RU2817335C1 - Method of eastern galega cultivation for green mass in permafrost zone conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular to agriculture. In the method of cultivation of eastern galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) for green fodder in permafrost conditions, in which a complex of agrotechnical measures is used – soil treatment, application of mineral fertilizer, sowing, watering, harvesting. In the autumn of the year preceding sowing, ploughing is performed with “ПНЛ-4-35” to depth of 18–25 cm, followed by disking with a heavy harrow. Plow harrowing is carried out by soil treatment with discator “БДП” 3×4 at depth of 15–18 cm. In spring, moisture is closed in two traces along and across when soil is physically ripe with a tooth harrow “БЗСС-1.0” or a cultivator. In the first decade of June, mineral fertilizers are applied to reserve for 3–4 years of use based on the need for a dose of NPK₆₀ and NPK₉₀, followed by pre-sowing treatment with discator “БДП” 3×4, pre-sowing compaction with a roller after cultivation. One performs preparation of eastern galega seeds for sowing: seeds scarification not later than 15 days before sowing. On the day of sowing, seeds are manually inoculated with rhizotorphine for eastern galega 200 g/kg, and dried, sowing of eastern galega seeds at rate of 2 million/ha, seeding depth of 2–3 cm, with a sowing machine “СО-4.2” or a manual sowing machine for small-seeded crops with a row spacing of 30 cm. Post-sowing packing is carried out after sowing, crops are taken care of in the first, second year of sowing: interrow cultivation as required by cultivators – as far as rows are marked, subsequent – as weeds grow. Green mass is harvested at the height of the eastern galega more than 30 cm in the flowering phase or at the end of the vegetation period at the end of August – beginning of September. Drip irrigation is carried out at the beginning of the vegetation period as the top soil layer dries up and when the productive moisture content drops below 60% HB in the soil layer of 15–20 cm with norm of 100–150 m³/ha.

EFFECT: method provides creation of highly productive eastern galega grass stand on permafrost soils with high efficiency in conditions of northern agriculture – permafrost zone.

1 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to feed production and plant growing, and can be used in the cultivation of a new promising goat's rue crop for green fodder and silage, used in the cultivation of green manure crops in a crop rotation system, as well as for creating a highly productive grass stand of oriental goat's rue in permafrost conditions.

Analogues of the invention: There is a known method for cultivating Eastern goat's rue for seeds (RF Patent RU 2017365, published on 08/15/1994) in the conditions of the Non-Black Earth Region. The method involves sowing seeds of a two-year crop in the inter-row along with oriental goat's rue, which ripens simultaneously with goat's rue. The seeds of these crops after harvesting can be divided among themselves. In addition, after harvesting the seeds, local feeding of the goat's rue is carried out with treatment with disk working parts.

There is a known method for cultivating goat's rue in biological farming (RF Patent RU 2321980 publ. 04/20/2008. Bulletin No. 11). The method includes mowing the upper flowering part of the plants followed by harvesting the green mass. Flowering plants are mowed on grass that is 2-3 years old and 10-15 cm long. The remaining plants in the grass stand are crushed 2-3 weeks after mowing and plowed in as green manure.

However, in the conditions of the permafrost zone and risky farming in the above methods, some agrotechnical measures are impossible due to natural and climatic conditions and the presence of a waterproof permafrost layer.

The technology for cultivating eastern goat's rue for green fodder and seeds is known (Patent RU 2248 688 published on March 27, 2005. Bulletin No. 9), and can be used to create a highly productive herbage of eastern goat's rue. The method includes applying fertilizers and herbicides to the soil, as well as sowing oriental goat's rue with a cover crop. Oriental goat's rue is sowed before winter. Roundup is used as a herbicide. The disadvantage of this method is the use of a herbicide that has a negative effect on the frozen soils of the permafrost zone.

There is a known method of cultivating eastern goat's rue, which consists in sown simultaneously with it a two-year cover crop - white sweet clover (RU, patent 2055459, IPC A01B 79/00, 1996). Sowing goat's rue with white clover provides a stable yield of goat's rue for food, but is not sufficient in weight and does not allow for guaranteed subsequent harvests.

The technology for cultivating eastern goat's rue for feed and seeds is also known, including pre-sowing cultivation with the simultaneous application of a herbicide, for example treflan, to the soil, row sowing of goat's rue with a cover crop - woad (RU, patent 2017365, IPC A01B 79/02, 1994). At the same time, after harvesting the goat's rue for seeds, in this method the grass stand is fed by local application of mineral fertilizers to the soil using agricultural implements with disk working bodies. This operation increases the material and energy intensity of the technology. Agricultural implements destroy the soil layer in conditions of risky farming.

There is a known method (RF Patent RU 2567212, publ. November 10, 2015 Bulletin No. 31), including the cultivation of perennial forage grasses in the north. The method includes soil cultivation, spring sowing of perennial forage crops and their harvesting. For sowing, single-species legumes or a mixture of legumes and cereals with different periods of mowing ripeness are used.

There is a known method of growing forage crop plants (RF patent No. 2081534, IPC A01B 79/00, published on June 20, 1997), including tillage, spring sowing of perennial forage crops, their cultivation and harvesting, and then autumn sowing of annual winter cereals, joint cultivation annual winter cereals and perennial forage crops and their harvesting.

However, all these known methods are not effective enough for the regions of the Far North (permafrost zone) because in conditions of a short spring-summer period, a special selection of grasses is required to prepare high-quality feed. The disadvantages of these methods are the sharp difference in the natural, climatic and soil conditions of northern agriculture in the permafrost zone. In these known methods, technical solutions complicate the method and increase costs.

The closest technical solution is the method of cultivating eastern goat's rue (RF Patent RU 2264066 publ. November 20, 2005, Bulletin No. 32), and can be used when cultivating eastern goat's rue on soddy-podzolic soils of the Urals. Oriental goat's rue is grown under the cover of wheat. Wheat is harvested at a high cut in the phase of full ripeness. The invention creates a highly productive grass stand of oriental goat's rue on soddy-podzolic soils.

The disadvantages of this method are that when cultivating goat's rue, agrotechnological measures are carried out in the conditions of the Urals and do not correspond to our conditions - the natural and climatic conditions of the permafrost zone and frozen soils.

The invention is based on the task of developing a method for cultivating a new and promising perennial forage crop - oriental goat's rue for green fodder and creating a highly productive goat's rue grass stand in meadows at the lowest cost and high efficiency in northern farming conditions (permafrost zone).

The technical result of the invention is the development of a method of cultivation (agrotechnological cultivation measures) of a new, promising perennial forage crop - eastern goat's rue or (Eastern galega, Galega orientalis Lam.) for green fodder and the creation of a highly productive herbage of goat's rue on frozen soils with the lowest costs and high efficiency in the conditions northern agriculture (permafrost zone).

Experimental studies on the cultivation of oriental goat's rue for green fodder (as a raw material for the production of succulent feed) were carried out on the irrigated Moidoh plot of the Nemyugyu agricultural firm on the second terrace above the floodplain of the river. Lena, which belongs to the Prilensky agricultural landscape in permafrost zone conditions.

The soil of the experimental site belongs to the type of frozen solonchakous soil, which develops in combination with frozen meadow-chernozemic solonetzic soils, forming separate spots with sparse vegetation.

The reaction of the medium is alkaline, aqueous pH is 7.8-8.6, the humus content in the upper horizon is 3.14%, the content of mobile forms of nitrogen is N _nitr. - 0.38, mobile forms of phosphorus P ₂ O ₅ - 13.4, potassium K ₂ O high - 22.1 mg/100 g.

The climate of the Prilensky agricultural landscape is characterized by greater heat supply and aridity. The amplitude of average monthly temperatures in the coldest and warmest months (January and July) ranges from 50 to 60°C; the date of transition of the average daily air temperature through 10°C (in spring) occurs at the end of May. In this case, the sum of temperatures above 10°C is 1565°C, the duration of the frost-free period on the soil surface is on average 88 days. During the summer period, such heat supply to the territory is sufficient for the ripening of crop seeds with a short growing season and thawing of frozen sandy soils up to 2.0-2.5 m.

The intensity of PAR in the Central regions of Yakutia for the months of May-August is 1112 MJ/cub.m., which is sufficient for growing light-loving, new and promising forage crops.

In connection with climate change (the average annual temperature has increased by 3-5°C than the long-term average), in order to fully use the reserves of agroclimatic conditions, it seems possible to cultivate new perennial and legume varieties of forage crops using adaptive technology, ensuring increased productivity of arable land and improved permafrost fertility soil

The technical result is achieved by carrying out a set of agrotechnical measures:

- in the autumn of the previous year of sowing, plowing with PNL-4-35 at a depth of 18-25 cm, followed by disking with a heavy B-3.0 harrow;

- harrowing of the plowed land is carried out by cultivating the soil with a 3x4 BDP disker at a depth of 15-18 cm;

- in the spring, closing the moisture in two tracks along and across when the soil reaches physical ripeness using a BZSS-1.0 tooth harrow or a cultivator;

- in the first ten days of June, mineral fertilizers (1-RMG-4) are applied in reserve for 3-4 years of use based on the need for a dose of NPK ₆₀ and NPK ₉₀ , followed by pre-sowing treatment with a 3x4 BDP diskator;

- pre-sowing rolling with a ZKVG-1.4 or KZK-10 roller following cultivation.

Preparing goat's rue seeds for sowing:

- scarification of seeds no later than 15 days before sowing;

- on the day of sowing, inoculate seeds and dry them manually with rhizotorphin for goat's rue 200 g/kg;

- sowing goat's rue seeds at a rate of 2 million/ha, planting depth 2-3 cm, with a seeder CO - 4.2 or a manual seeder for small-seeded crops, row spacing 30 cm;

- post-sowing compaction following the crops (ZKVG-1.4 or KZK -10);

Care of crops in the first and second years of sowing:

- inter-row treatments as necessary with cultivators - as the rows are designated, subsequent ones as the weeds grow;

- harvesting green mass when the height of the goat's rue is more than 30 cm in the flowering phase or at the end of the growing season in late August - early September;

- drip irrigation is carried out at the beginning of the growing season as the top layer of soil dries out and when the productive moisture decreases below 60% of water content in a soil layer of 15-20 cm with a norm of 100-150 m ³ /ha.

When sowing goat's rue in the first ten days of June, the onset of phenological phases is given in Table. 1.

Table - 1. Phenological phases of forage crops Culture Seeding/renewal Shoots/2-3 pairs of leaves 4-5 pairs of sheets/st. Budding/flowering Pod. Having matured
seeds goat's rue 01-10.06 20-25.06 20-25.07 10-15.08 - -

Goat's rue grows very slowly in the first year due to the formation of the root system. At mowing ripeness in the flowering phase, the height of the goat's rue was noted from 20-30 to 40-60 cm. In the first year of sowing, the yield of green mass was 2.0-2.5 t/ha according to the fertilizer options, in the second year of sowing - 3.1- 3.7 and in the third year of sowing - 3.9 - 4.6 t/ha. On average over three years, the yield of green mass was 3.0 t/ha in the control option, 3.3 t/ha in the NPK ₆₀ option and 3.6 t/ha in the NPK ₉₀ option. The increase in green mass according to the fertilizer options is observed at 0.3 - 0.6 t/ha (Table 2).

Table - 2. Productivity of green mass, t/ha Culture Option
fertilizers Green mass yield Average Increase 2020 2021 2022 goat's rue Control 2.0 3.1 3.9 3.0 - NPK ₆₀ 2.3 3.5 4.2 3.3 0.3 NPK ₉₀ 2.5 3.7 4.6 3.6 0.6

The green mass of the new forage crop of goat's rue provides a high content of crude protein from 19.01 to 24.25%, fat - 1.80 - 3.21%, ash content -7.43-8.01%, fiber - 30.60- 31.60% (Table 3).

Table - 3. Chemical composition of green mass of goat's rue, % Culture Fertilizer option Raw matter content,% Protein Cellulose Fat Ash BEV Potassium, g/kg Phosphorus Calcium goat's rue Control 19.01 31.56 1.80 7.43 36.94 8.99 0.30 2.35 NPK ₆₀ 19.72 31.60 1.92 7.55 35.77 8.65 0.29 2.33 NPK ₉₀ 24.25 30.60 3.21 8.01 29.54 5.81 0.30 2.41

The eastern goat's rue has a high nutritional value, in 1 kg of dry matter the content of digestible protein is 147.41 - 198.87 g, the supply is 1 unit. digestible protein up to 233.9 - 245.1 g (Table 4).

Table - 4. Nutritional value of green mass of forage crops Cultures Fertilizer Options Per 1 kg of dry matter Provided 1 k.e. PP, g K.unit PP, city OE, MJ. VE, MJ. goat's rue Control 0.63 147.41 8.88 18.69 233.9 NPK ₆₀ 0.63 154.41 8.89 18.75 245.1 NPK ₉₀ 0.68 198.87 9.25 19.27 233.9

The technical efficiency of the proposed invention is the cultivation of a high-protein perennial crop of eastern goat's rue (or eastern Galega, Galega orientalis Lam.) for green fodder, the creation of highly productive grass stand of a new perennial crop of eastern goat's rue at the lowest cost and high efficiency in the conditions of northern agriculture (permafrost zone).

For the first time, a method has been developed for creating highly productive goat's rue grass on the frozen soils of Central Yakutia. The yield of green mass for 3 years of grass ranged from 2.0 to 4.6 t/ha (after overwintering a perennial crop from the harsh winter of the permafrost zone).

Oriental goat's rue provides high nutritional value (in 1 kg of dry matter - up to 147.41-198.87 g of digestible protein). High supply 1 unit digestible protein - up to 233.9 - 245.1 g. is explained by the peculiarities of the natural and climatic conditions of the permafrost zone - in particular, high light intensity, long daylight hours and the rapid increase in average daily temperatures in spring are of great importance.

The proposed invention will make it possible to obtain the green mass of the perennial culture of oriental goat's rue as a high-quality raw material for the preparation of succulent feed at the lowest cost and high efficiency in the conditions of northern agriculture (permafrost zone).

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating oriental goat's rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) for green fodder in cryolithozone conditions, in which a complex of agrotechnical measures is used - tillage, application of mineral fertilizer, sowing, watering, harvesting, characterized in that in the fall of the year preceding sowing, PNL-4 plowing is carried out -35 to a depth of 18-25 cm, followed by disking with a heavy harrow, harrowing of the plowed land is carried out by cultivating the soil with a 3x4 BDP diskator at a depth of 15-18 cm, in the spring, moisture is closed in two tracks along and across when the soil is physically ripe with a toothed harrow BZSS- 1.0 or a cultivator, in the first ten days of June, mineral fertilizers are added to the reserve for 3-4 years of use based on the need for a dose of NPK ₆₀ and NPK ₉₀ , followed by pre-sowing treatment with a BDP 3×4 diskator, pre-sowing rolling with a roller after cultivation is carried out preparation of goat's rue seeds for sowing: scarification of seeds no later than 15 days before sowing, on the day of sowing, inoculation of seeds and drying, manual inoculation of seeds with rhizotorfin for goat's rue 200 g/kg, sowing of goat's rue seeds at a rate of 2 million/ha, planting depth 2-3 cm, seeder SO-4.2 or manual seeder for small-seeded crops, row spacing 30 cm, post-sowing rolling after sowing, care for crops in the first and second years of sowing: inter-row treatments as necessary with cultivators - as the rows are designated, subsequent - as the weeds grow, the green mass is harvested when the height of the goat's rue is more than 30 cm in the flowering phase or at the end of the growing season in late August - early September; drip irrigation is carried out at the beginning of the growing season as the top layer of soil dries out and when the productive moisture decreases below 60% of water content in a soil layer of 15-20 cm with a norm of 100-150 m ³ /ha.