide in the main phenological phases can increase not only the yield (up to 19%), but also the quality of sweet pepper fruits.

The indicators indicated in tables 6, 7 and 8 are achieved by the fact that for complete assimilation by plants of fractional macro- and microelements introduced, irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide. When the irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide, its mineralization is brought to 20-40 mg / l and 2-4 waterings are carried out in the flowering phase, 3-5 waterings in the fruiting phase and 1-4 watering in the phase of technical ripeness.

To obtain a crop of 50 t / ha of sweet pepper, macro fertilizers N ₁₈₀ P ₈₀ K ₁₁₀ are also applied fractionally with irrigation water. The quantitative value for the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers has been established taking into account the removal of macroelements with the crop, for the growth and development of the vegetative and root mass, as well as the fact that the nutrients in the drip irrigation system are targeted to the roots of the plants. At the initial stage of the plant’s development, “planting seedlings in the ground” and the formation of the second or third real leaf of pepper. There are enough nutrients in the soil. The choice of crop rotation determines the stability of pepper plants at the time of planting and survival. In the phase of the fifth to sixth present leaf, the following doses of batteries from the calculated values are introduced: 22-28% N, 14-28% P, 8-12% K, in the budding phase - 26-28% N, 28-32% P, 40-44% K, in the flowering phase - 18-24% N, 24-28% P, 18-21% K, in the fruiting phase - 20-34% N, 12-36% P, 23-34% K. The value (fraction) of the indicated doses was established on the basis of experimental data when growing pepper in vegetative vessels. The effectiveness of fertilizers is provided by maintaining in the soil layer 0-0.4 m humidity of at least 80% HB. Each dropper in flexible irrigation pipelines ensures the delivery of irrigation water of at least 4 l / h. Trace elements necessary for sweet pepper plants are introduced from a solution of the natural mineral bischofite (see Tables 1-3) with a density of 1.05-1.10 t / m ^3, norm 210-250 l / ha. This norm is introduced fractionally: in the budding phase they give a dose of 15-25%, in the flowering phase - 45-55%, in the fruiting phase - 20-40%. The salt composition of bischofite solution has a sanitizing effect on the soil and protects pepper plants from pathogenic microflora. Tables 9, 10 and 11 show the effects of macro- and micronutrients on the yield and quality of the fruits of sweet pepper Belozerka (technical ripeness) during cultivation in the drip irrigation system. The presented information confirms the possibility of obtaining the planned yield of 50 t / ha with high quality fruits of sweet pepper.

To increase productivity and complete assimilation by plants of sweet pepper, macro- and microelements introduced into the main phenological phases saturate irrigation water with carbon dioxide. The installation shown in the flow diagram brings the carbonation mineralization of irrigation water to 50-70 mg / l. This water is used for 1-3 watering in the flowering phase, 3-5 watering in the fruiting phase and 1-4 watering in the phase of technical ripeness. The effectiveness of the operations is obvious from the data in tables 9, 10 and 11.

To produce a crop of 70 t / ha, sweet pepper N ₂₃₀ P ₁₅₀ K _{230 is} applied fractionally with irrigation water: in the phase of the third or fourth present leaf, 16-22% N, 12-16% P, 16-18% K are added to the phase budding - 32-38% N, 26-36% P, 28-32% K, in the flowering phase - 12-18% N, 17-24% P, 38-46% K, in the fruiting phase 22-40% N , 24-45% P, 4-18% K. To ensure the steady growth of sweet pepper plants throughout the growing season, a soil moisture content of not less than 90% HB is maintained in a layer of 0-0.4 m.

The entire spectrum of trace elements for pepper plants is introduced from a solution of the natural mineral bischofite with a density of 1.05-1.10 t / m ^{3 at a} rate of 300-350 l / ha. The bischofite solution is introduced fractionally: in the budding phase 10-15%, in the flowering phase 30-35%, in the fruiting phase 50-60%. The effectiveness of fractional application of macro- and microelements together with irrigation water is proved by the data presented in tables 12, 13 and 14.

When applying a large amount of nitrogen (up to 230 kg a.a. / ha) fertilizers, there is an acute problem of the quality of the fruits of sweet pepper and the shelf life. To improve the quality and keeping quality of the fruit and the plants to fully assimilate the introduced macroelements (N ₂₃₀ P ₁₅₀ K ₂₃₀ ) and microelements from bischofite solution, the irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide. Its mineralization is adjusted to 70-90 mg / l. During the growing season, 3-5 waterings are carried out in the flowering phase, 2-4 waterings in the fruiting phase, 1-5 waterings in the phase of technical ripeness.

Thus, the claimed method of cultivating sweet pepper in a drip irrigation system ensures the achievement of the specified technical result.

Table 1 The composition of the samples of the leach brine bischofite (bishofit), extracted in the fields of the Volgograd region in salt form, g / kg Component Name Chemical formula Field Narimanov Gorodishchenskoe Well No. 2-1 Well No. 4-11 Calcium bicarbonate Ca (HCO ₃ ) ₂ 0.65 0.15 0.15 Calcium Sulphate (Calcium Sulphate) CaSO ₄ 0.80 1.20 0.80 Magnesium Sulfate (Magnesium Sulfate) MgSO ₄ 1.10 - - Calcium chloride CaCl ₂ - 0.40 0.25 Magnesium bromide MgBr ₂ 3.50 4.10 4.00 Potassium chloride Kcl 1.10 2.75 3.40 Sodium Chloride NaCl ₂ 7.00 - - Magnesium chloride MgCl ₂ 267.2 325.30 315.00 Total: - 281.35 333.90 324.20

table 2 Analysis of samples of bischofite leach brine mined in the fields of the Volgograd region, g / kg Component Name Chemical formula Field Narimanov Gorodishchenskoe Well No. 2-1 Well No. 4-11 Chlorine Cl 203.7 242.00 233.60 Sulphates SO ₄ 1.50 0.85 0.60 Hydrocarbonate Hco ₃ 0.50 0.10 0.10 Calcium Ca 0.40 0.50 0.40 Magnesium Mg 68.90 83.60 81.10 Potassium K 0.60 1.40 1.80 Sodium Na 2.70 - - Boron B 0.06 - - Strontium Sr 0.0036 0.0019 0.0015 Bromine Br 3.05 3.50 3.40 Density, t / m ³ - 1.2444 1.3051 1.2948 The mineralization of the solution, g / l - 281.35 331.95 321.00

Table 4 Biochemical composition of sweet pepper fruits depending on soil and climatic conditions (VNIIR data) Ripeness of the fetus Growing place Biochemical composition of the fruit: dry matter,% the amount of sugars,% vitamin C, mg% Technical (green fruits) Tashkent 5.3-13.2 2,3-3,7 102-270 Maykop 6.0-11.4 2.4-4.6 100-271 Novocherkassk 6.3-8.3 2.5-3.7 121-167 Biological (red fruits) Tashkent 8.0-20.0 4.3-7.4 145-317 Maykop 8.6-15.3 5.3-12.1 176-306 Novocherkassk - 5.5-6.4 173-235

Table 5 The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of fruits of sweet pepper in the conditions of the Rostov region (Ludilov V.A., 1999) Fertilizer dose Productivity The average mass of the fetus, g Product quality: t / ha % dry matter,% the amount of sugars,% vitamin C, mg% No fertilizer 16.8 one hundred 50,0 7.02 3.89 132 N ₆₀ P ₆₀ 20.7 123 48,4 6.91 3.99 153 N ₆₀ K ₆₀ 20,4 121 47.9 7.65 4.26 135 R ₆₀ To ₆₀ 17.7 105 50,4 6.79 4.25 149 N ₆₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ 20.7 123 48,4 7.61 4.33 150 N ₃₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ 18.2 108 47.2 7.57 4.13 144 N ₁₂₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ 20.8 124 48.5 7.26 4.23 160 N ₆₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₆₀ 23.0 137 50,5 7.47 4.14 148 N ₆₀ P ₆₀ K ₁₂₀ 21.5 128 49.7 7.56 4.08 147 N ₁₂₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 25.9 154 52.1 7.78 4,59 163

Claims (1)

The method of cultivating sweet pepper, mainly in the drip irrigation system, including selecting a predecessor, peeling crop residues, applying organic and mineral fertilizers, plowing with a turnover of the formation to a depth of 0.25-0.29 m, early spring harrowing, pre-planting cultivation to a depth of 0.10 -0.12 m, leveling the relief, preparing seedlings, planting seedlings in a soil layer with a temperature of + 10-12 ° C with a density of standing of 40-50 thousand pcs./ha, vegetation irrigation, inter-row care, top dressing, plant and fruit protection from agricultural to WINNER and diseases and harvesting, characterized in that to produce a crop of 30 t / ha of sweet pepper makroudobreniya N ₁₄₀ P ₅₀ K ₅₀ making fractional irrigation water: in the phase of the fourth or fifth true leaf is made 26-36% N, 8-12 % P, 6-8% K, in the budding phase - 32-36% N, 28-32% P, 28-37% K, in the flowering phase -22-26% N, 36-42% P, 42-46 % K, in the fruiting phase 10-12% N, 14-28% P, 15-18% K while maintaining in the soil layer 0-0.4 m humidity not lower than 70% HB, for the entire growing season, and trace elements from solution natural mineral density bishofit 1.05-1.10 t / ^m3 norm 100-150 l / ha contribute fractionally: a phase budding dose 20-30%, in the flowering phase, 40-50%, in the fruiting phase, 20-40%, for the plants to fully absorb the introduced macro- and microelements, the irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide, bringing its mineralization to 20-40 mg / l and perform 2- 4 watering in the flowering phase, 3-5 watering in the fruiting phase and 1-4 watering in the technical ripeness phase, to produce a crop of 50 t / ha of sweet macro fertilizer N ₁₈₀ P ₈₀ K _110, make fractional with irrigation water: in the fifth to sixth phase of this leaf contribute 22-28% N, 14-18% P, 8-12% K, in the budding phase 26-28% N, 28-32% P, 40-44% K, in the flowering phase 18-24% N , 24-28% P, 18-21% K, in the pl phase mating of 20-34% N, 12-36% P, 23-34% K while maintaining in the soil layer 0-0.4 m humidity not lower than 80% HB for the entire growing season, and trace elements from a solution of the natural mineral bischofite with a density of 1, 05-1.10 t / m ³ , the norm of 200-250 l / ha is applied fractionally: in the budding phase with a dose of 15-25%, in the flowering phase 45-55%, in the fruiting phase 20-40%, to increase yield and full the plants assimilate the introduced macro- and microelements, the irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide after the macro- and microelements are added, bringing its mineralization to 50-70 mg / l, and 1-3 waterings are carried out in the flowering phase, 3-5 waterings in the fruiting phase and 1-4 watering in the phase of technical ripeness, to obtain a crop of 70 t / ha of sweet macro fertilizer pepper N ₂₃₀ P ₁₅₀ K ₂₃₀ are applied fractionally with irrigation water: in the phase of the third or fourth present leaf, make 16-22 % N, 12-16% P, 16-18% K, in the budding phase 32-38% N, 26-36% P, 28-32% K, in the flowering phase 12-18% N, 17-24% P , 38-46% K, in the fruiting phase 22-40% N, 24-45% P, 4-18% K while maintaining in the layer 0-0.4 m humidity not lower than 90% HB for the entire growing season, and trace elements solution of natural mineral 1.05-1.10 bishofit density t / m ^3, the norm of 300-350 l / ha contribute fractionally: a phase butoniz 10-15%, in the flowering phase 30-35%, in the fruiting phase 50-60%, to improve the quality and keeping quality of the fruits and the full assimilation of macro- and microelements introduced by plants, the irrigation water is saturated with carbon dioxide, bringing its mineralization to 70-90 mg / l, and perform 3-5 watering in the flowering phase, 2-4 watering in the fruiting phase and 1-5 watering in the phase of technical ripeness.