RU2471337C1 - Methods of cultivation of girasol - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. In the method the girasol is cultivated as a monoculture, soil treatment is carried out, mineral fertilisers are applied, tubers are planted, inter-row treatment is conducted, and the green mass and tubers are harvested. In the first year the tubers are planted in the cut ridges with inter-row spacings of 90 cm. In volumetric hilling of plants, in the inter-row spacings the perennial legume-grass herbs are sown which are mown down together with girasol green mass before harvesting the tubers, after which the ridges are cut over the partially excavated rows. The inter-row spacings are sown with winter crops. In the second year crop tending is carried out and all the green mass is mown the whole at the stage of grain waxy ripeness. In autumn, the second mowing of girasol green mass for silage is carried out, mineral fertilisers are applied and the ridges are hilled over the girasol rows, leaving the tubers in the ground for winter. In the third year in the girasol inter-row spacings the legume and grass herbs are sown, all the green mass is mown for silage, the tubers are harvested, and the field is sown throughout with winter crops. In the fourth year the girasol stems and leaves mass is mown before tuberisation together with winter crops and the field is sown with the green manure crop.

EFFECT: method enables to improve the yield of fodder units per area unit, to obtain green mass forage, to reduce the environmental load due to increasing soil fertility.

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke, and can be used in the cultivation of crops on light, medium and heavy soils.

A known method of growing potatoes, including tillage by surface cultivation with grinding siderates and mixing them with soil. Potato planting is carried out on a flat surface with tubers falling asleep from the row-spacing [Author's certificate SU 1456057 A1, Method for growing potatoes. Authors: Rope I.N., Berdnikov A.M.].

The disadvantage of this method is that it is used in crop rotation immediately before the cultivation of potatoes and excludes the use of green mass of green manure to obtain animal feed.

A known method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke as a monoculture, which consists in cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers, conducting inter-row cultivations, harvesting green mass and tubers. The Jerusalem artichoke cultivation cycle is five years. At the same time, planting in the first year is carried out with a density of 20-25 thousand tubers per hectare in the ridges, the tops are mowed for forage 2-3 weeks before harvesting the tubers, during the harvesting of which large and medium fractions are collected, and the seed fraction is annually sent in a narrow ribbon to the side with a shift of 30-40 cm and fall asleep by 10-12 cm, forming a swath, in the second and subsequent years in the spring the field is up to shoots, and then the shoots are cultivated with tape fertilizing on the sides of the row, when the rows are thickened, transverse cultivation is carried out for thinning I planted [Russian Federation Patent RU 2250585, Method for the cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke. Authors: Starovoitov V.I., Chernikov V.I., Starovoitova M.V., Rytchenko V.V., Khoves V.V.]. The known method is closest to the claimed and adopted for the prototype.

The disadvantage of this method is that annually at plantings it is required to make full doses of mineral fertilizers, and the green mass of Jerusalem artichoke that is mowed for fodder requires mixing before feeding the animals with other feed crops, in accordance with the recommended diets.

An object of the invention is to increase the yield of feed units per unit area, obtain fodder of green mass representing a feed mixture that meets the recommended diets for nutrition and digestibility, reduce the environmental load on the environment by increasing soil fertility by incorporating root residues of legumes and cereals and grains into it crops after their mowing on green forage or haylage.

The problem is achieved in that in the method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke as a monoculture, which consists in cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers, interrow cultivation, harvesting green mass and tubers, according to the invention, the tubers are planted in cut ridges with 90 cm rows between the first year , with volumetric hilling of plantings, perennial legume-cereal grasses are sown in the aisles, which are mowed together with the green mass of Jerusalem artichoke before harvesting the tubers, after which they are cut ridges over partially dug rows, and winter cereals are sown between rows, in the second year they take care of crops and mow all green mass in the stage of wax ripeness of cereals, and in the fall they carry out the second mowing of Jerusalem artichoke green mass on silage, introduce fertilizers and spud ridges over the rows Jerusalem artichoke, leaving tubers in the soil before winter, for the third year in the row-spacing of Jerusalem artichoke sow legumes and cereal grasses, mow all green mass for silage, harvest tubers and sow winter crops in a continuous field new, in the fourth year they mow the leafy stem mass of Jerusalem artichoke before the onset of tuberization together with winter grains and sow the field with green manure.

A method consisting in a four-year cycle of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke as a monoculture includes cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers, inter-row cultivations, and harvesting green mass and tubers.

In the first year, Jerusalem artichoke is placed in the fodder crop rotation on the field after perennial legume-grasses. In autumn, soil cultivation is carried out with scoops to a depth of 6-8 cm after harvesting the previous crop. Autumn plowing is carried out with reversible plows, which excludes the formation of pile ridges and breakup grooves on the field surface and does not require additional costs for its leveling.

In the spring, winter chicks are harrowed, fertilizers in the amount of N ₆₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ are applied and ridges are cut with row spacing of 90 cm. Tubers weighing 30-50 grams are used for planting. The density of planted tubers is 20-25 thousand pcs. per hectare, which with a row spacing of 90 cm will give a distance between tubers in a row of 40-50 cm. Planting of tubers is carried out with a potato planter. After 2 weeks, a continuous pre-emergence harrowing is carried out to destroy weed seedlings. Volumetric hilling of Jerusalem artichoke plantings is carried out by row cultivators with a plant height of up to 20 cm. After the cultivation, sowing of perennial leguminous-grass herbs in the Jerusalem artichoke aisles is carried out. 2-3 weeks before harvesting the tubers, Jerusalem artichoke tops, together with the green mass of perennial legume-cereal grasses, are mowed for forage with a forage harvester.

Jerusalem artichoke tubers are harvested by a potato harvester, leaving part of the tuber nest in the soil.

After harvesting Jerusalem artichoke tubers, they are treated with a cultivator, forming volume ridges above the tubers remaining in the soil, and the rows are sown with winter grains.

In the second year, before germination of Jerusalem artichoke plants, the harrowing of the field is carried out with light harrows. When winter crops are reached, the stages of wax ripeness are mowed to silage along with the green mass of Jerusalem artichoke. In autumn, a second mowing of the Jerusalem artichoke green mass is carried out on silage, after which mineral fertilizers are applied and the ridges are hilled over the rows of Jerusalem artichoke, leaving the tubers in the soil in the winter.

In the spring of the third year, leguminous-grasses are sown in the row-spacing of Jerusalem artichoke, and before harvesting the tubers, the whole green mass is mowed for silage. After harvesting the tubers with a combine, digging up the tuber’s nest completely, the field is sown with winter grains in a continuous field.

In the fourth year, winter grains and green mass of Jerusalem artichoke are mowed from remaining tubers in the soil after harvesting of the tubers before the start of the process of new tuberization. After this operation, the field is seeded with green manure.

The economic effect of the introduction of this technology lies in the fact that when it is used in a four-year cycle of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke together with leguminous and winter crops, the yield of feed units from the planted area is significantly increased, and the mown mass is a highly nutritious feed mixture for cattle .

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke as a monoculture, which consists in cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers, conducting inter-row cultivations, harvesting green mass and tubers, characterized in that in the first year tubers are planted in cut ridges with 90 cm spacing, with volumetric cultivation of plantings perennial legume-cereal grasses are sown in the row-spacings, which are mowed together with the green mass of Jerusalem artichoke before harvesting tubers, after which the ridges are cut over partially dug out rows, winter cereals are sown between the rows, in the second year they take care of the crops and mow all the green mass in the stage of wax ripeness of cereals, in the autumn they carry out the second mowing of the Jerusalem artichoke green mass on silage, introduce fertilizers and spud ridges over the rows of Jerusalem artichoke, leaving the tubers in the soil in the winter , for the third year, in the row-spacing of Jerusalem artichoke, they sow legumes and cereal grasses, mow the whole green mass for silage, harvest tubers and sow winter crops in a continuous field, mow the leaf-stem in the fourth year the whole mass of Jerusalem artichoke before the start of tuberization, together with winter grains and sow the field with green manure.