RU2253221C1 - Method for cultivation of jerusalem artichoke on salinated semi- arid soil with close occurrence of underground water - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, cultivation of crops on salinated soil.

SUBSTANCE: method involves planting Jerusalem artichoke roots in autumn into soil with salination extent of 0.2-0.65%; providing care for young crops; applying fertilizer; irrigating with water mineralized to the extent of 1.5-2.0 g/l, with preirrigation soil moisture content of 70-75% in comparison to normal moisture content being maintained at the initial growing period; upon reaching by plants of phase at which 12-20 pairs of leaves appear, maintaining preirrigation soil moisture content of 60-65% as compared to normal moisture content, with absorption by plants of underground water constituting 18-20% by total water consumption; harvesting green mass and roots in September-October. Method may be used in development of soils brought out of agricultural utilization owing to secondary salination of soil and high level of underground water.

EFFECT: increased efficiency in employment of abandoned over-salinated lands in arid zones.

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Description

The present invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the cultivation of crops on saline soils.

There is a method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke as a feed crop in the Central region of the Non-Black Earth Region (Bogomolov V.A., Petrakova V.F. Zh. "Feed production" No. 11, 2001, M., p. 15). Jerusalem artichoke was cultivated on gray forest well-cultivated soil and on sod-podzolic medium loamy and loamy soils of medium and low fertility, with ridge and smooth cultivation technologies on different backgrounds of fertilizers.

The yield of green mass and Jerusalem artichoke tubers in feed units (t / ha) are presented in the table:

Fertilizers Green mass Tubers 1 2 1 2 Manure 80 t / ha (background) 27.4 21.5 16.6 16.1 Manure + N120P90K120 31,2 21,2 17.8 15.8 Manure + N180P120K-180 41.0 26.0 14,4 15.8 Note: 1 - comb and 2 - smooth cultivation technologies.

That is, under conditions of non-chernozem, Jerusalem artichoke responds well to fertilizers and grows better when planted on the ridge.

However, this method cannot be applied on zonal light chestnut solonetzic soils in the conditions of atmospheric drought and hydromorphic water regime.

There is a method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke on soils of the south and southeast of Kazakhstan under irrigation conditions (Recommendations "Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower under irrigation conditions in the south and south-east of Kazakhstan" Alma-Ata, Kainar, 1989, p. 4 and p. 7 -8, 10), which includes the autumn planting of tubers, seedling care activities, fertilizer application and regular irrigation while maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture of 70-75% HB.

The specified method is closest to the proposed one, however, the statement (see Recommendations ...) that Jerusalem artichoke does not tolerate saline soils is completely refuted by the proposed technology for growing it on saline soils under irrigation.

The proposed method for the cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke on saline semi-desert soils with a close occurrence of groundwater includes autumn planting of tubers, seedling care, fertilizing, irrigation with maintaining at the initial growing season 70–75% HB of the soil, harvesting green mass and tubers in September-October at the same time, tubers are planted in the soil with a salinity level of 0.2-0.65%, irrigation is carried out with water with a salinity of 1.5-2.0 g / l, and when the plants reach a phase of 12-20 leaf pairs, they maintain the pre-irrigation soil moisture You are 60-65% of HB, while feeding plants from groundwater is 18-20 of total consumption.

The essence of the proposed method lies in the fact that Jerusalem artichoke is grown on saline lands during irrigation with mineralized water using near-ground water.

The biometric indicators of Jerusalem artichoke at various salinization of the soil in a layer of 0-0.7 m are presented in table 1.

Table 1 Plant Phase Date Indicators t _av , ° С Average salinity (0.20-0.40%) High salinity> 0.065% Plant height, cm Weight of 1 plant, g The increase in s / m Plant height, cm Bec 1 plants, g The increase in s / m cm / day g / day cm / day g / day year 2000 April 20 shoots 11.6 5,0 3,1 - - 3.8 2.7 - - May 20, 4-5 pp 12.9 49.7 32,4 1.3 1,0 34.5 23,4 0.8 0.9 June 2, 6-8 bp 22.2 67.6 59.1 1,5 2.2 46.2 42.7 0.97 1,6 June 17, 8-10 pp 22.0 108.1 95.4 2,8 2.6 75.5 68.6 2.0 2.0 July 3, 12-14 pp 20.1 150.9 146.7 2.7 3,7 106.3 101.8 1.9 2,4 September 10 flowering 24.6 243.0 340.0 1.4 2,8 171.0 235.8 0.9 1.9

The highest number of shoots in Jerusalem artichoke plants is observed with weak salinity (0.18-0.20%) in the root-inhabited soil layer of 6-8 pieces, with an average salinity (0.30-0.60%) - 2-4 pieces, and on highly saline areas (more than 0.65%) - there were no lateral shoots on the stems of Jerusalem artichoke.

The yield of green mass of Jerusalem artichoke on irrigation at various salinization of the soil with uniaxial cultivation is shown in table 2.

Table 2. Σ salts in the soil layer 0-0.7 m in% Green mass, t / ha Feed units, t / ha 0.20 110.6 23,2 0.40 96.9 17.4 0.61 67.3 10.8 0.68 54.0 8.6 With an AHW of 1.5-2.0 m

An increase in the amount of salts in the soil from 0.2 to 0.65% leads to a decrease in the number of leaves by 18-20 pieces, and their area by 35-42%.

The mass of tubers from one plant is inversely related to salinity.

With low and medium salinity, large tubers form. The increase in salts causes a decrease in the weight of the 1st tuber by 23-44%, and the number of tubers in the nest by 8-24%.

In the initial period of Jerusalem artichoke growth - from seedlings to 4-5 pairs of leaves - the effect of soil salinization on plant growth is insignificant (see Table 1).

As the vegetation and active water consumption of nutrients from the soil, the plant in the phase of 4-5 pairs of leaves begins to experience discomfort associated with a high concentration of soil solution. Soil moisture also decreases due to climatic conditions of the semi-desert.

Therefore, the first irrigation is carried out at the end of May with pre-irrigation soil moisture of 70-75% HB. For irrigation use local water with a salinity of 1.5-2.0 g / l. Irrigation water dilutes the concentration of soil solution, and Jerusalem artichoke begins to grow actively.

The total number of irrigations varies from 3 to 5 depending on the number of green mass cuts (1 or 2) while maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture of 70-75% HB in the period up to 8-10 pairs of leaves. In the period of 12-20 pairs of leaves allow a decrease in pre-irrigation soil moisture to 60-65% HB. By this period, the root system of Jerusalem artichoke reaches considerable size and is able to nourish plants from groundwater, occurring at a depth of 1.5-2.0 m.

Groundwater has a significant impact on the yield of Jerusalem artichoke tubers. They contribute to the supply of plant roots with capillary mobile readily available moisture and improve not only the water, but also the nutritional regime. Under conditions of close occurrence of groundwater, the weight of tubers from one plant increases with an average salinity of the soil by 42-51%, and with strong salinity - by 80-106% compared with plants grown without access to groundwater.

Groundwater has a significant impact on the overall productivity of Jerusalem artichoke with biaxial cultivation. So, under irrigation conditions, but without the participation of groundwater in plots with soil salinization of 0.27% and higher, the total harvest of feed units with biaxial cultivation (Table 3) is less than with uniaxial cultivation (Table 2) due to a decrease in the weight of tubers. Groundwater recharge in less saline plots (Σ salts <0.30%) leads to higher Jerusalem artichoke productivity with biaxial cultivation. When the salt content is from 0.30 to 0.40%, single- and double-row cultivation gives almost the same results in the yield of feed units. With a further increase in soil salinity, biaxial use gives a negative result, since it significantly reduces the yield of tubers (up to 30%), which leads to a decrease in the total harvest of feed units.

Table 3
The effect of groundwater recharge on Jerusalem artichoke productivity on saline soils Σ salts in the layer 0-0.7 m,% Green mass productivity, t / ha Tuber productivity, t / ha Total feed units, t / ha 1 mowing 2 mowing No groundwater recharge 0.27 52.7
46,4 11.2 39,4
33.8 22.5
21.9 0.39 40.7
27.3 6.4 16.1
13.0 12.9
9.7 0.61 19.9
11.5 1,5 7.8
5.2 5.8
3.8 Groundwater recharge 0.18 58.6
52.0 29.5 40.1
36,4 23.9
27.9 0.38 44.9
31,4 19,4 28.6
24.5 16.1
16,0 0.68 22.2
14,4 8.1 14.8
10.5 8.4
7.1

Case Study

The proposed technology was used for the semi-desert zone of Kalmykia in one of the sections of the Black Earth irrigation and irrigation system on saline irrigated lands with close occurrence of groundwater (1.5-2.0 m) during irrigation with water with a salinity of 1.5-2.0 g / l and allowed to obtain up to 59.6 t / ha of green mass and 25.1 t / ha of Jerusalem artichoke tubers with a total yield of feed units of 19.5 t / ha.

The proposed method allows to obtain significant yields of Jerusalem artichoke on saline soils when irrigated with mineralized waters at a close occurrence of the groundwater level and can be used in the development of lands that have left agricultural circulation due to secondary salinization and a high level of groundwater standing.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke on saline semi-desert soils with a close occurrence of groundwater, including autumn planting of tubers, seedling care, fertilizing, irrigation with maintaining at the initial growing season 70–75% HB of the soil, harvesting green mass and tubers in September-October characterized in that the planting of tubers is carried out in the soil with a salinity level of 0.2-0.65%, irrigation is carried out with water with a salinity of 1.5-2.0 g / l, and when the plants reach a phase of 12-20 pairs of leaves, they support pre-irrigation humidity n Soils 60-65% of HB, while feeding plants from groundwater is 18-20% of total consumption.