RU2298306C1 - Method for cultivation of soya for grain on irrigated lands and unit for bending of stalks during pre-harvesting period - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves applying fertilizer before plowing process; providing pre-sowing soil cultivation; sowing soya seeds by wide sowing process; providing young crop care, vegetation irrigations and harvesting procedures. Before harvesting procedure, at milky-wax ripeness phase of soya seeds, plated collenchyme under stalk epidermic tissue in lower tier of butt end of each plant, at site of joining with root, is deformed by bending away from row axis toward spacing, at an angle of 30-60 deg thereto. Mechanized harvesting is performed in direction of advancement of combine reverse to soya stalk bending direction. Unit for bending of stalks during pre-harvest period has tractor, toolbar implement with frame and hanging brackets. Unit is equipped with stalk deforming member and is made in the form of pair of trays, each designed for changing its position relative to frame by means of axially aligned pivot joints and main cylinder. Working surface of each tray is defined by motion of generatrix surface in the form of straight line along guide - length of spiral of circle involute. Thus defined tray working surface provides for continuous joining of soya stalk bearing beans with its surface. Length of each tray is equal to width of grain combine header to allow direct combining thereof.

EFFECT: uniform ripening of seeds in beans, reduced seed losses, and minimum damage to soya stalks on preparing thereof for harvesting by means of combine.

4 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, to crop production, and in particular to methods of cultivating crops on irrigated lands, for example soybeans for grain. A known method of growing soybeans, including continuous sowing, in which to increase productivity by creating the most favorable conditions for ripening continuous sowing is carried out by at least two soybean varieties with a difference in maturity of not more than 25 days (SU, copyright certificate No. 1471969. A1. M. CL ⁴ A01C 7/00. Method of soybean cultivation. / V.M.Zhurbenko (USSR) .- Application No. 4108226 / 30-15; Stated 06/16/1986; publ. 04/15/1989, bull. No. 14 // Inventions, Discoveries. 1989. - No. 14).

The disadvantages of the described method, despite the cultivation of two soybean varieties with different ripening dates, include large losses of soybean grain in beans, because in the lower tiers, the latter do not mature. Desiccation of plants also leads to an increase in grain loss.

In addition to the described method, there is a known method of cultivating soybean on irrigated lands, including stubble cultivation of the predecessor, herbicide treatment, fertilizing, plowing, early spring loosening and leveling, pre-sowing irrigation and cultivation of 4-5 cm, rolling soil before and after sowing, harrowing seedlings, irrigation in which, in order to accelerate the appearance of friendly and uniform seedlings, to reduce the damage and death of soybean seedlings and to suppress the inhibition of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as reduce labor costs, herbicides are made for 14-20 days before pre-sowing watering, and sowing is carried out by narrow-row or cross-sowing with a sowing rate of 1.3-1.5 million germinating grains per 1 ha of early ripening soybean varieties (SU, copyright certificate No. 1519539. A1. M.cl. ⁴ A01B 7/02 A method of cultivating soybeans on irrigated lands. / P.E. Gubanov (USSR) .- Application No. 4366797 / 30-15; claimed 10.11.1987; publ. 07.11.1989, bulletin No. 41 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1989 . - No. 41).

The disadvantages of the described method, in relation to the problem we are solving, include large losses of soybean grain when cultivating mid-ripening and late-ripening varieties.

There is also known a method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands, including fertilizing for plowing, sowing intermediate crops, vegetative irrigation, mowing green masses, plowing, preparing the soil, sowing soybean seeds, caring for crops, harvesting, in which they use as an intermediate crop alfalfa seed crops that are used annually for three years for green fodder, while in the third year of use of alfalfa, the first mowing is harvested in the phase of budding on fodder, then plowing, Preparations soil and crop in the same year, the seeds of soybean maturing varieties with 45 cm row spacing and a seeding rate of 400-450 thousand viable seeds per m 2, and the irrigation rate irrigation soybeans is 1023 m ³ / ha (RU, patent №2054229. C1. IPC ⁶ А01В 79/00. Method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands. / AK Chaika (RU). - Application No. 5005064/15; claimed 02.09.1991; publ. 02.20.1996, bull. No. 5 )

We have accepted this method as the closest analogue.

The disadvantages of the described method include the fact that it is possible to reduce grain losses during the cultivation of mid-ripening and late-ripening soybean varieties by pre-treating the crops with chemical preparations as desiccants. However, in this case, soybean grain does not meet international standards as an environmentally friendly product.

The essence of the claimed invention.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to obtain environmentally friendly grain as soybean oil for baby and diet food.

EFFECT: increased uniformity of ripening of soybean seeds in beans and reduced grain loss.

The specified technical result in terms of the method is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands, including applying fertilizers for plowing, pre-sowing tillage, sowing soybean seeds in a wide-row way, caring for crops, vegetative irrigation and harvesting, according to the invention before harvesting in the milk-wax ripeness of soybean seeds in the lower tier, the butt of each plant at the transition to the root, the lamellar collenchyma under the epidermis of the stem is deformed by a bend in the direction from the row axis in s Oron between rows at an angle of 30 ... 60 °, and the cleaning is carried out in the direction of harvester movement opposite to the hem stems.

The specified technical result in terms of the device is achieved by the fact that in the known unit for bending soybean stalks in the pre-harvest period, containing a tractor, an attached implement with a frame and hinge brackets, according to the invention it is equipped with a stalk deformer made in the form of a pair of trays, each of which is connected to the ability to change position relative to the frame by means of coaxial joints and a power cylinder mounted on the brackets of the frame and tray; the working surface of each tray is formed by the movement of the generatrix surface in the form of a straight line along the guide — a segment of a spiral — the value of a circle; the length of each tray is equal to the width of the header of the combine harvester for harvesting soybeans for grain.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the layout of plants of medium and late ripening soybean varieties, plan view.

Figure 2 presents the process of deformation of the lamellar collenchyma under the epidermis of the stem by folding the stem in the root part of the plant at an angle α from the row axis.

Figure 3 - the direction of movement of the grain harvester when selecting soy stalks inclined to the horizon.

Figure 4 shows the unit for bending stems in the pre-harvest period, a plan view.

In Fig.5 is a section aa in Fig.4, a longitudinally-vertical section of a tray with a power cylinder for changing the position of the lower edge of the tray relative to the field surface and the optimal inclination of the stems to the horizon.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

Cultivated soybeans - Clycine hispida (Moench) - an annual herbaceous bean plant. The root system of soybeans is the core system with a rough, relatively short, main root and a large number of long lateral roots that penetrate to a depth of 1.5-2.0 m. The main root is thicker than the lateral ones only in the upper part at a depth of 10-15 cm. Thin roots about 60% of the mass of the entire root system. Soy root hairs are very short (80 -110 microns). The root system of one plant, taking into account the root hairs, covers 7-8 thousand sq. Cm of soil cover, and their total length reaches 400-600 m. Most of the roots are in the arable layer.

In a cross section, the soybean root consists of the epidermis, cortex, endoderm, vascular-fibrous bundles, primary phloem, primary and secondary xylem.

The stem of mid-ripening and medium-late varieties in height is from 0.7 to 1.5 m. The stem is erect 3, strong, highly branched. Stem thickness - below 25 mm, in the middle from 10 to 15 mm; internode length - from 30 to 150 mm; the number of branches on the plant is 3-7, rarely more; the height of their attachment, depending on the cultivation conditions, ranges from 85 to 200 mm. All parts of the soybean plant, except for the seed and the corolla of the flower, are covered with hairs of white or red in different shades and densities. Outside, the stem is covered with a single layer of epidermis with a rather thick cuticle layer. Peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the soybean stem are the presence under the epidermis of a lamellar collenchyma, which performs mechanical functions, of thin-walled cells of the chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma, which performs protective and assimilation functions, and a circle of percyclic bast fibers, which ensure the strength of the stem. Further to the center is a circle of vascular-conducting bundles. In the center of the stem is a heart-shaped parenchyma in the form of large thin-walled cells, filled with air at the end of the growing season.

The soybean consists of one carpel, which forms a bean. It consists of two halves connected by two seams. One of them is the main one, seeds are attached to it with the help of a seed shaft (funicular); the other - the abdominal - is located on the opposite side.

The attachment height of the lower bean is 70 ... 200 mm, mainly 140 ... 180 mm.

When ripening, the latter opens and gives an outlet to the seeds. Bean cracking intensifies if warm, humid weather quickly changes to dry. Soybeans - straight, bent or intermediate, 4-6 cm long, 0.8 - 1.2 cm wide, flat.

The following varieties of soybean plants, zoned in the IV light zone in the Lower Volga region of the Russian Federation, including the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov regions and the Republic of Kalmykia, are listed in the State Register of Selection Achievements for Use, the following soybean varieties are recommended (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) - VNIIS 2, Volgogradka 1, Flame, Dawn, Sauer 1, Sauer 4.

A method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands includes the following technological operations: fertilizing for plowing, pre-sowing tillage, sowing soybean seeds in a wide-row way, caring for crops, vegetative irrigation and harvesting.

The best predecessors for soybean crops are winter cereals, corn, spring and perennial grasses.

The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers in doses of 60 and 120 kg a.i. / ha according to the phosphorus-potassium background (P ₉₀ K ₆₀ ) provides a stable increase in dry soybean biomass from 8.24 to 10.64 t / ha. The introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers provides an increase in the soybean grain yield in the composition of the full mineral fertilizer from 0.6 to 0.9 t / ha. The maximum productivity at N ₁₂₀ provides a bean yield of up to 17.2-26.2 units / plant, and grain collection - up to 18.2-20.1 g per plant.

Soybean seeds are pre-sowed. The yield of treated seeds with special strains of soybean rhizotorfin reaches 2.5 ... 3.5 t / ha. This indicates a high efficiency of seed inoculation in the pre-sowing period. As growth stimulants use agate, nikfan, bischofite.

After harvesting the predecessor, stubble cultivation is carried out, provocative irrigation is carried out at a rate of 300 m ³ / ha and after plowing the formation with a turn, water-charging irrigation is carried out at a rate of 800 m ³ / ha. Regrowth root shoots and annual weeds in the rosette phase are destroyed by the application of the herbicide to Luvar in a dose of 2 ... 3 kg a.a. / ha.

In the early spring period, cover harrowing and leveling of the field surface are carried out. Before sowing, in the last ten days of April, a soil herbicide (Harnes, Glaxitop, frontier) is introduced to destroy annual weeds. Herbicide embedment depth is 5 cm. The flow rate of the working fluid is 100 ... 300 l / ha.

Sowing is carried out at a soil temperature of 12 ... 14 ° C at a depth of sowing seeds of soybean (3 ... 5 cm). For the Lower Volga region - 1 and 2 decades of May.

The approximate sowing rate of medium early soybean varieties is (0.4 ... 0.8) · 10 ⁶ units / ha, and late-ripening varieties - (0.3 ... 0.6) · 10 ⁶ units / ha. Row spacing - 0.45; 0.60; 0.70 m. With different row spacing widths, b ₁ changes by t ₁ between soy plants.

On wide-row crops (0.45 ... 0.70 m) spend two to three cultivations. The first cultivation is carried out with well-defined rows of soybeans to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm and a low tractor speed in order to avoid sprinkling of plants with soil. Use cultivators of models КРН-4,2; KRN-5.6; KRN-8.4 in aggregate with tractors of draft class 1.4 MT3-80, MT3-100; LT3-142 and others.

Irrigation of crops is carried out by the commercially available sprinkler units DDA-100M, DDA-100 VX, DDA-100 V, etc. and self-propelled sprinkling machines of the Fregat, Dnepr, Kuban-LK and other models. Irrigation is carried out according to the phases of plants: 1st watering is carried out before sowing with a norm of 200 ... 300 m ³ / ha; 2nd watering lead to the branching phase (formation of ternate leaves) with a norm of 300 m ³ / ha; 3rd watering - in the flowering phase with a norm of 400 m ³ / ha; 4th watering - in the phase of the formation of beans - 500 ... 600 m ³ / ha; 5th (final) watering - in the phase of growth of beans - 500 ... 600 m ³ / ha.

Before harvesting, in the milky-wax ripeness of soybean seeds in the lower tier (80 ... 90% of the beans turned brown), the lump of each plant at the point of transition to the root, the lamellar collenchyma under the epidermis of the stem is deformed by bending in the direction from the axis of row 1 to the side of row spacing 2 (cm Fig. 1 and 2) at an angle α equal to 30 ... 60 °. For a specific case, taking into account the height of soybean stems, the angle value (determined by calculation

where α is the angle between the axis of the row and the projection of the stems on the surface of the aisle, degrees;

b ₁ - row spacing, m;

l article - stem height, m

In this position, each stem 3 will be inclined to the soil surface in the row-spacings at an angle of 30 ... 45 °. When the stem 3 is bent, the circle of vascular-conducting bundles located in the center is overlapped by the epidermis of the lamellar collenchyma.

The flow of juice from the root system of soybean to the stem and leaves stops. There is an outflow of nutrients into beans and filling of soybean seeds. Leaves fade and fall. The moisture content of soybean stems is reduced to 22 ... 26%. The moisture content of soybean seeds in beans is reduced in the apical part to 16%, and in the lower tier - to 20%. By this time, the number of browned beans is 96 ... 99%. Stem 3 does not have brittle properties.

This operation excludes pre-harvest desiccation of crops by Reglon or magnesium chlorate. This allows further threshing products and straw to be used as a feed additive for animals. Soybean seeds are harvested in the direction of movement of the combine harvester 4, indicated by the arrow in FIG. 3. This direction corresponds to the reverse direction of the bend of the stems 3 mechanized unit 5 (see figure 2).

Cleaning is carried out at a working speed of up to 4.5 km / h. Harvester header with a width of capture In LCD equal to 4.1; 5.0; 6.0 m is equipped with 6 window lifters (see figure 3). The strips of the reel of the header of the combine 4 are equipped with rubberized blades 100 ... 125 mm wide. The threshing apparatus (beat) is set to a mild mode of operation: the rotation frequency of the drum shaft is 6 ... 9 s ^-1 with a diameter of 600 mm; gaps at the inlet - 24 ^{± 1} mm, gaps at the exit - 16 ^{± 1} mm. The cutting height of the cutting apparatus is within 5 ... 7 cm.

Post-harvest part-time and seed storage are carried out according to known technology.

The claimed method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands is implemented by unit 5 for bending stems 3 in the pre-harvest period.

The specified unit 5 (see Fig. 4 and 5) contains a tractor 7, a mounted implement with a frame 8 and hinge brackets 9, 10 and 11 for connecting rods 12, 13 and 14 with the frame of the tractor 7. The unit 5 is equipped with a stalk deformer 3 made in the form of a pair of trays 15 and 16. Each of the trays 15 (16) is connected to the frame 8 with the possibility of changing the position by means of coaxial hinges 17 and 18 and the power cylinder 19. The power cylinder 19 is mounted on the frame 8 by means of brackets 20 of the frame 8 and brackets 21 of the tray 15 (16). The front and rear wheels 22 and 23 of the tractor 7 are provided with narrow tires of width b _k , and the track of the tractor B _tr is equal to two row spacing 2 (B _tr = 2b ₁ ).

The working surface of each tray 15 (16) is formed by the movement of the generating surface 24 in the form of a straight line along the guide. As the latter, use the spiral segment of the involute of a circle, described by parametric equations:

where k is the radius of the circle that produces the spiral of the involute of the circle;

α is the angle of rotation of the radius of the circle.

The length of each tray 15 (16) is equal to the width of the header of the header In the _{LCD of the} combine harvester 4. Trays 15 and 16 process a strip of stalks 3 of soybean width T (see FIGS. 4, 3 and 2). This eliminates flaws when harvesting and threshing the stems 3 with a combine harvester 4.

The unit for bending soybean stalks in the pre-harvest period is as follows.

By rods 12-14 of the tractor’s hydraulic system 7, the frame 8 of the aggregate 5 is raised 20 ... 30 cm above the apical part of the height of the stems 1 tbsp (see FIG. 5). Next, the direction of movement of the aggregate 5, shown by arrows in FIG. 2, is punched with landmarks. The angle α is calculated by the formula (1). Unit 5 then moves along the surface of the field in a “shuttle” way of movement.

Due to the exceptional surface qualities of the trays 15 and 16, the stems 3 smoothly mate with them, without causing the destruction of the soybean leaflets. Stems 3 are bent in the butt part. Each stem 3 remains after the passage of the unit 5 in an inclined position above the aisle. Leaves fall. Stems and beans are exposed. The moisture content of the stems is reduced to 20 ... 24%. The moisture content of soybean seeds in beans does not exceed 16%. This allows the threshing of soybeans and obtain high-quality seeds with minimal mechanical damage.

Claims (4)

1. A method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands, including applying fertilizers for plowing, pre-sowing tillage, sowing soybean seeds in a wide-row way, caring for crops, vegetative irrigation and harvesting, characterized in that before harvesting in milk-wax ripeness of soybean seeds in at the point of transition to the root, the lamellar collenchyma under the epidermis of the stem is deformed with a bend in the direction from the row axis to the row spacing at an angle of 30 ... 60 °, and harvesting is carried out in the direction of movement of the combine, the opposite direction of the hem of the stems. 2. An assembly for bending soybean stalks in the pre-harvest period, comprising a tractor, a mounted implement with a frame and hinge brackets, characterized in that it is equipped with a stalk deformer made in the form of a pair of trays, each of which is connected with the possibility of changing position relative to the frame by means of coaxial hinges and a power cylinder mounted on the brackets of the frame and tray. 3. The assembly according to claim 2, characterized in that the working surface of each tray is formed by the movement of the generatrix surface in the form of a straight line along the guide - a segment of the spiral of involute circle. 4. The unit according to claim 2, characterized in that the length of each tray is equal to the width of the header of the combine harvester for harvesting soybeans for grain.

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