CN115553183A - Method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil. The method comprises the following steps: (1) land arrangement and ridge culture film covering: deeply loosening the saline-alkali soil, carrying out rotary tillage, and then sequentially carrying out ridging, drip irrigation tape laying and film mulching on the soil after rotary tillage; and (2) sowing the edible sunflower seeds: mixing the edible sunflower seeds and the seed treatment agent, dressing the seeds, and sowing; (3) monitoring soil moisture content: selecting at least 3 soil moisture content monitoring points in the field, and burying a soil moisture content monitoring vacuum gauge negative pressure meter and/or an electronic negative pressure meter at each point under the drippers; (4) saline water drip irrigation water salt regulation: the irrigation period from sowing to harvest of the edible sunflower is divided into three stages of sowing, seedling emergence and final singling to carry out water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation. The method for planting the edible sunflower in the original soil of the drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil is simple, convenient and effective, has obvious benefit and wide applicability.

Description

Method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of agricultural application, and particularly relates to a method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil.

Background

Along with the tension of human-land contradiction in China, the saline-alkali soil treatment and development become an important path for agricultural space expansion and agricultural yield improvement in China, the core problem of saline-alkali soil treatment is that salt in soil is washed away through irrigation to create a suitable soil environment for plant growth, and along with the increasing shortage of water resources, irrigation salt spraying for water conservation and non-conventional water utilization becomes an urgent need and an important trend for saline-alkali soil treatment and development. In the distribution areas of saline-alkali soil such as coastal areas, river sleeve plains and the like, shallow groundwater is buried to a shallow depth, and most of the shallow groundwater is brackish water and salt water, and the brackish water and salt water resources are effectively utilized, so that fresh water resources can be saved, the shallow groundwater level can be reduced, and secondary salinization of soil can be effectively prevented. Drip irrigation is one of modern high-efficiency water-saving irrigation technologies, has the characteristics of water saving, labor saving, high efficiency, integration of a water and fertilizer conditioner and the like, and is also the irrigation form which is proved to be most suitable for brackish water and saline water by research. The edible sunflower (edible sunflower) has salt resistance, drought resistance and obvious economic benefit and becomes an important crop for treating saline-alkali soil and improving the benefit of salinized farmland in northeast, northwest, north China and other regions.

For the quality of irrigation water, fresh water with the mineralization degree of the irrigation water being less than 1g/L, brackish water with the mineralization degree of the irrigation water being 1-5 g/L and salty water with the mineralization degree of the irrigation water being 5-10 g/L are generally considered. The higher the irrigation water mineralization, the greater the water-salt stress, the more serious the potential soil salt accumulation problem, and the greater the impact on crop emergence, germination growth, and yield formation. As irrigation water mineralization increases, crop yields are commonly reduced or even over-grown. At present, researches on improving the crop yield of saline-alkali soil under the condition of brackish water (< 5 g/L) irrigation by reasonably adopting agricultural measures are reported, and basically, the researches are directed at oil-used sunflowers (oil sunflowers) but no methods for edible sunflowers (edible sunflowers).

CN102326487A discloses a method for planting oil sunflowers in coastal heavy saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps: A. land preparation, namely building strip fields or platform fields; B. irrigating with saline water in winter and freezing; C. mulching; D. sowing; E. managing in a growing period; F. and harvesting when the oil sunflower grows. According to the method, through a series of measures such as land preparation, freezing and irrigation of saline water in winter, freezing and showering of saline water in spring, salt suppression and soil moisture preservation through mulching and the like, the salt content of the oil sunflower root layer soil is reduced, and the normal growth of oil sunflower is guaranteed.

CN108077029A discloses a brackish water underground drip irrigation cultivation method for oil sunflowers in saline-alkali soil, which proposes to construct an ideal water, fertilizer and gas regulation structure body in an oil sunflowers root zone, and couples a micro-terrain structure, underground drip irrigation and a mulching film covering technology to play a role in preserving soil moisture and reducing salt to the greatest extent, so as to provide a relatively good soil environment for the growth and development of crops. The method provides an ideal regulation threshold value of water, fertilizer and gas for the underground drip irrigation of the oil sunflower in the saline-alkali soil, adopts an underground drip irrigation mode to directly convey a proper amount of water, fertilizer and dissolved oxygen with proper concentration to the vicinity of a crop root system, and enables the soil in the main root area of the oil sunflower to be always kept in the optimal water and nutrient state and oxygen content.

CN109287391A discloses a fertilizing method for planting edible sunflower in moderate and severe saline-alkali soil. The invention provides a fertilizing method for planting edible sunflower in moderate and severe saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps: seed dressing: soaking edible sunflower seeds in a vitamin B6-containing aqueous solution, airing and sowing; (2) base fertilizer application: applying decomposed farmyard manure per mu, and supplementing a trace element fertilizer, namely zinc fertilizer, as a base fertilizer; (3) topdressing: topdressing is carried out in the bud stage of sunflower eating, wherein the topdressing is mainly carried out on nitrogen fertilizer, and 50 percent of the total mass of the nitrogen fertilizer is used as topdressing; when the effective boron content of the soil is lower than 0.4mg/kg, 0.1-0.2 borax water solution is sprayed on the leaves. The formulated fertilization method is formulated according to the type characteristics of the moderate and severe saline-alkali soil and the growth and development characteristics of the edible sunflower in the river-sleeve irrigation area, and is suitable for planting the edible sunflower in the moderate and severe saline-alkali soil in the river-sleeve irrigation area.

However, the existing scheme has no reference value for adopting saline water (5-7 g/L) drip irrigation which stresses crops more seriously and directly inoculating original soil of severe saline-alkali soil to plant edible sunflower under the condition of not adding any modifier to the soil, and can not well solve the problems of high soil salinization degree, difficult seed emergence, uncoordinated water, fertilizer and salt, reduction of infiltration coefficient after soil moisture saturation, difficult salt leaching, poor root zone air permeability and the like.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for planting edible sunflower in saline drip irrigation severe saline-alkali land raw soil, which takes saline (5-7 g/L) as an irrigation water source, does not add any modifier to the soil in the early stage of planting, directly seeds in the severe saline-alkali land raw soil, provides a comprehensive regulation and control scheme suitable for the living environment of the edible sunflower root area water fertilizer salt under the condition of the saline drip irrigation severe saline-alkali land raw soil planting by matching with the saline drip irrigation severe saline-alkali land raw soil planting and by adopting the agricultural measures of saving water and controlling salt and achieving high yield such as the key sowing parameter suitable for the edible sunflower and the ridge culture mode, and forms a set of raw soil planting method suitable for drip irrigation of the edible sunflower under the condition of the saline water in the severe saline-alkali land.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

in a first aspect, the invention provides a method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil, which comprises the following steps:

(1) Land arrangement and ridge culture film mulching: deeply loosening saline-alkali soil, carrying out rotary tillage, and then sequentially carrying out ridging, drip irrigation tape laying and film mulching on the farmland after rotary tillage;

(2) Sowing the edible sunflower: mixing the edible sunflower seeds and the seed treatment agent, dressing the seeds, and sowing;

(3) Monitoring soil moisture content: selecting at least 3 soil moisture content monitoring points in the field, and burying a soil moisture content monitoring vacuum gauge negative pressure meter and/or an electronic negative pressure meter under each point under a dripper;

(4) Saline water drip irrigation water-salt regulation: the irrigation period from sowing to harvest of the edible sunflower is divided into three stages of sowing, seedling emergence and final singling to carry out water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation.

The invention mainly aims at the problems of high soil salinization degree, difficult seed emergence, uncoordinated water, fertilizer and salt, difficult salt leaching caused by the reduction of infiltration coefficient after soil moisture saturation, poor root zone air permeability and the like in the process of planting edible sunflower on raw soil under the condition of saline water in severe saline-alkali land, solves the problem of seed emergence by determining key agronomic parameters such as the suitable sowing depth, the sowing row spacing, the initial soil moisture making saline water irrigation quantity and the like of the edible sunflower under the condition of saline water drip irrigation, solves the problems of soil salt accumulation and uncoordinated water, fertilizer and salt in the root zone by selecting the suitable emitter flow and emitter spacing and formulating a reasonable saline water drip irrigation system, realizes nutrient increase by water-fertilizer integration and fertilizing potassium fertilizer and medium trace element fertilizer, and provides a method for planting the edible sunflower on the severe saline-alkali land by utilizing the saline water (5-7 g/L) under the condition of not adding soil conditioner, and aims to improve the resources of the salinization zone, promote the economic development of the saline area and promote the social development of the industry.

In the invention, key agronomic parameters such as proper seeding depth, seeding row spacing, ridge culture specification and the like of the original soil planting edible sunflower in the severe saline-alkali soil under the saline drip irrigation condition are provided, the problem of an edible sunflower planting mode matched with the change process of water, heat and salt under the saline drip irrigation condition in the severe saline-alkali soil is solved, and a relatively good soil space environment is provided for the growth and development of the edible sunflower.

Preferably, in step (1), the subsoiling specifically is: subsoiling is carried out on the saline-alkali soil, wherein the subsoiling depth is 45-55 cm (for example, 45cm, 46cm, 48cm, 50cm, 52cm, 55cm and the like), and the subsoiling is carried out at intervals of 2-3 years (for example, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years and the like).

Preferably, in the step (1), the rotary tillage specifically comprises: rotary tillage is carried out every year, the depth of the cultivated land is 25-35 cm (for example, 25cm, 26cm, 28cm, 30cm, 32cm, 34cm, 35cm and the like), the plough bottom layer is broken, and the soil is loosened.

Preferably, in the step (1), in the ridge forming, the height of the ridge is 10-20 cm (for example, 10cm, 11cm, 12cm, 13cm, 14cm, 15cm, 16cm, 17cm, 18cm, 19cm, 20cm and the like can be used), the width of the ridge surface is 35-45 cm (for example, 35cm, 36cm, 38cm, 40cm, 42cm, 45cm and the like can be used), and the distance between the ridges is 70-80 cm (for example, 70cm, 71cm, 73cm, 75cm, 77cm, 80cm and the like can be used).

Preferably, in the step (1), the drip tape is laid in the middle of ridge surfaces.

Preferably, in step (1), the coating film is specifically: covering the ridges with an agricultural film, wherein the agricultural film is made of PO (polyethylene oxide) film and/or PE (polyethylene) film, and the thickness of the agricultural film is 0.006-0.2 mm, such as 0.006mm, 0.007mm, 0.008mm, 0.01mm, 0.02mm, 0.04mm, 0.06mm, 0.08mm, 0.10mm, 0.20mm and the like.

Preferably, in the step (2), the seed treatment agent is fludioxonil.

Preferably, in the step (2), the mass concentration of the fludioxonil is 23-27 g/L, and may be, for example, 23g/L, 24g/L, 25g/L, 26g/L, 27g/L, 28g/L and the like.

Preferably, in step (2), the dosage ratio of the sunflower seed treatment agent to the seeds is 900 to 1200ml, and may be, for example, 900ml.

Preferably, in the step (2), the seeding is specifically: the sunflower seeds are sown at a distance of 4-6 cm (for example, 4cm, 4.5cm, 5cm, 5.5cm, 6cm and the like) from the drip irrigation tape, 1 grain is sown in each hole, the sowing depth is 3.5-4.5 cm (for example, 3.5cm, 3.7cm, 4cm, 4.2cm, 4.5cm and the like), and the sowing holes are covered with sand after sowing.

Preferably, in the step (2), the row spacing of the edible sunflower seeds is the same as the ridge spacing.

Preferably, in the step (2), the planting distance of the sunflower seeds is determined according to the seeding density of the sunflower seeds.

Preferably, the sunflower variety is SH363 and/or SH361, and the sowing density is 2000-2400 strains/mu, such as 2000 strains/mu, 2100 strains/mu, 2200 strains/mu, 2300 strains/mu, 2400 strains/mu and the like.

Preferably, in the step (3), the soil moisture monitoring points are 3 representative points, the growth of the edible sunflower at the points can represent the average growth of the edible sunflower in the farmland, the soil quality at the points can represent the soil quality condition of more than 2/3 of the farmland, and the points are prevented from being selected on the edges of the farmland blocks.

Preferably, in the step (3), the buried depth is 20cm below the dripper at each point.

Preferably, in the step (4), in the irrigation in the sowing stage, 5-7 g/L (for example, 5g/L, 5.5g/L, 6g/L, 6.5g/L, 7g/L and the like) of salt water is adopted for irrigation, and the total amount of the irrigation is 28-35mm, for example, 28cm, 29cm, 31cm, 33cm, 35cm and the like.

Preferably, in the step (4), in the irrigation in the sowing stage, if the farmland has large-area clear water which occupies more than 1/4 (for example, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, and the like) of the total area of the farmland, the irrigation is stopped until the clear water disappears, and then the irrigation is continued until 5-7 g/L (for example, 5g/L, 5.5g/L, 6g/L, 6.5g/L, 7g/L, and the like) of saline water with the total amount of 28-35mm (for example, 28cm, 29cm, 31cm, 33cm, 35cm, and the like) is irrigated.

Preferably, in step (4), the field is not fertilized during the irrigation of the seeding stage.

Preferably, in the step (4), in the irrigation at the stage of emergence, the salt content of the soil of 0-20 cm (for example, 0cm, 5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm and the like) near the sowing hole after emergence is detected to be 3dS/m or more (for example, 3dS/m, 3.1dS/m, 3.2dS/m, 3.3dS/m, 3.4dS/m, 3.5dS/m and the like), and the irrigation is carried out by using 5-7 g/L (for example, 5g/L, 5.5g/L, 6g/L, 6.5g/L, 7g/L and the like) of saline water, wherein the total amount of the irrigation is 4-5 mm (for example, 4.5mm, 5mm and the like).

Preferably, in the step (4), in the irrigation at the stage of emergence, after rainfall with precipitation amount of 0-10 mm/d (for example, 0.1mm/d, 0.5mm/d, 1mm/d, 2mm/d, 4mm/d, 6mm/d, 8mm/d, 10mm/d, etc.), irrigation is carried out with 5-7 g/L (for example, 5g/L, 5.5g/L, 6g/L, 6.5g/L, 7g/L, etc.) of salt water, and the total amount of irrigation is 4-5 mm (for example, 4mm, 4.5mm, 5mm, etc.).

Preferably, in the step (4), in the irrigation in the seedling stage, the irrigation is carried out according to soil moisture content: in the first year, the soil matric potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure gauge is reduced to more than-5 kPa (for example, -5kPa, -6kPa, -8kPa, etc.), water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation are carried out, the irrigation amount is 7-10 mm (for example, 7mm, 7.5mm, 8mm, 8.5mm, 9mm, 9.5mm, 10mm, etc.) each time, after irrigation, the soil matric potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure gauge is lower than-5 kPa (for example, -6kPa, -7kPa, -8kPa, -9kPa, -10kPa, etc.), irrigation is carried out once again, and the soil matric potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure gauge is higher than-5 kPa (for example, -5kPa, -4kPa, -3kPa, -2kPa, -1kPa, etc.), and irrigation is stopped.

Preferably, the irrigation in the first year is not carried out for 5 days or more, fertilization and irrigation are required once, and the irrigation amount is 4 to 5mm, for example, 4mm, 4.2mm, 4.5mm, 4.8mm, 5mm, or the like.

Preferably, in the step (4), during the irrigation in the seedling stage, the soil moisture content control irrigation threshold is set according to the soil salinity condition after the next year: soil layers above 80cm (for example, 80cm, 82cm, 84cm, 86cm and the like) on the surface layer of the farmland are all changed into light saline-alkali soil, and the ECe of the light saline-alkali soil is less than 4dS/m (for example, 3.9dS/m, 3.8dS/m, 3.5dS/m, 3dS/m and the like), irrigation is carried out according to-20 kPa, otherwise, the irrigation is continued according to-5 kPa.

Preferably, the irrigation according to-20 kPa is specifically: performing water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation, wherein the irrigation amount is 7-10 mm (for example, 7mm, 7.5mm, 8mm, 8.5mm, 9mm, 9.5mm, 10mm and the like) each time; after irrigation, if the matric potential of any 2 soil in the negative pressure gauge is lower than-20 kPa (for example, -20kPa, -21kPa, -22kPa, -23kPa, -24kPa, -25kPa and the like), irrigation is carried out again, and if the matric potential of any 2 soil in the negative pressure gauge is higher than-20 kPa (for example, -19kPa, -18kPa, -17kPa, -16kPa, -15kPa and the like), irrigation is stopped;

preferably, the irrigation according to-5 kPa is specifically: and (3) carrying out water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation, wherein the irrigation amount is 7-10 mm each time, after irrigation, if the soil matrix potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure meter is lower than-5 kPa, irrigating again, and if the soil matrix potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure meter is higher than-5 kPa, stopping irrigation.

The saline water drip irrigation water-saving salt-controlling regulation and control method and the threshold value for planting the edible sunflower on the original soil of the severe saline-alkali land are provided, the dripper spacing matched with the soil texture and the dynamic regulation dripper flow matched with the soil infiltration coefficient are selected, the growth period of the edible sunflower is divided into three stages of after-sowing, after-emergence and after-final-seedling, the water and salt regulation and control treatment with different modes and different threshold values is carried out, the problems of closed soil pores, poor water permeability and air permeability and soil salt accumulation after the soil moisture of the severe saline-alkali land is saturated are solved, and a suitable water and salt habitat is created for the growth and development of the edible sunflower.

Preferably, in the step (4), the operation of integrating the water and the fertilizer specifically comprises: and fertilizer liquid is injected into the pipeline through the fertilizer injection system during the whole irrigation period and is applied to the field along with irrigation water.

Preferably, the fertilization comprises two parts of base fertilizer and additional fertilizer, wherein the additional fertilizer is integrally applied through water fertilizer.

Preferably, the base fertilizer is diammonium phosphate, and the application amount of the base fertilizer is 10-20 kg/mu, for example, 10 kg/mu, 11 kg/mu, 12 kg/mu, 15 kg/mu, 17 kg/mu, 20 kg/mu, etc.

Preferably, the additional fertilizer comprises urea, a potassium fertilizer and a trace element fertilizer.

Preferably, the application amount of the urea is 10-20 kg/mu, for example, 10 kg/mu, 11 kg/mu, 13 kg/mu, 15 kg/mu, 17 kg/mu, 20 kg/mu, etc.

Preferably, the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate, and the application amount of the potash fertilizer is 25-40 kg/mu, for example, 25 kg/mu, 26 kg/mu, 27 kg/mu, 29 kg/mu, 31 kg/mu, 34 kg/mu, 37 kg/mu, 40 kg/mu and the like.

Preferably, the trace elements in the trace element fertilizer comprise any one or a combination of at least two of iron element, magnesium element, zinc element, boron element or manganese element;

preferably, the application amount of the microelement fertilizer is 3-5 kg/mu, such as 3 kg/mu, 3.5 kg/mu, 4 kg/mu, 4.5 kg/mu, 5 kg/mu and the like.

The invention provides a saline water drip irrigation water-fertilizer integrated high-yield fertilization and irrigation method for planting edible sunflower on original soil of severe saline-alkali soil, and provides a nutrient synergistic fertilization strategy for increasing the application of a potassium fertilizer and additionally applying a medium trace element fertilizer compared with the conventional fertilization, the stress resistance of the edible sunflower is improved and the nutrient absorption balance of plants is promoted by increasing the application of the potassium fertilizer, the stress resistance of the edible sunflower is improved and the nutrient absorption of the root systems of the plants is promoted by applying the medium trace element fertilizer, so that the problems of unbalanced plant nutrient absorption and reduced nutrient absorption under the stress of salinity are solved, and a habitat suitable for water fertilizer is created for the growth and development of the edible sunflower.

Preferably, a drip irrigation system needs to be designed and installed before land arrangement and ridge culture film covering in the step (1): planning design of a drip irrigation header system, field pipe network arrangement and irrigation area division of a planting area is carried out according to irrigation water source positions, planting areas, land shapes and edible sunflower plant row information, and design standards are implemented according to the national micro-irrigation engineering technical standard (GB/T50485-2020).

Preferably, the irrigation header system at least comprises a frequency conversion system, a filtering system and a fertilizer injection system, and meets the requirements of corrosion resistance and blockage resistance of saline irrigation.

Preferably, according to the soil characteristics of the planting area, the dripper distance parameter is determined, the dripper distance is 20cm for the slightly sandy type saline-alkali soil, and the dripper distance is 30cm for the slightly muddy type saline-alkali soil.

In the method, specific field management measures such as base fertilizer application, seedling checking and reseeding, inter-planting and final singling, intertillage weeding, supplementary pollination, pest control and the like are carried out according to the requirements of planted sunflower varieties.

In the method, the field pressure can be adjusted within the water head pressure range of 2-3 m during irrigation after sowing for the first time, so that the field dripper flow is adaptive to the initial soil infiltration of the saline-alkali soil, the field pressure can be adjusted to the design pressure after seedling emergence for normal irrigation, and the dripper flow is matched with the surface soil infiltration coefficients of different salt content stages.

In the invention, the irrigation is carried out according to the soil moisture content, the embedded dial type negative pressure meter can be observed once before 9 am and after 3 pm respectively, and the irrigation is carried out on the same day as long as the set threshold value is exceeded; as for the electronic negative pressure meter for collecting soil moisture content in real time, irrigation is carried out on the same day as long as the collected data exceed the set threshold value.

In the invention, the applied urea, potassium sulfate and medium and trace element fertilizer are water-soluble fertilizers, potassium sulfate can be replaced by other potassium fertilizers such as potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and the like, and the medium and trace element fertilizer mainly comprises iron, magnesium, zinc, boron, manganese and the like.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) Aiming at saline-alkali soil or salinized farmland, shallow underground saline water or peripheral saline water is used for drip irrigation, and an agricultural mode for sowing original soil edible sunflower in severe saline-alkali soil, a saline water drip irrigation water-salt regulation and control method and a water-fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation nutrient synergism method are provided in combination, the edible sunflower is planted under the condition that no soil improvement agent is added, so that not only can agricultural production be enlarged, but also fresh water resources can be saved, and the development of regional economy and society is effectively promoted;

(2) According to the method, soil improvement is not carried out, a soil conditioner is not added, a direct planting mode of the original soil of the severe saline-alkali soil is adopted, and the problem of seed emergence is solved by determining key agronomic parameters such as the proper sowing depth of the edible sunflower, the sowing row spacing, the irrigation quantity of the saline water for soil moisture making at the first time and the like under the saline water drip irrigation condition;

(3) The invention solves the problems of soil salt accumulation and water-salt-gas discordance in root areas by selecting proper dripper flow and dripper spacing and formulating a reasonable saline water drip irrigation system;

(4) The method realizes nutrient synergism by integrating water and fertilizer and applying potash fertilizer and medium and trace element fertilizer, solves the problem of incongruity of water, fertilizer and salt, realizes synchronous salt leaching and sowing, has the effects of saving water and controlling salt, saving labor and reducing cost, high quality and high yield and the like, and has simple operation, obvious benefit and wide application prospect.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a layout diagram of a drip irrigation system for planting edible sunflower in saline-alkali soil;

wherein, 1 is salt water well, 2 is centrifugal filtration system, 3 is lamination filtration system, 4 is the fertilizer injection system, and 5 is field tip.

FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a sunflower planted in saline-alkali soil according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a field layout of the saline-alkali soil planting of edible sunflower in the saline-alkali soil of the invention;

FIG. 4 is the burying diagram of the negative pressure gauge of saline-alkali soil.

Detailed Description

The technical solution of the present invention is further explained by the following embodiments. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the examples are only for the understanding of the present invention and should not be construed as the specific limitations of the present invention. The raw materials and various devices used in the invention are conventional commercial products, and can be directly obtained by market purchase.

The drip irrigation system design and installation of the following examples and comparative examples is as follows (as shown in fig. 1):

(1) planning design such as a drip irrigation header system, field pipe network arrangement, wheel irrigation area division and the like of a planting area is carried out according to information such as irrigation water source positions, planting areas, plant row spacing of the edible sunflower plants and the like, and the design standard is executed according to the national micro-irrigation engineering technical standard (GB/T50485-2020);

(2) the drip irrigation head system at least comprises key devices such as a frequency conversion system, a filtering system, a fertilizer injection system and the like, and meets the requirements of corrosion resistance and blockage resistance of saline water irrigation;

(3) according to the soil characteristics of a planting area, the dripper spacing parameter is determined, 20cm can be selected for the dripper spacing of the saline-alkali soil with a sandy type, and 30cm can be selected for the dripper spacing suitable for the saline-alkali soil with a muddy type;

(4) and (4) installing the drip irrigation system equipment according to the drip irrigation system scheme designed by planning.

Example 1

The embodiment provides a method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps:

(1) Land arrangement and ridge culture film covering (as shown in figure 2):

deep loosening the salinized farmland by at least 50cm at intervals of 2-3 years; carrying out rotary tillage every year, wherein the tillage depth is at least 30cm, breaking a plough bottom layer, and loosening soil; ridging, drip irrigation belt laying, film mulching and the like are carried out on the farmland after rotary tillage, the ridge height is about 12cm, the ridge surface width is 40cm, the ridge interval is 80cm, the drip irrigation belt is laid in the middle of the ridge surface, and the ridge is covered with an agricultural film.

(2) Sowing the edible sunflower seeds (as shown in figure 2):

selecting hybrid edible sunflower seeds SH361 of Sanrui agricultural family, and dressing with fludioxonil 25g/L for each 100kg seeds before sowing to prevent and treat sclerotinia rot and downy mildew of edible sunflower; sowing edible sunflower seeds at a distance of 5cm from the drip irrigation zone, wherein each hole is provided with 1 seed, the sowing depth is 4cm, sand covers the seed holes after sowing, the row spacing of the edible sunflower seeds is 80cm, the selected edible sunflower variety is SH361, the suitable sowing density is 2083, and the plant spacing is 40cm; and the others are carried out according to the normal field management of the edible sunflower planting.

(3) Soil moisture monitoring (as shown in fig. 3):

selecting 3 representative points in the field, wherein the growth potential of the edible sunflower at the point can represent the average growth potential of the edible sunflower in the farmland, the soil quality at the point can represent the soil quality condition of more than 2/3 of the farmland, the point is avoided being selected on the edge of the field, and each point is buried with a soil moisture content monitoring vacuum gauge or an electronic negative gauge at the depth of 20cm under the dripper.

(4) The saline water drip irrigation water salt regulation method comprises the following steps:

dividing the irrigation period from sowing to harvest of edible sunflower into three stages of sowing, seedling emergence and final singling, wherein each stage is managed by irrigation according to the following irrigation principle;

(1) after sowing: irrigating 30mm of saline water (6 g/L) for the first time after sowing, continuously irrigating, stopping irrigating if large-area open water appears in a farmland, continuing irrigating until the amount of the open water is reduced to 30mm, and not applying fertilizer at the stage;

(2) after seedling emergence: detecting soil salinity (EC) near the sowing hole in real time after seedling emergence, irrigating 4mm of salt water when the EC near the sowing hole is more than 3dS/m, and irrigating 4mm of salt water immediately after raining in the period of light rain, wherein the fertilizer is not applied at the stage;

(3) after seedling setting: after seedling setting, irrigation is carried out according to soil moisture content, in the first year, when the soil matrix potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure meter is reduced to more than-5 kPa, water and fertilizer integrated fertilization irrigation is carried out, and the irrigation quantity is 7mm each time. If the irrigation is not carried out for more than 5 days continuously, the fertilizer application and the irrigation are needed once, and the irrigation quantity is 4mm. And after the next year, setting a soil moisture content control irrigation threshold according to the soil salinity condition. If the soil on the surface layer of the farmland is changed into mild saline-alkali soil (ECe is less than 4 dS/m), irrigating according to a threshold value of-20 kPa, otherwise, continuing to irrigate according to-5 kPa;

the specific saline water drip irrigation water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation method is as follows:

(1) base fertilizer: 15 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate is added.

(2) Topdressing: and (3) topdressing 15 kg/mu of urea, 26 kg/mu of potassium sulfate and 4 kg/mu of medium trace element fertilizer. The number of days of fertilizer application and irrigation is calculated from the time of final singling to the time of harvesting, the fertilizer applied by dressing is converted into the fertilizing amount of each day, the number of days between each time of irrigation and the last time of irrigation is calculated, and then the fertilizing amount of each day is multiplied by the number of days between each time of irrigation to obtain the fertilizing amount required by the current irrigation. And adding the calculated fertilizing amount into a fertilizer barrel, injecting the fertilizer liquid into a pipeline through a fertilizer injection system during the whole irrigation period, and applying the fertilizer liquid into the field along with irrigation water.

Other field management measures: and specific field management measures such as base fertilizer application, seedling checking and supplementing, thinning, intertillage weeding, supplementary pollination, pest control and the like are carried out according to the requirements of the planted sunflower variety.

Example 2

The embodiment provides a method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil, which is only different from the embodiment 1 in that the sowing depth is 2cm.

Example 3

The embodiment provides a method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil, which is only different from the embodiment 1 in that the sowing depth is 6cm.

Example 4

The embodiment provides a method for planting edible sunflower in saline drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil, which is only different from the embodiment 1 in that after the sowing in the step (4): after sowing, the saline water (6 g/L) is irrigated for the first time for 21mm, and continuous irrigation is carried out.

Example 5

The embodiment provides a method for planting mallow in saline drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil, which is only different from the embodiment 1 in that the soil on the surface layer of a farmland, which is more than 80cm, is changed into mild saline-alkali soil, and irrigation is still carried out according to-5 kPa.

Example 6

The embodiment provides a method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali land original soil, which is only different from the embodiment 1 in that no microelement fertilizer is applied.

Comparative example 1

The present comparative example provides a method of planting an edible sunflower, comprising the steps of:

A. land dressing: before winter, constructing strip fields with the underground water level less than 1.5m and more than 1m in spring in coastal saline-alkali soil, wherein the strip fields are 20m wide, 500m long, 1.5m deep ditches, 1m wide bottoms and 3m wide upper openings; building a terrace with the width of 12m and the ground distance of 1.5m from the ground water in the coastal saline-alkali soil with the underground water level less than 1m in spring; embedding reed bundles with the diameter of 10cm at intervals of 10m on the strip fields and the terrace fields, wherein the embedding depth is 40cm, the length of each drainage reed bundle is 1m longer than the width of the strip fields or the terrace fields, and two ends of each drainage reed bundle are exposed in the drainage ditch after being embedded; constructing water storage ridges with the height of 30cm around the strip fields or the platform fields, ploughing the soil, and applying 100 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate with the effective content of 12%;

B. irrigating with saline water in winter and freezing: extracting underground saline water for irrigation at the daily average temperature of below-5 ℃, wherein the salt content of the irrigation water is 9.6-11.2g/L, and the irrigation amount is 180mm; the specific operation method comprises the steps of irrigating with small water to freeze, irrigating with 180mm of water once after a stable ice layer is formed on the ground surface, and forming a stable saline water ice layer after irrigation;

C. and (3) mulching a plastic film: after the salt water ice is completely melted and infiltrated into the soil, covering by using a 90-120cm mulching film in time so as to reduce evaporation and inhibit salt return in spring;

D. sowing: selecting salt-tolerant oil sunflower seeds of American dwarf heads for sowing, and sowing by adopting on-film dibbling or mechanical film mulching, and sowing at equal row spacing, wherein the row spacing is 60cm, and the plant spacing is 28-30cm; 20kg of coated urea (with the effective content of 34%) is applied to each mu once before sowing, and herbicide is sprayed;

E. and (3) management in a growth period: thinning and final singling are carried out on the oil sunflower, and the number of plants per mu is 3700-4000; insect damage, mainly stem borers, is prevented and treated in time in the flowering period and the growth period of the seed discs of the oil sunflowers;

F. and (6) harvesting.

Test example

Test samples: the soil and final harvested product at each stage of the process provided in examples 1-6 and the process provided in comparative example 1;

testing and selecting areas: the ECe mean value of the soil with the thickness of 0-40cm in the test demonstration area is 23.8dS/m, the pH mean value is 8.73, the ECe mean value of the soil with the thickness of 0-120cm is 14.2dS/m, the pH mean value is 8.33, and the high-saline-alkali soil release agent belongs to a heavy saline-alkali soil;

test items: testing each item for 5 times, and taking an average value to record;

the specific test results are shown in table 1 below:

TABLE 1

Item	Yield per mu (kg)
		Example 1	253
Example 2	220
		Example 3	159
Example 4	215
		Example 5	190
Example 6	177
		Comparative example 1	159

As shown in Table 1, after the sunflower seeds are planted according to the method disclosed by the invention, the first-year yield of the planted sunflower seeds is close to the level of high-yield and medium-yield fertile farmlands, and the sunflower seeds are thin in skin, large in kernel, full in seeds, fragrant and delicious in taste and unique in quality.

The applicant states that the method for planting the edible sunflower in the saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali land original soil is described by the embodiment, but the invention is not limited to the process steps, namely the invention is not meant to be implemented only by relying on the process steps. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that any modification of the present invention, equivalent substitutions of selected materials and additions of auxiliary components, selection of specific modes and the like, which are within the scope and disclosure of the present invention, are contemplated by the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) Land arrangement and ridge culture film mulching: deeply loosening saline-alkali soil, carrying out rotary tillage, and then sequentially carrying out ridging, drip irrigation tape laying and film mulching on the farmland after rotary tillage;

(2) Sowing the edible sunflower: mixing the edible sunflower seeds and the seed treatment agent, dressing the seeds, and sowing;

(3) Monitoring soil moisture content: selecting at least 3 soil moisture content monitoring points in the field, and burying a soil moisture content monitoring vacuum gauge negative pressure meter and/or an electronic negative pressure meter under each point under a dripper;

(4) Regulating and controlling water and salt in saline water drip irrigation: and dividing the irrigation period from sowing to harvest of the edible sunflower into three stages of sowing, seedling emergence and final singling to carry out water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation.

2. The method for planting the edible sunflower in the saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the deep scarification is specifically as follows: subsoiling the saline-alkali soil, wherein the subsoiling depth is 45-55 cm, and the subsoiling is carried out every 2-3 years;

preferably, in the step (1), the rotary tillage specifically comprises: rotary tillage is carried out every year, the depth of tillage is 25-35 cm, a plough bottom layer is broken, and soil is loosened;

preferably, in the step (1), in the ridging, the height of each ridge is 10-20 cm, the width of each ridge surface is 35-45 cm, and the distance between every two ridges is 70-80 cm;

preferably, in the step (1), the drip irrigation tape is laid in the middle of the ridge surface;

preferably, in step (1), the coating film is specifically: covering an agricultural film on the ridge, wherein the agricultural film is made of a PO film and/or a PE film, and the thickness of the agricultural film is 0.006-0.2 mm.

3. The method for saline water drip irrigation of the deep saline-alkali soil original soil planting mallow as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step (2), the seed treatment agent is fludioxonil;

preferably, in the step (2), the mass concentration of the fludioxonil is 23-27 g/L;

preferably, in the step (2), the dosage ratio of the seed treatment agent to the edible sunflower seeds is 900-1200 mL.

4. The method for planting edible sunflower in saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that in the step (2), the sowing is specifically as follows: dibbling edible sunflower seeds at a distance of 4-6 cm from the drip irrigation tape, wherein each hole has 1 seed, the sowing depth is 3.5-4.5 cm, and sand covers the seed holes after sowing;

preferably, in the step (2), the row spacing of the sunflower seeds is the same as the ridge spacing;

preferably, in the step (2), the planting distance of the sunflower seeds is determined according to the seeding density of the sunflower seeds;

preferably, the sunflower variety is SH363 and/or SH361, and the sowing density is 2000-2400 plants/mu.

5. The method for planting mallow in original soil in saline-alkali soil by using saline water drip irrigation according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein in the step (3), the soil moisture monitoring points are 3 representative points, the growth vigor of mallow at the points can represent the average growth vigor of the mallow, the soil quality of the points can represent the soil quality condition of more than 2/3 of the farmland, and the points are prevented from being selected on the edges of the field blocks;

preferably, in the step (3), the buried depth is 20cm below the dripper at each point.

6. The method for planting mallow in saline drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that in the step (4), in the irrigation at the sowing stage, 5-7 g/L of saline water is adopted for irrigation, and the total irrigation amount is 28-35 mm;

preferably, in the step (4), in the irrigation in the sowing stage, when large-area open water which occupies more than 1/4 of the total area of the farmland appears in the farmland, the irrigation is stopped, and the irrigation is continued until the open water disappears until 5-7 g/L of saline water with the total amount of 28-35mm is irrigated;

preferably, in step (4), the field is not fertilized during the irrigation in the sowing stage.

7. The method for saline water drip irrigation of the original soil planting mallow in the severe saline-alkali soil according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein in the step (4), in the irrigation at the seedling stage, the salt content of the soil, which is 0-20 cm near the seeding holes after seedling emergence, is detected to be more than 3dS/m, 5-7 g/L of saline water is adopted for irrigation, and the total amount of the irrigation is 4-5 mm;

preferably, in the step (4), in the irrigation at the seedling stage, 5-7 g/L of saline water is irrigated immediately after 0-10 mm/d rainfall, and the total amount of the irrigation is 4-5 mm.

8. The method for planting mallow in original soil in saline-alkali soil by saline water drip irrigation according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein in the step (4), in the irrigation at the seedling stage, the irrigation is carried out according to the soil moisture content: reducing the soil matrix potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure meter in the first year to be more than-5 kPa, and carrying out water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation, wherein the irrigation amount is 7-10 mm each time; after irrigation, irrigating again when the soil matric potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure gauge is lower than-5 kPa, and stopping irrigation when the soil matric potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure gauge is higher than-5 kPa;

preferably, in the irrigation of the first year, the irrigation is not carried out for more than 5 days continuously, fertilization and irrigation are needed for one time, and the irrigation quantity is 4-5 mm;

preferably, in the step (4), during the irrigation in the seedling stage, the soil moisture content control irrigation threshold is set according to the soil salinity condition after the next year: soil layers above 80cm of the surface layer of the farmland are changed into slight saline-alkali soil, ECe of the slight saline-alkali soil is less than 4dS/m, irrigation is carried out according to-20 kPa, otherwise, irrigation is carried out continuously according to-5 kPa;

preferably, the irrigation according to-20 kPa specifically comprises: carrying out water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation, wherein the irrigation amount is 7-10 mm each time; after irrigation, if the matric potential of any 2 pieces of soil in the negative pressure meter is lower than-20 kPa, irrigating again, and if the matric potential of any 2 pieces of soil in the negative pressure meter is higher than-20 kPa, stopping irrigation;

preferably, the irrigation according to-5 kPa specifically comprises: and (3) carrying out water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation, wherein the irrigation amount is 7-10 mm each time, after irrigation, if the soil matrix potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure meter is lower than-5 kPa, irrigating again, and if the soil matrix potential of any 2 branches in the negative pressure meter is higher than-5 kPa, stopping irrigation.

9. The method for planting the edible sunflower in the saline water drip irrigation severe saline-alkali soil original soil according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein in the step (4), the operation of integrating the water and the fertilizer is specifically as follows: fertilizer liquid is injected into the pipeline through a fertilizer injection system during the whole irrigation period and is applied to the field along with irrigation water;

preferably, the fertilization comprises two parts of base fertilizer and additional fertilizer, wherein the additional fertilizer is applied integrally through water fertilizer;

preferably, the base fertilizer is diammonium phosphate, and the application amount of the base fertilizer is 10-20 kg/mu;

preferably, the additional fertilizer comprises urea, potash fertilizer and trace element fertilizer;

preferably, the application amount of the urea is 10-20 kg/mu;

preferably, the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate, and the application amount of the potash fertilizer is 25-40 kg/mu;

preferably, the trace elements in the trace element fertilizer comprise any one or a combination of at least two of iron elements, magnesium elements, zinc elements, boron elements or manganese elements;

preferably, the application amount of the microelement fertilizer is 3-5 kg/mu.

10. The saline water drip irrigation method for planting edible sunflower in the original soil of the severe saline-alkali land as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that a drip irrigation system needs to be designed and installed before land arrangement and ridge culture film covering in step (1): planning and designing a drip irrigation header system, field pipe network arrangement and wheel irrigation area division of a planting area according to the position of an irrigation water source, the planting area, the shape of a land parcel and the plant row spacing information of the edible sunflower, wherein the design standard is executed according to the national micro-irrigation engineering technical standard (GB/T50485-2020);

preferably, the drip irrigation header system at least comprises key devices of a frequency conversion system, a filtering system and a fertilizer injection system, and meets the requirements of corrosion resistance and blockage resistance of saline water irrigation;

preferably, according to the soil characteristics of the planting area, the dripper distance parameter is determined, the dripper distance is 20cm for the slightly sandy type saline-alkali soil, and the dripper distance is 30cm for the slightly muddy type saline-alkali soil.

Images