SU1731081A1 - Method for corn growing - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to adaptive crop production and plant ecology and can be used in the cultivation of corn for grain. In order to accelerate the ripening of late ripening hybrids and increase the stability of the maize crop, sowing two different ripening hybrids are carried out in alternating bands (4: 4), and the late ripening form is sown with increased density. Harvesting is carried out separately as each of the hybrids mature. 1 hp f-ly, 1 silt, 4 tab.

Description

The invention relates to adaptive crop production and plant ecology and can be used in the cultivation of corn for grain.

Despite the high potential productivity, relatively high drought resistance and the economical consumption of water by maize, there is still a low level of yield and its instability over the years in production.

In the present year, it is recommended to sow two or three hybrids of different precocity in one field in one host in order to ensure a yield and depend less on the weather conditions of the year. Middle-late and late-ripening hybrids, although they have a higher potential productivity, but not always fully mature.

There are domestic and foreign studies on the method of increasing the yield of plants, in particular maize, by sowing a mixture of various hybrids. However, in known experiments, the sowing of various mixtures of hybrids (for grain and silage)

yielded a smaller crop than crops of the same hybrids in their pure form, In the same experiments, an increase in the yield (insignificant) of two mixtures of hybrids was observed as compared with the sowing in pure form.

In the study of mixed crops of maize and cowpea, an increase in the total productivity of each of the components was observed compared with net seeding. Increased productivity was observed with an increase in the thickness of the stem.

It is known from the known methods that joint crops of crops for a number of years provide steady yields, which is achieved by increasing the density of the plant stand, increasing the number of leaves and increasing the absorptive capacity of the roots.

An increase in the productivity of joint sowing of corn, soybean, sunflower, and sorghum compared to pure sowing of corn has been established. However, in most cases, mixed crops do not have an advantage over monocultures.

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Mixed sowing of corn - manioc significantly increased the yield compared with pure sowing of corn.

It has been established to obtain a stable yield of mixed sowing of sorghum - rice with the alternation of rows, respectively, 1: 2.

There is a method for growing seed corn at hybridization sites. In order to pollinate maternal plants with paternal plants, maize is sown in alternating patterns — four rows of maternal plants and two rows of father plants, or 6: 2 or 8: 4, etc. As a rule, maize varieties of corn of one group of ripeness are sown - to combine the timing of flowering.

There is a known method of growing corn for silage, which involves sowing varieties and hybrids of alternating rows (one to two) that differ in the ripening season. At the same time, in order to intensify the use of natural conditions by sowing components, the seeding rate is increased by 50-70%.

However, this method is only suitable for conditions of sufficient moisture and is not suitable for arid areas of corn for grain, since it does not increase grain productivity.

Thus, sowing corn in a mixture of different hybrids or through the regular variety does not always provide an increase in productivity. Such crops do not provide good ventilation and lightness of corn stalk. Each type of hybrid requires the selection of a specific sowing structure to more fully realize its genetic potential. Mixed corn crops with lower species biotypes of other crops, as a rule, provide increased productivity,

When sowing hybrids in a mixture with chaotic placement or through different sowing of different ripeness groups, it is difficult to harvest the corn. Maturation of later ripe hybrids does not accelerate.

The known methods for increasing the productivity of maize have a number of significant drawbacks: the yield of maize grain does not practically increase and does not stabilize over the years; soil moisture and plant nutrients are not used effectively; low ventilation of crops and efficiency of use of photosynthetically active radiation; As a rule, hybrids of one group of ripeness are sown; the resistance of such a two-component seeding to drought is weak (such sowings do not leave from dry weather conditions); does not provide for differential thickening of crops against the recommended density; the structure of such crops does not undergo any positive changes; with one crop of a later mature hybrid, acceleration of its maturation is not noted.

The purpose of the invention is to accelerate the ripening of late-ripening corn hybrids and to increase the stability of the two-component crop in the areas where corn is grown for grain.

This goal is achieved by planting two maize hybrids differing in precocity in one field, in this case, medium early (Pioneer 3978) and medium late (Dnepr 758) (differing in maturity by 15-18 days alternating with four rows each)) Late-ripening hybrid and separate cleaning of hybrids as they mature.

The method is carried out as follows.

The sowing is carried out with the SUPN-8 eight-piece saltfish with the following scheme for filling the seeds of two hybrids: 11222211.

In four medium cans of seeds, seeds of one hybrid fall asleep, for example, Pioneer 3979, and in the other extreme banks, seeds of another, for example, Dneprovsky 758. Planting density for a medium early hybrid is thousands of plants per hectare, for medium late plants - 40 thousand / ha, against 30 thousand plants per hectare on the recommendation. The cultivation of corn produced by known technology.

The difference in the development of plants for a maximum of one leaf in the initial growing season is not practical for the simultaneous implementation of plant care techniques (harrowing across shoots, processing with insurance herbicides), which are carried out in one technological pass.

The cleaning of each hybrid is carried out separately as they mature, in particular, at the beginning of the early ripe hybrid Pioneer 3978 Niva combine with the PPK-4 attachment converted for frontal harvesting and feeding the ground mass into the tail of the combine into the PTS-400 trailer.

As a result of the three-year studies, a significant increase in grain yield on corn crops was obtained with the use of alternating series of hybrids, especially when harvesting each separately as they mature.

Table 1 shows the productivity of the hybrid of maize in connection with the sowing structure depending on the density.

As can be seen from the data presented in Table 1, the sowing of a mixture of hybrids (at optimum density) in yield (55.7 centners per hectare) is equal to the average in hybrids cultivated in pure form (55.8 centners per hectare) and slightly lower (by 1.5 centners per hectare) in comparison with a clean sowing of a mid-latex hybrid Dneprovsky 758.

The alternation of a series of hybrids according to the 1: 1 scheme provides an increase in grain yield for an average of three years by 5.2 q / ha. Moreover, this excess in productivity is noticeable both in comparison with the variant of the mixture of hybrids, and the variants of sowing hybrids in their pure form, both for each individual and on average of two hybrids.

The thickening of sowing hybrids, both in pure form and in seed mixtures, does not lead to an increase in the yield of the grains (Table 1). However, the alternation of bands (according to the 4: 4 scheme) of hybrids with thickening (medium-latex hybrid) contributes to an increase (on average by 2.3 centners / ha) of the productivity of the same variant with the recommended density and 7.9 centners / ha in comparison with the sowing of both hybrids in its purest form. The increase in grain yield in the variant with the increased density of the mid-latex hybrid with the alternation of rows, as compared with the variant of the seed mixture at the recommended density, is 7.0 c / ha.

In the proposed method of sowing (4: 4) with differentiated harvesting, the yield on hybrid Dneprovsky 758 is 8.3 c / ha, on the hybrid Pioneer 3978 - 5.5 c / ha compared to pure sowing of these hybrids.

It was established that the ripening of a medium-late hybrid in the proposed method of sowing is 5-6 days earlier than in pure sowing, of a mixture of seeds and through the sowing of hybrids during simultaneous harvesting.

Table 2 shows the results of ripening maize corn hybrid Dneprovsky 758 depending on the sowing method (calendar days).

A further decrease in grain moisture in a mid-latex hybrid in sowing with alternating rows occurs even faster (by 7–9 days), which is associated with better sowing ventilation after harvesting the middle-early hybrid. An even greater acceleration of the drying of the grain of the mid-late hybrid occurs in thickened sowing. When studying the effectiveness of sowing hybrids of maize depending on the alternation of rows, no significant differences in productivity depending on the scheme were found.

sowing 2: 2; 3: 3; 4: 4. However, according to the 2: 2 and 3: 3 scheme, such technological processes as sowing and differentiated harvesting of corn are very difficult. According to the sowing scheme

6: 6 productivity decreases markedly compared with the alternation of 4: 4 bands. Therefore, the best option is most suitable for the proposed method - 4: 4, which is simpler in the technical performance of sowing and cleaning the hybrid as it matures.

Table 3 shows the results of the efficiency of sowing corn hybrids, depending on the alternation of rows and density

steblesto.

The proposed seeding method, which does not require any additional costs, is characterized by positive results.

Better sowing ventilation is ensured after harvesting the early ripe form, which accelerates not only the ripening, but also the drying of the plant grain (edge effect) of the later ripe form (5-6

days) (item 4), as well as the great resistance of such two-component seeding to drought. So, in case of severe drought in the period of sprouting - the bloom of early ripe hybrids, the yield stability can be

achieved by late-ripening form, for which conditions will be more favorable (drought loss). And, on the contrary, in case of severe drought in the period of sprouting - the late-flowering bloom, the crop can be stabilized due to the higher yield of the early-ripe form.

In addition, the presence on the same field of plants of two different maturity hybrids

allows you to more successfully overcome such extremely adverse consequences of drought as through the grain, which occurs, often not only due to the loss of viability of pollen, as

air temperature even during droughts in areas where corn is grown for grain rarely exceeds 35–40 ° C, as a result of a large gap during the flowering of the panicle and the cob. In arid

Corn growing conditions happen that the panicle has already bloomed, the pollen has crumbled, and the threads on the cobs have only just appeared. The presence of early-ripening forms of later-ripening forms in these critical situations, in which the panicles are just beginning to bloom, makes it possible to fertilize with their pollen and early-ripening forms, in which unfertilized threads can maintain their viability for a long time ( 15-20 days), which is often used by breeders in their practice.

Residual stores of moisture and food are better used by rows of late-ripening plants located next to the harvested early-ripening form for 12-15 days. (item 4).

Due to the use of all these factors, the late-ripening component is somewhat thickened in sowing by 15–25% (depending on the degree of arid zone specificity) against the recommended planting density of this hybrid.

The efficiency of using photosynthetically active radiation is increased by creating a wavy (and therefore larger) surface of sowing (position 2), improving the illumination of a taller, late-ripening form (position 3), especially after harvesting the early-ripening form (position 4). During the growing season of maize with such a sowing structure, an additional layer of leaves is created (on each of the hybrids) with the best (by 10-15%) illumination, which increases the productivity of the entire sowing.

This technique is proposed to be included as a mandatory technological element in the resource-saving energy-saving technology of growing maize in arid areas, as it increases labor productivity without

additional costs for its implementation.

Production verification of the proposed method is planned for 1990-1991.

The approximate scale of the implementation of the proposed method in areas where sown different early ripening hybrids is sown is possible on an area of 0.15 million hectares.

The economic effect of the proposed method of sowing is given in table 4.

The level of profitability of the proposed method is 128.4%.

Claims (2)

1. A method of growing maize, including the simultaneous sowing of hybrids differing in precocity in one field in several rows of alternating stripes, planting care and harvesting, which is because in order to increase yields by accelerating the ripening of late-ripening hybrids and increasing stability harvest two-component sowing in the cultivation of corn for grain, The late-ripening form is sown with an increased seeding rate, and the hybrids are harvested separately as they mature. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in order to increase the efficiency using photosynthetically active radiation by creating a wave-like surface, seeding is performed in alternating rows according to the 4: 4 scheme. Table 1 Continuation of table 1  - the first density is indicated by the Pioneer 3978 hybrid.  - the first density is indicated on the hybrid Pioneer 3978 Table 2 Table3 Table4 The proposed method (Pioneer 3978 + Dneprovsky 758) density 40-40 thousand, / ha The cost of grain, rub Cost effectiveness. rub Continuation of table 4 Base object (Pioneer 3978 + DN. 758. Alternation of rows with continuous cleaning 752.4 724.8 27.6