CN110384024B - Method for cultivating forage maize - Google Patents
Method for cultivating forage maize Download PDFInfo
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- CN110384024B CN110384024B CN201910827572.XA CN201910827572A CN110384024B CN 110384024 B CN110384024 B CN 110384024B CN 201910827572 A CN201910827572 A CN 201910827572A CN 110384024 B CN110384024 B CN 110384024B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
Abstract
The invention provides a cultivation method (drip irrigation area) of forage maize, belonging to the technical field of crop cultivation and comprising the following steps: selecting a land where the previous crop is wheat, rape or leguminous crop to cultivate forage maize, spreading decomposed farmyard manure after the previous crop is harvested and before turning over in autumn, and preparing soil in spring; sowing the aired forage maize seeds in the last ten days of 5 months; after the forage maize seeds emerge, thinning and final singling are carried out; when the forage grass is long to 4-5 leaves, carrying out primary intertillage; performing second cultivation when the forage grass is long to 8 leaves; before the forage maize is pulled out, urea is applied along with water drops, and intertillage and drip irrigation are carried out; harvesting when the moisture content of the whole forage maize plant is reduced to 65% or before frost. The cultivation method provided by the invention improves the yield per mu of the forage maize by 360-576 kg, reduces the cost by 5-7%, and improves the protein in the forage maize from 10.87% to 12.33%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of forage maize.
Background
The method has the advantages that the method is applied to the European continental land and the abdominal land in the European Asia in Xinjiang, the illumination is sufficient, the heat resource is rich, the temperature difference between day and night is large, the rainfall is rare, the method has a matched irrigation facility, the method is very suitable for the growth of the corn, and the method is a recognized area with the largest potential for the yield development of the corn in China. The corn as the forage crop has the characteristics of high biomass, excellent nutritive value, suitability for silage and the like, and the development of the forage corn can assist the development of the current breeding industry, particularly the development of the grass-eating livestock cattle and sheep industry. In response to positive indications from the municipality of the community as to the vigorous development of animal husbandry and grassy coordination, the vigorous development of the corn for feed contributes to the coordinated development of the plantation and breeding as well as the society, economy and ecology in the region.
At present, forage maize has few varieties, laggard cultivation technology, high planting cost, low yield and poor quality.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a method for cultivating forage maize with high yield and good nutritional quality.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a cultivation method of forage maize, which comprises the following steps:
selecting land parcels of previous crops such as wheat, rape and leguminous crops to cultivate forage maize, irrigating water, turning the land and preparing the land when the previous crops are sowed in spring or in multiple sowing after harvesting, and applying base fertilizer in the land preparation process;
sowing the aired forage grass corn seeds in the last ten days of 5 months, wherein the sowing amount is 1-1.5 kg/mu, the sowing row spacing is 50-55 cm, and the sowing row spacing is 35-40 cm;
after the forage maize seeds emerge, thinning and final singling are carried out, and one strain is planted in one hole;
when the forage grass jade is 4-5 leaves long, carrying out primary intertillage, wherein the depth of the primary intertillage is 5-7 cm; when the forage grass is long to 8 leaves, carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the depth of the secondary intertillage is 10-15 cm;
before the forage maize is pulled out, urea is applied along with water drops, and intertillage and drip irrigation are carried out;
harvesting when the moisture content of the whole forage maize plant is reduced to 65% or before frost.
Preferably, the post-harvest irrigation amount of the previous crops is 20-30 m3The depth of the plowing is 23-27 cm per mu.
Preferably, the base fertilizer comprises decomposed farmyard manure, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate; the application amount of the decomposed farmyard manure is 3-4 m3The application amount of the phosphoric diamine is 20-30 kg/mu, and the application amount of the potassium sulfate is 4-6 kg/mu.
Preferably, the forage maize seeds are aired 5-15 days before sowing, and the airing time of the forage maize seeds is 4-6 hours.
Preferably, the herbicide is used for sealing the soil after sowing at a concentration of 100-120 mL/mu.
Preferably, the amount of the urea applied in a dripping mode is 18-22 kg/mu, and the irrigation amount of the intertillage and drip irrigation is 25-30 m3Per mu.
Preferably, when the forage grass jade is 4-5 leaves long, weeding is carried out by using a herbicide ploughing, and the application amount of the herbicide ploughing is 80-100 mL/mu.
Preferably, the weedicide ploughshare is applied by mechanical spraying.
Preferably, when the forage grass jade is long to one leaf and one heart, the pest control is carried out by adopting crystal trichlorfon.
Preferably, the variety of the forage maize is 'Yucao No. 3'.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the method for cultivating the forage maize, provided by the invention, the steps of selecting the land, controlling the fertilizer water, the plant diseases and insect pests and the like in the cultivation process are adopted, so that the yield of the forage maize obtained by the method is increased, the cost is reduced, and the quality of the forage maize is greatly improved. According to the embodiment, the forage maize cultivation method provided by the invention is utilized to cultivate forage maize, the yield per mu is improved by 360-576 kg, the cost is reduced by 5% -7%, and the protein in the forage maize is improved from 10.87% to 12.33%.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a cultivation method of forage maize, which comprises the following steps: selecting land parcels of previous crops such as wheat, rape and leguminous crops to cultivate forage maize, sowing the previous crops in spring after harvesting the previous crops for land preparation, and applying base fertilizer in the land preparation process; sowing the aired forage grass corn seeds in the last ten days of 5 months, wherein the sowing amount is 1-1.5 kg/mu, the sowing row spacing is 50-55 cm, and the sowing row spacing is 35-40 cm; after the forage maize seeds emerge, thinning and final singling are carried out, and one strain is planted in one hole; when the forage grass jade is 4-5 leaves long, carrying out primary intertillage, wherein the depth of the primary intertillage is 5-7 cm; when the forage grass is long to 8 leaves, carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the depth of the secondary intertillage is 10-15 cm; before the forage maize is subjected to jointing, urea is applied in a dripping mode, intertillage and drip irrigation are carried out; harvesting when the moisture content of the whole forage maize plant is reduced to 65% or before frost.
In the invention, the forage maize is cultivated in the land where the previous crop is wheat and rape legume crop. In the present invention, the plot is preferably a deep, fertile plot; continuous cropping and stubble-cutting are prohibited. In the invention, the land parcel with the previous crop being wheat, rape or leguminous crop has the advantages of crop rotation and stubble ploughing, soil-borne disease prevention, fertility improvement and nitrogen fixation, yield increase and efficiency increase, and can provide good planting conditions for the cultivation of forage maize. After the sowing land parcel is selected, the land parcel is irrigated, turned and prepared. In the invention, the preferable amount of the irrigation water is 20-30 m3Per mu, more preferably 23-28 m3Per mu, most preferably 25m3Per mu. In the invention, the plowing is preferably carried out by adopting a plowing plow, and the plowing depth is preferably 23-27 cm, and more preferably 23-27 cm25 cm. The invention carries out soil preparation after the soil preparation, wherein the soil preparation comprises land leveling and land leveling. Before sowing, the present invention preferably further comprises shallow ploughing and soil moisture so as to enable the soil to reach a state of upper deficiency and lower excess. The specific operation of the shallow ploughing and soil moisture treading is not particularly limited, and the shallow ploughing and soil moisture treading operation in the prior art is adopted. In the soil preparation process, a base fertilizer is preferably applied, and in the invention, the base fertilizer comprises decomposed farmyard manure, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate; the application amount of the decomposed farmyard manure is preferably 3-4 m3Per mu, more preferably 3.2-3.8 m3Per mu; in the invention, the decomposed farmyard manure is decomposed cattle manure or decomposed sheep manure; the application amount of the phosphoric diamine is preferably 20-30 kg/mu, and more preferably 22-28 m3Per mu, most preferably 25m3Per mu; the application amount of the potassium sulfate is preferably 4-6 kg/mu, and more preferably 5 kg/mu.
The forage grass corn seeds are aired before being sown; the forage maize seeds are preferably aired 5-15 days before sowing, the airing is preferably carried out on sunny days, and the airing time of the forage maize seeds is preferably 4-6 hours, and more preferably 5 hours; the forage maize seeds are aired to improve the germination rate of the seeds; in the present invention, the forage maize seed is preferably selected, preferably manually or mechanically, to remove small, broken and diseased grains. In the present invention, the variety of the forage maize is preferably 'Yucao No. 3'.
In the present invention, the forage maize seeds are sown in the last 5 th month. In the present invention, it is preferable that the sowing is completed 5 months and 10 days before; the sowing quantity of the sowing is preferably 1-1.5 kg/mu, more preferably 1.1-1.4 kg/mu, the row spacing of the sowing is preferably 50-55 cm, more preferably 51-54 cm, and the row spacing of the sowing is preferably 35-40 cm, more preferably 36-39 cm. The sowing method is not particularly limited, and manual sowing or mechanical sowing can be adopted. After the sowing, the method preferably uses 100-125 mL/mu of Douguer for soil sealing, and more preferably 100 mL/mu; the soil sealing function is to prevent the growth of weeds in the field. In the present invention, if the re-seeding of forage maize is performed (only suitable for southern Xinjiang), the re-seeding is preferably completed 7 months and 15 days before.
In the invention, after the forage maize seeds emerge, thinning and final singling are carried out, and one strain is planted in one hole. In the invention, the thinning and final singling are preferably carried out by adopting an artificial method, diseases, weak seedlings and young seedlings are removed, and one strain in one hole is preferably ensured; if more than two holes are short of seedlings during the thinning and final singling period, two plants are preferably left in the adjacent holes. During said thinning period, the present invention preferably hoe off the weeds in the field.
In the present invention, when the forage grass is long to one leaf and one heart, the pest control is carried out by using the crystal trichlorfon. In the invention, the mass concentration of the crystal trichlorfon is preferably 85-95%, and more preferably 90%; the application amount of the crystal trichlorfon is preferably 0.4-0.5 kg/mu; in the practice of the present invention, the crystalline trichlorfon is preferably applied by: dissolving 1kg of crystal trichlorfon in hot water, and adding water to 10kg of crystal trichlorfon diluent; spraying the crystal dipterex diluent to 100kg of fried cake powder or wheat bran, uniformly stirring, and spreading to the root of forage maize in the evening; the appropriate amount of the scattering is preferably 4-6 kg/mu, and more preferably 5 kg/mu. In the invention, the crystal dipterex can well control cutworms.
In the invention, when the forage grass jade is 4-5 leaves long, first intertillage is carried out, wherein the depth of the first intertillage is preferably 5-7 cm, and more preferably 6 cm; when the forage grass is long to 8 leaves, carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the depth of the secondary intertillage is preferably 10-15 cm, and more preferably 11-14 cm; in the present invention, the effect of the cultivation is to increase the permeability of the soil, increase the ground temperature and facilitate the growth of crops and weed control. In the invention, when the forage grass maize is 4-5 leaves long, the herbicide ploughing is preferably used for weeding, and the application amount of the herbicide ploughing is preferably 80-100 mL/mu, and more preferably 100 mL/mu. In the present invention, the herbicide ploughshare is preferably applied by mechanical spraying; in the practice of the present invention, the herbicide ploughshare is preferably in the range of 1: 250, diluting, and uniformly spraying by using a mechanical spraying machine at the speed of 15-20 kilometers per hour in sunny days and no wind.
In the invention, before the forage maize is pulled out, urea is dripped, and intertillage and drip irrigation are carried out. In the invention, the amount of the urea applied with water drops is preferably 18-22 kg/mu, and more preferably 20 kg/mu; the irrigation amount of the intertillage drip irrigation is preferably 25-30 m3Per mu, more preferably 26 to 29m3Per mu. The jointing stage is a key stage of corn growth and is also the most main stage of fertilizer water requirement, urea is applied with water drops and intertillage drip irrigation is carried out before jointing of the forage maize, so that the requirements of the forage maize on water and fertilizer are met, and intertillage drip irrigation is carried out after urea is applied in a dripping mode, so that urea volatilization can be reduced.
In the present invention, the whole forage maize plant is harvested when the moisture content of the whole forage maize plant is reduced to 65% or before frost.
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The cultivation method provided by the invention is used for cultivating 'Yucaocao No. 3', and comprises the following specific steps:
1. preparation before broadcast
1.1 reasonably choosing the place
The deep and fertile previous stubble of the soil layer is selected to be re-sowed by wheat, rape and leguminous crops, and continuous or alternate cropping is avoided.
1.2 finely preparing the soil
Timely irrigating 25m per mu after harvesting the first crop of rape, wheat and leguminous crops and before spring sowing3Ploughing to 25cm depth, timely raking, leveling land, shallow ploughing before sowing, treading soil moisture to reach deficiency at top and deficiency at bottom.
1.3 seed selection
And (3) airing the seeds for 5 hours in sunny days before sowing, improving the germination rate, and selecting the seeds manually or mechanically to remove small grains, broken grains and diseased grains.
2. Sowing in right amount at right time
2.1 sowing time
The forward sowing time is finished before 5 months and 10 days, and the repeated sowing time is finished before 7 months and 15 days.
2.2 sowing quantity
The seeding amount is 1.5 kg/mu, the row spacing is 55cm, the plant spacing is 40cm, and the seedling is preferably 3030 plants/mu. 100 mL/mu of Jindu can effectively prevent field weeds by sealing the soil.
3. Scientific fertilizer application
3.1 applying base fertilizer
Applying high-quality decomposed cow dung or decomposed sheep dung 3.5m per mu in combination with land preparation before sowing325kg of diammonium phosphate and 5kg of potassium sulfate.
3.2 topdressing in jointing stage
The jointing stage is a key stage of corn growth and is also the most important stage of fertilizer and water requirement. Before jointing, urea is dripped to be applied to 20 kg/mu, intertillage and drip irrigation are carried out immediately after application, and the irrigation quantity per mu is 28m3And the volatilization of urea is reduced.
4. Management of field
4.1 thinning and final singling
After the forage maize seedlings emerge, the sick, weak and young seedlings are removed, field weeds are hoed to the full extent, one plant is planted in one hole in principle, and two plants are reserved above two holes when seedlings are lacking.
4.2 intertillage weeding
When the seedlings come out of the earth, carrying out primary intertillage at the leaf stage of 4-5, wherein the depth is 6 cm; and carrying out secondary cultivation in the 8-leaf stage, wherein the depth is 13 cm.
5. Prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds
5.1 chemical weeding
When forage maize grows to 4-5 leaves, weed stems and leaves are treated by herbicide ploughing, the dosage per mu is 100mL, and the forage maize is uniformly sprayed by a mechanical pesticide sprayer at the speed of 18 kilometers per hour in sunny days and no wind.
5.2 Pest control
During seedling stage, underground pests such as cutworms and the like are prevented and treated, when one leaf is in one core in seedling stage, 1kg of 90% crystal dipterex is taken, dissolved by a small amount of hot water, added with water to 10kg, uniformly sprayed on 100kg of fried cake powder or wheat bran, uniformly mixed and then spread on the roots of crops in the evening, and 5kg is used per mu, so that the effect of preventing and treating cutworms is good.
6. Harvesting at the right time
Harvesting when the moisture content of the whole plant is reduced to 65% or in time before frost.
The forage maize variety 'Yucao3' obtained by the method has the planting characteristics that:
the re-sowing growth period in the southern Xinjiang area is 87 days; the variety is yellow in seed, and the thousand seed weight is 270-290 g. The plant grows luxuriantly, the root system is developed, the stems are thick and strong, the stems are upright, the plant height can reach more than 4m when the plant is not cut, the main stem is 2.13-2.78 cm thick, the leaf length is 80-118 cm, and the leaf width is 8.8-12.5 cm; the male flowers belong to the panicle, the main shaft length is 44.2cm, and the tillering is averagely 3-4; the female flowers belong to spike-shaped inflorescences, the female ears are large and small, and 3-5 tillers are used. 17.11% of leaf crude protein, 3.12% of crude fat, 47.26% of acid detergent fiber and 74.52% of neutral detergent fiber; 12.28 percent of stem crude protein, 1.5 percent of crude fat, 41.11 percent of acid washing fiber and 64.95 percent of neutral washing fiber. The number of growing days (emergence-maturity) in a suitable planting area is about 120d, and the activity accumulated temperature is about 2460 ℃ at the temperature of more than or equal to 10 ℃.
The forage maize variety 'Yucao3' cultivated by the method has the characteristics of variety adaptability, yield, quality and the like:
1. wide adaptability
The 'Yucaocao No. 3' is introduced into the experimental demonstration in 2015, and the demonstration of after-wheat re-sowing is carried out in Mayu county and 2017 in Hetian county in 2016, so that the yield is high and the lodging resistance is realized.
2. Yield situation
The normal sowing biological yield in Maoyu county in 2016 is 7200 kg/mu, and the secondary sowing ground biological yield is 5230 kg/mu; the growth period is 87 days. The biological yield on the land of the repeated sowing in the Hetian county in 2017 is 5170 kg/mu.
3. Aspect of quality
17.11% of leaf crude protein, 3.12% of crude fat, 47.26% of acid detergent fiber and 74.52% of neutral detergent fiber; 12.28 percent of stem crude protein, 1.5 percent of crude fat, 41.11 percent of acid washing fiber and 64.95 percent of neutral washing fiber.
4. Susceptible condition
The incidence rate of head smut is 2.7-3.2%.
5. Matters of attention
The variety has more tillers, and can not remove the tillers, otherwise the yield is influenced.
After the corn is planted by the method, the yield per mu reaches 7200kg, the yield is improved by 5-8%, the yield per mu is improved by 360-576 kg, the cost is 674-688 yuan, the cost is reduced by 5-7%, the forage quality and nutrition are greatly improved, and the protein is improved to 12.33% from the original 10.87%.
The 'Yucaocao No. 3' is cultivated by a conventional method, conventional sowing, cultivation and pest control are adopted, and urea is spread. The obtained forage maize variety 'Yucao3' has the planting characteristics that:
the re-sowing growth period in the southern Xinjiang area is 87 days; the variety is yellow in seed, and the thousand seed weight is 260-275 g. The plant grows luxuriantly, the root system is developed, the stems are thick and strong, the stems are upright, the plant height can reach more than 4m when the plant is not cut, the main stem is 2.13-2.25 cm thick, the leaf length is 80-106 cm, and the leaf width is 8.1-11.1 cm; the male flowers belong to a conical inflorescence, the main shaft is 42.2cm long, and the tillering is averagely 3-4; the female flowers belong to spike-shaped inflorescences, the female ears are large and small, and 3-5 tillers are used. 15.11% of leaf crude protein, 3.01% of crude fat, 47.00% of acid washing fiber and 73.21% of neutral washing fiber; 12.15 percent of stem crude protein, 1.3 percent of crude fat, 41.03 percent of acid washing fiber and 63.23 percent of neutral washing fiber. The yield per mu is 6840-6624 kg. The number of growing days (emergence-maturity) in a suitable planting area is about 120d, and the activity accumulated temperature is about 2460 ℃ at the temperature of more than or equal to 10 ℃. The incidence of head smut is 2.9-3.8%.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A cultivation method of forage maize suitable for southern Xinjiang is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting land parcels of which the previous crops are wheat, rape and leguminous crops to cultivate forage maize, preparing land parcels in spring after the previous crops are harvested, and applying base fertilizer in the land preparation process;
the base fertilizer comprises decomposed farmyard manure, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate; the application amount of the decomposed farmyard manure is 3.5m3The application amount of the phosphoric diamine is 25 kg/mu, and the application amount of the potassium sulfate is 5 kg/mu;
sowing the aired forage grass corn seeds in the last ten days of 5 months, wherein the sowing amount is 1.5 kg/mu, the sowing row spacing is 55cm, and the sowing row spacing is 40 cm; the variety of the forage maize is 'Yucaao No. 3';
the irrigation amount of the spring sowing or the repeated sowing of the harvested previous crops is 25m3The depth of the plowing is 25cm per mu;
the forage maize seeds are aired 10 days before sowing, and the airing time of the forage maize seeds is 5 hours;
after the sowing, 100 mL/mu of herbicide is used for soil sealing;
after the forage maize seeds emerge, thinning and final singling are carried out, and one strain is planted in one hole;
when the forage grass is long to 4-5 leaves, carrying out primary intertillage, wherein the depth of the primary intertillage is 6 cm; when the forage grass jade is long to 4-5 leaf periods, weeding by using a herbicide ploughing, wherein the application amount of the herbicide ploughing is 100 mL/mu;
when the forage grass is long to 8 leaves, carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the depth of the secondary intertillage is 13 cm;
before the forage maize is pulled out, urea is applied along with water drops, and intertillage and drip irrigation are carried out;
the amount of the urea applied along with water drops is 20 kg/mu, and the irrigation amount of the intertillage and drip irrigation is 28m3Per mu;
harvesting when the moisture content of the whole forage maize plant is reduced to 65% or before frost.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the herbicide tiller is applied by mechanical spraying.
3. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pest control is carried out with crystalline trichlorfon when the forage maize is long to one leaf and one heart.
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