RU2402187C2 - Method for agrotechnical melioration of soya beans plantations - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes forecrop stubble breaking, early underwinter plowing, cultivation in case weeds appear or application of herbicide to remove perennial offset weeds, application of mineral fertilisers, plowing, prevernal harrowing, presowing cultivation, sowing. After sowing, surface tillage is carried out prior to and after emerging of seedlings, inter-row maintenance and harvesting. At the same time soya beans are sown at lower norm of seeds sowing. Distance between plants in a row is maintained as 30-40 cm. After plants grow up to the fifth-sixth ternate leaf, tip part of soya stems is cut.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to improve crop capacity.

4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in crop production for the cultivation of soybean crops.

A known method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands, including stubble cultivation of the precursor, treatment with herbicide, fertilizing, plowing, early spring loosening and leveling, pre-sowing irrigation and cultivation of 4-5 cm, rolling soil before and after sowing, harrowing seedlings, irrigation in which, in order to increase productivity by accelerating the appearance of friendly and uniform seedlings, reduce damage and death of soybean seedlings and eliminate inhibition of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as reduce labor costs, erbitsidy introduced for 14-20 days before pre-watering and closed drills or sowing is carried out cross-seeding with a seeding rate of 1.3-1.5 million viable grains per 1 ha maturing soybean varieties (SU, Inventor's Certificate, №1519539. M.kl. ⁴ А01В 79/02. Method for soybean cultivation on irrigated lands // P.E. Gubanov. Declared 10.11.1987, published 07.11.1989).

The disadvantage of this method is the low efficiency of soybean cultivation, due to the fact that the increase in labor costs is not sufficiently compensated by the yield obtained, the decrease of which, in particular, is determined by the irrationally used area of plant nutrition with significant soybean weed contamination, and thickening of soybean crops does not significantly increase the yield. In addition, the thickening of crops determines the significant costs of seed with a corresponding increase in the cost of production. Crop losses are also associated with increased plant lodging and poor grain quality, since predominantly defective beans with punctured low-quality grains develop in the apical part of plants.

There is also known a method of cultivating soybeans on grain, including stubble cultivation of the predecessor (grain crop), plowing, disking, harrowing, cultivating the soil in the late autumn, early spring moisture closure, pre-sowing rolling, introduction of treflan herbicide in early May and its incorporation into the soil, wide-row sowing with a seeding rate of 600-800 thousand germinating seeds per 1 ha at a soil temperature of + 12 ° ... + 15 ° C at a depth of 8-10 cm (Nosovtsev N.M., Ozerov N.P. Technological discipline - the key to the crop // Oilseeds . - 1986. - No. 1. - S.8-10).

However, this technology of cultivating soybeans for grain in irrigated agriculture does not make it possible to obtain sustainable crops, which is associated with insufficient activity of tillering and bean formation. In addition, a large number of heat-loving and late weeds, which by the time the beans are harvested almost clog the crops, leads to crop losses and makes it difficult to harvest by direct combining. The systematic use of treflan herbicide in soybean crops can significantly reduce the harmfulness of common weeds, but more than one type of herbicide is needed to successfully control various weeds. This leads to a sharp increase in the cost of production, since the increase in labor costs is not adequately offset by the resulting yield. Crop losses are also associated with increased plant lodging and poor grain quality, since predominantly defective beans with punctured low-quality grains develop in the apical part of plants.

There is also a similar method of soybean cultivation, in which, in addition to well-known technological operations, provide for soil leveling and planning by long-base planners (Burdin S.K. Annual-planned crop // Oilseeds. - 1986. - No. 1. - P.14-15 ) This agricultural technique promotes a uniform distribution of artificial rainfall and sowing seeds to a depth of 4-5 cm, creates optimal conditions for the application of herbicides, irrigation and harvesting with minimal losses. Before sowing, the field is treated with treflan with embedment to a depth of 5-8 cm. Sowing is carried out at soil temperature + 12 ... + 16 ° С. The sowing method is wide-row with 60 cm row spacing. The sowing rate is 80 kg or 400-500 thousand germinating grains per 1 ha. To reduce weediness, the field is treated with promethrin at a dose of 4 kg / ha or linuron 4-5 kg / ha according to the preparation before emergence. Heavily clogged fields are treated for the third time with basagrane in doses of 3 kg / ha in the phase of two or three soybean leaves. The effectiveness of this herbicide is very high. Its use in combination with pre-emergence application of treflan eliminates the mechanical control of weeds during the growing season. This method in conditions of irrigated agriculture allows to obtain high yields: 2.23-2.30 t / ha of soybean seeds. The wide row-spacings allow two row-row cultivations to be carried out during the growing season by mounted cultivators-plant-feeders KRN-5.6 in aggregate with a wheeled tractor MTZ-80. The optimum water regime of this crop is achieved by maintaining soil moisture during the period from emergence to the beginning of flowering of plants at the level of 70% HB, from flowering to mass formation of beans and their filling - 80% HB, and subsequently not lower than 70% of HB. During the growing season, 3-4 irrigation is carried out at a rate of water consumption of 700-800 m ³ / ha. Harvesting soybeans is carried out with the converted SK-5 Niva combine harvester during the ripening period of 90-95% of beans. By this time, the stems dry out, the beans acquire a brown color, the leaves fall off. This greatly simplifies the threshing of beans with a threshing threshing apparatus of a combine harvester with trellised deck.

The disadvantage of this method is the low efficiency associated with the insufficient activity of tillering and bean formation with a high likelihood of plant lodging and disease damage, as well as low grain quality on the apical part of plants, which generally determines the low yield of soybean culture. The low efficiency of soybean cultivation is also due to the fact that the increase in labor costs is not sufficiently compensated by the resulting yield. A significant increase in labor costs is associated, in particular, with the need for leveling the soil and planning with long-base planners, the effect of which can be noticeable only on steep lands.

A known method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands, including the application of fertilizers for plowing, sowing intermediate crops, vegetative irrigation, mowing green masses, plowing, preparing the soil, sowing soybean seeds, caring for crops, harvesting, in which the crop is used as an intermediate crop alfalfa crops, which are used annually for three years for green fodder, while in the third year of use of alfalfa, the first mowing is harvested at the beginning of budding for fodder purposes, then plowing, preparation soil and sowing in the same year, soybean seeds of early ripening varieties with a row spacing of 45 cm and a sowing rate of 400-450 thousand germinating seeds per 1 ha, and the irrigation rate for irrigation of soybean crops is 1023 m ³ / ha (RU patent, No. 2054229. IPC ⁶ АВВ 79/00. A method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands // Chaika AK, Declared September 2, 1991, published February 2, 1996).

The disadvantage of this method is the low efficiency associated with the insufficient activity of tillering and bean formation with a high likelihood of plant lodging and disease damage, as well as low grain quality on the apical part of plants, which generally determines the low yield of soybean culture. The known method of cultivating soybean eliminates the use of herbicides, however, obtaining a soybean crop is possible only in the 4th year of operation of irrigated land, which also leads to an increase in the cost of production. In addition, when cultivating alfalfa as a precursor culture without sufficiently thoroughly destroying its vegetative organs, the probability of even the 4th year of simultaneous active development of alfalfa with soybean is not excluded, which, along with thickening of soybean crops (with a sowing rate of up to 450 thousand germinating seeds) per 1 ha) will have an extremely negative impact on the development of plants and the productivity of the main crop.

A known method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands, including stubble cultivation of the predecessor, application of a herbicide to destroy perennial root weeds, application of mineral fertilizers, plowing, early spring harrowing, continuous application of herbicides for the destruction of cold-resistant weeds, under sowing cultivation, pre-sowing cultivating, sowing cultivating, planting crops and cleaning, with a wide-row method of sowing with row spacings of 45, 60 and 70 cm from the axis of each row, the soil of the upper layer is shifted sideways, the wet layer is exposed seeds with a seeding rate of 500-600 thousand units per 1 ha are planted to a depth of 4-5 cm and rolled, and when 1-3 leaves appear along the row axis, a herbicide with a norm of 1.5-2.0 kg per 1 ha is introduced, carried out fine sprinkling irrigation with a norm of 250-300 l / ha, plants are sprinkled, creating a compacted roller (pile ridges), and between rows between subsequent irrigation irrigation loosely spacing, and before harvesting during the last cultivation, plant roots are exposed by displacing the soil from dump ridges (RU patent, No. 2132600 . IPC ⁶ А01В 79/00. A method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands // Borodychev V.V. and others. Claimed 1998.02.27, publ. 1999.07.10).

The disadvantage of this method is the low efficiency associated with the insufficient activity of tillering and bean formation with a high likelihood of plant lodging and disease damage, as well as low grain quality on the apical part of plants, which generally determines the low yield of soybean culture. The low efficiency of soybean cultivation is also due to the fact that the increase in labor costs is not adequately compensated by productivity. A significant increase in labor costs is associated, in particular, with the need to create compacted rollers (dump ridges), with irrigation irrigation and loosening of aisles, as well as the need for the last cultivation with exposure of plant roots by displacing soil from rollers (dump ridges).

The closest in technical essence and the achieved effect is a known method of soybean cultivation, including peeling of the precursor stubble, early autumn plowing, cultivation when weeds appear or application of a herbicide to destroy perennial root weeds, fertilizing, plowing, early spring cultivation, pre-spring cultivation, pre-sowing cultivation heating the soil to a depth of 10 cm to +10 - + 12 ° C in a wide-row way (aisles 45-60 cm), two-line tape (50-15 cm) or wide-row sowing (row spacing 45-50 cm and strip 15-20 cm), with a sowing rate of 300-400 thousand germinating seeds per hectare with a planting depth of 4-5 cm, on light soils - up to 6-7 cm, conducting surface tillage to and after emergence, interrow care and cleaning (Lapin A.G., Usov M.A. Fundamentals of agronomy. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat. 1990. p. 363-364).

The disadvantage of this method is the low efficiency associated with the high cost of seed, with insufficient activity of tillering and bean formation with a high probability of plant lodging and disease damage, as well as low grain quality on the top of the plants, which generally determines the low yield of soybean culture.

The objective of the invention is the creation of a new method of agrotechnical reclamation of soybean crops, providing high crop yields (2-3 times relatively characteristic of the variety) due to the effect of provoking branching and tillering of plants, with the development of equivalent side shoots, as well as by activating bean formation, increasing resistance to lodging and disease damage due to improved quality (increase in mass per 1000 grains) of the resulting grain.

The specified problem is solved as follows.

In the known method of agrotechnical reclamation of soybean crops, including peeling of the precursor stubble, early autumn plowing, cultivation when weeds appear, or applying herbicide to destroy perennial root weeds, applying fertilizers, plowing, early spring cultivation, pre-sowing, pre-sowing, pre-sowing, pre-sowing emergence of seedlings, interrow care and harvesting, soybean sowing is carried out with a reduced seed rate and provide a distance between plants number of 30-40 cm, after the development of soybean plants up to the fifth or sixth leaf ternate carried pruning apical parts of the plants stems.

Distinctive features of the prototype are:

- soybean sowing is carried out with a reduced seed rate and provide a distance between plants in a row of 30-40 cm;

- after the development of soybean plants to the fifth or sixth ternary leaf, the apical part of the plant stems is trimmed.

Soybean sowing is carried out with a reduced seed rate and provide a distance between plants in the row of 30-40 cm (with a sowing rate of 100-120 thousand units per 1 ha), this reduces the cost of sowing by at least three times and, most importantly, , eliminate shading during intensive branching and tillering. Improve the nutritional conditions of plants (their nutritional area) with the development of a powerful root system and branches with a stem thickness of up to 10-15 mm. Improve the conditions of illumination of plants and, consequently, photosynthesis, which affects the processes of active bean formation. An increase in the thickness of the stems increases the resistance to lodging and, therefore, reduces the loss of grain. Reducing the density of sowing seeds also exclude the appearance of elongated underdeveloped thin stems, on which predominantly defective beans develop with punctured low-quality grain.

After the development of soybean plants to the fifth or sixth ternary leaf, the apical part of the stems of the plants is trimmed, this causes the development of lateral shoots - branching and the development of additional stems directly from the cotyledons - tillering, with the formation along with the main stalk of equivalent additional lateral branches up to 7-8 pieces. on one plant. This significantly increases the number of beans on one plant (up to 150-200 pcs., Two to four times more than the varietal norm), exclude the uneven development of beans on the apical part. At the same time, the total mass of 1000 grains averages 210-230 g (20-30% more than the generally accepted norm in production crops), which indicates the usefulness of grain and an increase in its quality. Provide an increase in stem thickness, which increases the resistance of plants to lodging.

Thus, a causal relationship is ensured between the set of distinctive features of the claimed invention and the achieved technical result: ensuring a high yield of soybean culture (2-3 times relative to the characteristic variety) due to the effect of provoking branching and tillering of plants, activating bean formation, increasing resistance to lodging and disease damage, as well as by improving the quality (weight gain) of the resulting grain.

An example of industrial applicability of the invention.

The photographs illustrate the proposed method of agrotechnical reclamation of soybean crops. Figure 1 shows the state of soybean cultivars of the variety "Primorskaya-81", 15 days after trimming the apical part of the stems in the phase of plant development after the appearance of the 6th triple leaf; figure 2 is a photograph of one of the plants after trimming the apical part of the stem; figure 3 is the same immediately before cleaning; figure 4 is a photograph of soybean plants of the variety "Primorsk-81" after harvesting during continuous sowing without applying the proposed method of agrotechnical reclamation.

The photographs show:

1 - the main stem of the plant;

2 - the place of trimming of the apical part of the main stem 1;

3 - the base of soybean plants;

4 - lateral additional branches (shoots) when tillering;

5 - ternary leaf of a plant;

6 - beans;

7 - defective soybeans in the apical part with punctured low-quality grain on plants that have not undergone pruning.

The photographs indicate:

h _n - the initial height of the stem immediately after trimming (15-20 cm),

H _cf - the average height of soybean plants from the base 3 to the place of pruning 2 immediately before harvesting (30-45 cm).

The method is as follows.

As well as when using known methods that can be considered classical, they carry out stubble cultivation of the predecessor, early autumn plowing, cultivation when weeds appear, or applying herbicide to destroy perennial root weeds, applying fertilizers and plowing. The application of herbicides is carried out after soil preparation (plowing, loosening, rolling), depending on the state of the field, early spring harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation are carried out. In the optimal calendar terms (for a particular variety) and at a soil temperature of + 10 ° C, soybean is sown at a depth of seed placement. Soybean sowing is carried out, for example, in a wide-row method (row spacing 45-60 cm) or on the ridges of a ridge planter designed by FSUE DalNIIIGiM (Patent No. 2334385), which provides high-precision single-grain sowing with uniform distribution of seeds over the ridge site. Crests are cut at the same time with a seeder of the indicated design, the surface is rolled up and the seeds are sown to the same depth by indentation, and they are sprinkled with a loose soil layer. At the same time, the seeding rate is reduced (up to 100-120 thousand units per 1 ha) and provide a distance between plants in the row of 30-40 cm. Seeds are planted to a depth of 4-5 cm and rolled. The specified condition is due to the fact that the diameter of the soybean bush with comb or row sowing is at least 40-50 cm and a higher density of crops significantly reduces productivity. When the location of the main stems 1 of soybean plants at a distance of at least 30 cm from each other in a row (Fig. 1), shading is avoided with intensive branching and tillering, this also increases the resistance of plants to disease damage. It is also important that at the indicated density of crops, the conditions of plant photosynthesis and nutrition are improved with the development of a powerful root system and shoots with a thickness of the main 1 and lateral 4 stems up to 10-15 mm (varietal norm - up to 5 mm). This increases the resistance of plants to lodging and, therefore, reduces the loss of grain during harvesting. The proposed sowing rate of soybean seeds to 100-120 thousand units per 1 ha not less than three times reduce the cost of sowing by reducing the consumption of sowing material.

With a greater density of crops with a distance between soybean plants (between the bases of 3 plants) less than 30 cm, the conditions for the development of lateral 4 shoots sharply worsen. As studies have shown, with an increased density of crops with a distance between soybean plants of less than 30 cm (15-20 cm), the thickness of the main stem 1 and, accordingly, the lateral 4 additional shoots more than halves and is no more than 5-7 mm. At the same time, the overall height of the plant increases (up to 150 cm), the number of beans sharply decreases (by 50-70% or more), and resistance to lodging decreases. With significant thickening of crops (with a distance between plants of less than 10 cm), plants receive insufficient lateral illumination, which affects photosynthesis, the root system is limited in development, the nutrition of plants is significantly reduced, this leads to lengthening of stems (up to 130-160 cm), increasing the likelihood of lodging, premature dropping of leaves 5 and beans 6, increases the likelihood of damage to plants by diseases and dramatically reduces productivity.

Thus, by reducing the density of sowing seeds exclude the appearance of elongated underdeveloped thin stems 1, on which predominantly defective beans 7 develop with punctured low-quality grain on the apical part of plants (Fig. 4). With a lesser density of seed sowing (more than 30 cm between adjacent seeds in a row) and a corresponding decrease in plant density per unit area - an increase in sparseness also leads to a significant decrease in yield. At the same time, a greater decrease in the density of crops practically does not affect the development of lateral additional shoots 4 and the number of beans 6, equivalent to the main stem 1. In this regard, the reduction of the sowing rate to 100-120 thousand units per 1 ha and while ensuring the density of crops with a distance between plants in the row of at least 30 cm is optimal.

After the development of soybean plants to the fifth or sixth ternary leaf 5, soybean plants are trimmed, for example, by mowing the apical part of the plants with a rotary mower installed at a height h _{n of the} location of the trimmer 2 of the apical part of the stems 1 with the obligatory removal of the growth point and lateral 4 shoots of plants. The place of pruning 2 should be located on the site above the fifth or sixth triple leaf 5 (Fig. 1) approximately at a height (depending on the nutritional value of the soil) of 15-20 cm. This provokes the development of lateral 4 branches - branching and the development of additional stems 1 directly from the cotyledon (at the base of 3) - tillering (not shown in the photographs). After pruning, the color of the leaves noticeably changes to dark green and during the first week this color persists, gradually acquiring a normal color characteristic of the variety, which indicates a stressful positive provocation of photosynthesis by pruning. After 12-14 days after pruning, along with the main stem 1, equivalent additional lateral 4 branches begin to actively develop in an amount of up to 7-8 pcs. on one plant (figure 2). When trimming the apical part of the main stem 1 until the 5th triple leaf 5 appears, studies have shown that the number of additional lateral 4 shoots is correspondingly reduced. The root system insufficiently developed by this moment cannot cope with the nutrition of these shoots 4, they become thinner. At the same time, the number of beans 6 on the lateral 4 shoots is sharply reduced (no more than 50-70 per plant), resistance to lodging is reduced, which also causes yield loss. When trimming the apical part of the stems 1 and 4 after the appearance of the 6th triple leaf 5 and, therefore, after the soybean plants go into the generation stage - active flowering and bean formation, the bulk of the nutrients in the plants are used to form beans 6. This leads to a delay in terms of the process of branching and development of additional lateral 4 branches, their number decreases by 1.5-2.0 times, additional lateral 4 branches lag behind in development, full beans 6 do not have time to develop on them, which leads to a decrease in ur awaiting. In this regard, trimming the apical part of the stems 1 and lateral 4 branches at the stage of the appearance of the fifth to sixth ternate leaf 5 is optimal.

By trimming stems 1 and 4 after the appearance of the fifth to sixth triple leaf 5, the lateral 4 branches are actively developed, which, at the time of ripening, are slightly different in height and thickness from the main stem. This provides an increase in the number of nodes with peduncles containing up to 10 flowers, which determines a more active bean formation. Thus, by trimming the apical part, the number of beans 6 on one plant is significantly increased to 150-200 pcs., Which is three to four times more than the variety norm (on individual plants - up to 300 beans 6) (Fig. 3). Moreover, on equivalently developing additional lateral 4 branches, the number of formed beans 6 on average does not differ significantly (Fig. 3). Trimming also excludes the uneven development of beans 6 on the apical part of soybean plants (figure 3). The total mass of 1000 grains on average reaches 210-230 g, which is 20% more than the varietal norm (in production crops without pruning the Primorskaya-81 variety, the weight of 1000 grains is 160-180 g). This indicates the usefulness of grain and a significant increase in its quality. By the end of the growing season, the height of the main stem 1 from the base 3 of the plant to the place of pruning 2 (Fig. 3) H _cf increases slightly, in general, the average height of the plants by pruning is reduced by 5-10 cm and along with an increase in the thickness of the stem this increases the resistance of plants to lodging .

Thus, using the proposed method of agrotechnical reclamation of soybean crops with a sowing rate of 100-120 thousand units per 1 ha and cutting of the apical part of plants, they provide an increase in the yield of soybean culture (2.0-2.5 times relatively characteristic of the variety, in the experimental plot the yield was 4.5-5.4 t / ha) due to the effect of provoking branching and tillering of plants with the development of equivalent lateral branches 4, activation of bean formation, increased resistance to lodging and disease damage, due to improved quality (increased weight of 1000 grains by 20-30%) of the obtained grain.

Claims (1)

A method of agrotechnical reclamation of soybean crops, including peeling of the precursor stubble, early autumn plowing, cultivation with the appearance of weeds or applying a herbicide to destroy perennial root weeds, applying fertilizers, plowing, early spring harrowing, pre-sowing, pre-sowing cultivation and sowing , inter-row care and harvesting, characterized in that the soybean sowing is carried out with a reduced seed rate and provide a distance between races by strains in a row of 30-40 cm, after the development of soybean plants to the fifth to sixth triple leaf, pruning of the apical part of the plant stems is carried out.

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