RU2331179C1 - Cultivation method of seed onion and planting onion to bulb onion - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: cultivation method of seed and planting onion to bulb onion in irrigated farming includes unstriped planting and treatment. After harvesting the preceding crop in autumn, wide ridges 0.14-0.22 m height are created in the topsoil. Grooves are created between the wide ridges for creation of technological track with the base of 1.4-1.6 m. In early spring after warming up soil in the ridge to the temperature of +2...+5°C the seedbed is created along the ridge in its basis. The seedbed has the form of cylindrical surface with bulge in the direction of the ridge's top. Planting of the seed onion and planting onion is performed in the top of the centre of equilateral (regular) hexagon. Long radius of regular hexagon is equal to average diameter of the seedling of chosen hybrid of onion breed. After planting the seedlings are covered with the layer of granulated soil from the ridge. The topsoil gets compacted creating equidistant surface in the seedbed. The flexible drip line is put over compacted top of the ridge. Such method of seeding provides crop improvement due to efficient usage of chemical fertilizers, agricultural water and decrease of weed density.

EFFECT: increase in onion productivity.

13 dwg, 13 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of cultivating crops, in particular onions, by seeds and onion sets for turnips.

The closest analogue to the claimed technology for cultivating onions in irrigated agriculture for turnip is a method of cultivating onion sets for turnips, including sowing and caring for plants, in which, in order to increase yield and yield standard products while reducing labor costs for weed destruction, sowing is performed in continuous in a square way according to the scheme from 9 × 9 to 11 × 11 cm, mainly 10 × 10 cm (SU, copyright certificate No. 1240375. A1. Mcl ⁴ A01C 7/00. The method of cultivating onion sets on turnips / N.E. .Vorobyev, V.A. Borisov, V.F. Vasetskiy (USSR). - Application No. 3503886 / 30-15; Stated 10/22/1982; Publish. 06/30/1986, Bull. No. 24).

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivating turnip onions, adopted as the closest analogue, include limited productivity, a large percentage of non-standard products, low efficiency of the use of potash, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers introduced into the soil, a large degree of transpiration of irrigation water, and high clogging of onion plantations of single and perennial weeds, high doses of applied herbicides, high cost of grown products in the form of onion turnips despite the use of modern high-yielding varieties s and hybrids of onion seeds and onion sets.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is the effective use of potash, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers and irrigation water introduced into the soil when cultivating onions - seeds and onion sets for turnips in irrigated agriculture and reducing material and labor costs for the destruction of weeds.

The technical result is an increase in yield and yield of standard products.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating onion sets and onions - seeds for turnips in irrigated agriculture, including continuous sowing and plant care, according to the invention, after harvesting the predecessor in autumn, wide ridges with a height of 0 are formed from the top layer soil , 14 ... 0.22 m with the formation between the ridges of the tramline with a base of 1.4 ... 1.6 m, in the early spring after heating the soil in the ridge to a temperature of +2 ... + 5 ° С on its base along the ridge form a sowing bed in ph a cylindrical surface with a bulge towards the top of the ridge, seeding onion sets and onions - seeds are produced on the tops and in the center of an equilateral regular hexagon with a radius of the circumscribed circle equal to the average statistical diameter of the turnip of the selected hybrid or variety of onions, seeded onions - seeds and onion sets cover with a layer of crushed soil from the ridge and compacted the laid topsoil on the seeds, forming an equidistant surface of the sowing bed, on the formed compacted surface along the top of the ridge adyvayut flexible irrigation pipe with integral in its cavity droppers.

The invention is illustrated by drawings and tables.

Figure 1 shows a transverse-vertical section of a wide ridge with two ruts on the sides to form a technological road when performing the whole complex of agrotechnological operations, starting from sowing and ending with harvesting turnip.

Figure 2 presents the process of removing soil from the top of the ridge to form a seed bed in the form of a cylindrical compacted surface, a transverse vertical section of the ridge.

Figure 3 shows the transverse vertical sections of the prepared for planting onion sets or sowing onions - seeds with seeds laid on a cylindrical surface.

Figure 4 - the same, after covering the onions - seeds, loose crushed layer of soil, previously cut from the top of a wide ridge.

Figure 5 - the same, after compaction of the loose soil layer over the seed layer to create contact of onions - seeds and onion sets with a solid seed bed.

Figure 6 is the same, the placement of a flexible irrigation pipe on top of a wide ridge, a transverse vertical section.

In Fig.7 - the same process of formation and ripening of bulbs on the cylindrical surface of a wide ridge.

On Fig - layout of the bulbs to the ripening and transition to dormancy with a continuous square method of placing onions - seeds according to the scheme from 9 × 9 to 11 × 11 cm, mainly 10 × 10 cm, plan view.

In Fig.9 - view A in Fig.3, the arrangement of onion sets and onions with seeds on the cylindrical surface of a wide ridge at the vertices and in the center of a regular hexagon with a radius of the circumscribed circle equal to the average diameter of the turnip of the selected hybrid or variety of onion turnip.

Figure 10 - fractional composition of onions Chateau F1, depending on the seeding rate,%. Preliminary data for August 2006

In Fig.11 - yield onions Chateau F1 depending on the seeding rate. Preliminary data for August 2006

On Fig - the influence of different seeding rates on yield (b) and fractional composition (a) of Utopia F1 onion.

In Fig.13 - the dynamics of the value of the gross output of onions, depending on the seeding rate per 1 ha. Preliminary data for August 2006

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The most widely used method in irrigated agriculture was the cultivation of onion sets and onions - by seeds, including continuous sowing and plant care. Table 1 shows the general characteristics of onion hybrids according to harvest season data for 2001-2004 and average four-year yield data. The data were obtained on the basis of a production audit at the farmers' fields of the Volgograd region and correspond to the data for the Lower Volga zone. Table 2 presents the conveyor for the ripening of American onion hybrids of the Seminis concern in the Volgograd region according to the competitive variety testing from 2001 to 2004.

The data on the yield of onion are obtained due to loamy and sandy loamy soils saturated with organic substances, with sufficient moisture and a pH of 6.0-7.0. Onions cannot tolerate waterlogging. The best predecessors are potatoes, tomatoes, beans, cucumbers. Acceptable predecessors may be late crops: cabbage, corn, beets, carrots. As a predecessor, bows of any varieties and hybrids are unacceptable.

After harvesting the precursor in autumn, wide ridges 1 of height h _gr = 0.14 ... 0.22 m are formed from the upper layer on the treated surface of the upper arable layer in the autumn, with the formation of a tramline 2 between the ridges with a base of T = 1.4 ... 1.6 m. Adjacent wide ridges 1 are mutually spaced at a distance b _k = 0.3 m. The distance T is determined by the wheel base of an aggregated tractor of draft class 1.4 tf. The selected height of the ridge 1 when making it, leads to compaction of the bottom of the track 2, which, as a rule, is at the level of the plow furrow and further ensures the patency of the wheeled tractor with agricultural machines when performing the entire range of technological operations.

The width of the ridge 1 b _gr. in the upper part it is equal to 1.06-1.62 m, and on the base - 1.2 ... 1.3 m (see figure 1).

During the formation of wide ridge 1 in the late autumn period, NPK fertilizers are applied according to the planned yield of phosphorus - 1 kg a.a. per 1 ton of onion turnip, potassium - 4 kg a.i. per 1 ton of turnip and nitrogen - 3 kg a.i. per 1 ton of onion. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied either for plowing, or during the formation of a wide ridge 1. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied as top dressing, in accordance with the periods of plant vegetation.

In the early spring, after heating the soil layer in the wide ridge 1 to a temperature of +2 ... + 5 ° С, an sowing bed 4 is formed on its base 3 in the form of a cylindrical surface with a bulge towards the top of the ridge 1.

To calculate the length of the arc ABC, we use the Christian Huygens formula:

p≅2l + 1/3 (2l-L),

where l is the length of the segment AB (see figure 1);

L is the length of the wide base of the ridge 1, L = T-b _k (see figure 1)

At T = 1500 mm, b _k = 250 mm, the length of the segment L = 1250 mm.

.The segment AB is calculated by

.

At T = 1500 mm; b _k = 250 mm; h _gr = 220 mm, we have

Then p = 2 · 662.58 + 1/3 (2 · 662.58-1250) = 1325.18 + 25.06 = 1350.24 mm.

Thus, due to the creation of the seed bed 4 in the form of a cylindrical surface, the width of the seed surface increased

Thus, only due to the creation of a seed bed in the form of a cylindrical surface, the area of plant nutrition was increased by 8.02%.

Sowing onion sets 5 and onion seeds 6 (see Figs. 3, 4 and 9) is performed on a compacted seed bed 4 at the vertices 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of an equilateral (regular) hexagon and in its center 13 The onion centers are mutually removed to the top of the radius of the circumscribed circle around the hexagon 7-12, equal to the average diameter of the turnip of the selected hybrid or variety of onion.

When placing onion-seed 6 (see Fig. 8) in the center 14 of the square 15-16-17-18 with a side equal to 10 cm on an area of 1 hectare of the field will be placed

N = 10000 m ² : (0.1 × 0.1) m ² = 10 ⁶ pieces / seeds.

With a nutritional area per 1 seed of 6 onions equal to 11 × 11 cm, the number of plants per 1 hectare is 826446 plants.

When the diameter of turnip onions reaches a resting state of 8 cm and a feeding area of 10 × 10 cm around the plant, the free surface of the field occupied by weeds remains.

On the area of 1 hectare of the field, the growth of weedy vegetation with the indicated pattern of onion sowing - the area is allocated by seeds

F _{cop.p (1)} = (F _q -F _cr ) N = (0.01-0.005024) 10 ⁶ = 4976 m ² = 0.50 ha.

Thus, half of the fertilized and irrigated area is allocated to the cultivation of weeds.

With the same diameter of onion-turnip 8 cm when sowing onions - seeds 6 along the tops 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 and in the center 13 of the regular hexagon 7-8-9-10-11-12 unused area and which may be occupied with weeds will be (see Fig.9):

where a is the side (7-8) of the regular hexagon 7-8-9-10-11-12;

d ₁ - the diameter of the onion turnip during the ripening period, see

When a = d ₁ = 8 cm, we have:

Thus, 4.3 times less fertile land is allocated for weed vegetation.

отводится на 3 (три) полноценных растения:Considering also when placing onions - seeds 6 on the tops and in the center of the regular hexagon (see Fig. 9) the area

assigned to 3 (three) full-fledged plants:

Then on the accounting area of 1 hectare can be sown seeds

N ₂ = 1804229 seeds.

With a diameter of turnip on 11 cm, the number of plants on an area of 1 hectare will be

at

N ₃ = (10000: 0.0314367); 3 = 954298 seeds.

Sown onions - seeds 6 and onion sets 5 are covered with a layer of crushed soil from ridge 1 and the laid topsoil layer 19 is compacted onto onions - seeds 6 or onion sets 5. Layer 19 of soil is compacted with a profile roller, forming an equidistant surface 20 of the seedbed 4 ( see FIGS. 5 and 6). Above the onion seeds 6 form a compacted layer 19 of a thickness of 2-2.5 cm. Above the onion set 5 form a layer 19 of a thickness of 5-6 cm.

To control weeds, chemical weeding is carried out. The destruction of annual cereals of weeds and dicotyledons is carried out by treflan 240, ke norm 6.0-8.0 l / ha or Stomp 330, ke norm 2.5-4.5 l / ha. Annual dicotyledonous weeds are well suppressed by Goal, ke. the norm is 0.5-1.0 l / ha. One and perennial cereal weeds are practically removed from the crop rotation using the Shogun 100 EC preparation, ke the norm is 0.6-0.8 l / ha, and perennial cereal weeds are the norm of 1.0-1.2 l / ha. The drug Tarka, c. the norm of 1.0-2.0 l / ha and for cereal weeds the norm of 2.0-3.0 l / ha. These preparations should be used taking into account the phase of plant development: arc phase, knutik phase, seedling phase; during the growing season and the period of turnip formation.

On the formed compacted surface 20 along the top of the ridge, a flexible irrigation pipe 21 with droppers built into its cavity is laid (see Fig. 6)

The desired moisture content is achieved by supplying water through droppers in the cavities of flexible irrigation pipes 21. During the period of seed germination, irrigation is provided at a rate of 26-30 m ³ / ha / day.

During the formation of the pen and the formation of turnips, the irrigation rate is increased to 44-45 m ³ / ha / day. The irrigation rate is reduced to 19-34 m ³ / ha / day when the pen withers and the onion turnip goes into a dormant state (see Fig. 7).

To protect onion plants from diseases, Avixil preparations are used, 70%, s.p. the norm is 2.1-2.9 kg / ha (0.4% s.p.); Acrobat MC, z.p. norm 2.0 kg / ha; drug Allette, s.p. norm 1.2-2.0 kg / ha (0.4% s.p.); Oxime, 80%, s.p. the norm is 1.9-2.3 kg / ha; Rizomil Gold MC, 68 WP, s.p. norm 2.5 kg / ha, as well as copper chloride 90%, s.p. the norm is 2.4 kg / ha (0.4% s.p.).

When withering 70-80% of the onion peppers with the above profile roller, the feather is pierced along the ridge. Harvesting onion sets is carried out either selectively or in a continuous way, first removing the tops and laying the dug turnips on surface 20. Then, using the simplest picker, the onion turnips from a narrowed roll are picked up and transported to the truck body or to the tractor cart. Onion turnips are sorted into fractions: large, medium and small. Sorted turnip onions are laid in the vegetable store.

Figure 10 graphs a), b) and c) shows the fractional composition of large, medium and small onion sets of the Chateau F1 hybrid depending on the seeding rate. The effect of the seeding rate on the density and yield of Chateau F1 onions with increasing seeding rates is shown in graphs a) and b) in Fig. 11. The optimal seeding rate for onions is in the range of 4-6 kg / ha.

The effect of the seeding rate of onions - seeds of the Utopia F1 hybrid on its yield is shown in graph a) (see Fig. 12), and the change in the fractional composition of onion sets on the seeding rate is shown in graphs a), b) and c) (see Fig. 12).

The dynamics of the value of the gross output of onion turnip, depending on the calculated seeding rate per 1 ha, is presented in the graph in Fig. 13.

Table 3 presents a graphical interpretation of selective and continuous harvesting of onion turnips of various hybrids depending on the harvesting period.

Table 4 shows the data on the duration of the storage period of various onion hybrids in the Volgograd region according to the harvesting season 2002 and 2003.

Table 5 presents the yield of various hybrids and varieties of onions cultivated in the Lower Volga region according to the basic technology (2001 data).

Table 6 shows the yield of various hybrids of onions during cultivation according to the proposed method.

The conditions and shelf life of onion turnips of various hybrids after harvesting the 2001 season are shown in table 7.

The yield of turnip onions Utopia F1 when sowing onions with sowing seeds with large seeds with a larger diameter of more than 5 cm, medium ones with a diameter of 4-5 cm and small ones of less than 4 cm, depending on the seeding rate, is shown in Table 8.

The cost of gross production for growing a hybrid of onion turnips Utopia F 1 at different seeding rates from 3 to 8 kg / ha is presented in table 9 in prices on 08/24/2001

Table 10 presents the number of plants during the harvesting period at different sowing rates of onion seeds of the Chateau hybrid F1.

Table 11 shows the yield of onions Chateau F1 depending on the rate of onion sets according to the technology described above.

Table 12 presents data on the cost of gross output of Chateau F1 onions depending on the seeding rate per 1 ha of the estimated area.

The comparative economic efficiency of various varieties and hybrids of turnip according to 2006 is shown in table 13.

Thus, the data presented testify in favor of the claimed method of cultivating onion sets and onions - seeds with a compacted scheme of sowing seeds and planting onion sets.

The prepared cylindrical surface of the compacted bed 4 contributes to the better use of daylight and solar energy. The increased area of the wide ridge allows to place a larger number of plants on its surface, and their distribution over the tops and in the center of the regular hexagon creates comfortable conditions for the growth and formation of each turnip without pressure from neighboring plants.

The minimum open surface between the bulbs reduces the transpiration of irrigation water from surface 20, and each onion plant uses mineral fertilizers and organic matter to the maximum in the soil horizon of a wide ridge 1.

Thus, the claimed method of cultivating modern varieties and hybrids of onions ensures the achievement of a programmed crop and yield of standard products.

Table 1 Characteristics of onion hybrids according to 2001-2004 (Seed material - Agrofirm Semira Plus LLC. Data 2001-2004. Tel./fax: (8442) 78-94-97, 78-92-24). No. Hybrid Country of production Daylight hours Bulb Ripening from seedlings, days Productivity, t / ha dyeing scales Storage year 2001 2002 year 2003 year 2004 year 4-year average year 2001 2002 year 2003 year 2004 year 4-year average dry juicy one 2 s four 5 6 7 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 fourteen fifteen 16 17 one Aspen F1 USA average white white-green a short 94 92 90 94 93 44 43 481 65 fifty 2 Siera Blanca F1 USA average white white-green a short 95 95 88 92 93 46 38 79 67 57 3 Sterling f1 USA long white white-green average 110 109 110 116 111 61 57 85 80 71 four Candy F1 USA average yellow white-green a short 92 91 88 92 91 49 45 67 57 55 5 Exact F1 USA average yellow white-green 97 97 87 87 6 Caballero F1 USA average yellow white-green average 104 94 95 98 98 51 48 69 72 60 7 Utopia F1 USA average yellow white-green average 105 105 96 91 99 52 49 64 85 63 8 Canterbury F1 USA average bronze white-green long 91 91 48 48 9 Golden Spike F1 USA average bronze white-green average 99 99 79 79 10 Barrage F1 USA long bronze white-green long one hundred 106 96 103 101 34 42 59 61 49 eleven Teton F1 USA average bronze white-green long 105 99 97 106 102 51 47 82 70 62 12 Bunker F1 USA long bronze white-green long 103 103 61 61 13 Hamlet F1 USA long bronze white-green long 103 103 55 55 fourteen Mars F1 USA long red white red average 105 94 95 106 one hundred 49 47 73 64 58 fifteen Flair F1 USA long red white red long 116 116 72 72

Table 5 Productivity of various hybrids and varieties of onions in 2001 No. Hybrid, grade The country of manufacture Daylight hours Storage Ripening, days Bulb color Productivity, t / ha According to the catalog Actual one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 9 one Sterling USA Long Average 105 110 White 61.0 2 Viper USA Average Average one hundred 102 Yellow 55.7 3 Utopia USA Average Average one hundred 105 Yellow 52.0 four Teton USA Long Long 98 105 Bronze 51,2 5 Cobaliero USA Long Long one hundred 104 Yellow 51.1 6 Riviera USA Average Average one hundred 105 Yellow 50,0 7 Candy USA Average A short 90 92 Yellow 49.0 8 Mars USA Long Long 97 105 Violet 48.9 9 Amber USA Long Long 105 110 Violet 48.5 10 Mercury USA Long Long 95 102 Violet 48.0 eleven Splendito Holland Long-long Long 101 110 Bronze 47.2 12 Chateau USA Long Long 98 105 Bronze 47.0 13 Comet USA Long Long 105 109 Violet 46.5 fourteen Sierra Blanca USA Average A short 90 95 White 45.6 fifteen Aspen USA Average A short 92 94 White 43.8 16 Orbit Holland Long - Long Long 106 115 Yellow 43,4 17 Aldato Holland Long - Long Long 95 110 Yellow 42.5 eighteen Tribute USA Long Long 105 110 Bronze 41.0 19 Uni - Globe USA Long Long 105 108 Bronze 40,0 twenty Karatalsky RF Yellow 39.7 21 Chalcedony RF Bronze 37.1 22 Old Holland Long - Long Long 103 115 Yellow 36.5 23 Prestige USA Long Long 105 115 Bronze 35.6 24 Durito Holland Long - Long Long 96 115 Yellow 33.7 25 Barrage USA Long Average 95 one hundred Bronze 33.6 26 Volzhanin RF Yellow 33.0 27 Barito Holland Long - Long Average 93 110 Yellow 28.3

Table 6 Productivity of various onion hybrids (Preliminary data for August 20, 2006) No. Hybrid Name Country - producer of seeds Daylight hours Storage Ripening days Bulb color Productivity, t / ha According to the catalog Actual one Riviera USA Avg Avg one hundred one hundred Yellow 52 2 Viper USA Avg Avg one hundred 105 Yellow fifty 3 Cobaliero USA Avg Lasts. one hundred 95 Yellow 47 four Pinnacle USA Length Lasts. 94 105 Bronze 53 5 Arsenal USA Length Short 90 95 Bronze 47 6 Utopia USA Avg Avg one hundred 105 Yellow 49 7 Fortris USA 106 48 8 Barrage USA Length Avg 95 106 Bronze 42 9 Uni-Globe 100 USA Length Lasts. 105 106 Bronze 47 10 Uni-Globe 108 USA Length Lasts. 105 106 Bronze 45 eleven Tribute USA Length Lasts. 105 107 Bronze 42 one Prestige USA Length Lasts. 106 106 Bronze fifty 13 Chateau USA Length Duration 98 95 Bronze 48 fourteen Tetop USA Wednesday Duration 98 Bronze 46 fifteen Cavalier USA Length Duration one hundred Bronze 38 16 15260 USA Dl. Wednesday 17 Romito USA Dl. Wednesday 97 Bronze eighteen Barito GOAL Dl. Duration 93 Bronze 19 Orbit GOAL Dl. Duration 106 Yellow twenty Aldato GOAL. Dl. Duration 95 Yellow 21 Old GOAL. Dl. Duration 103 Yellow 22 Carlito GOAL. Dl. Duration one hundred St. Cor 23 Durito GOAL. Dl. Duration 96 Yellow 24 Narvito Goal. Dl. Duration 106 Zhel-kor 25 Splendito Goal Dl. Duration 101 Bronze 26 Sterling Goal Length Wednesday 105 BY White 57 27 Siera blanca Goal Avg Short 90 95 White 38 28 Aspen USA Avg Short 92 95 White 43 29th Candy USA Avg Short 90 Yellow 45 thirty Red zepelin USA Length 105 41 31 Comet USA Length Duration 105 106 Fiol. 39 32 Mercury USA Length Duration 95 one hundred Fiol. 45 33 Amber USA Length Duration 105 102 Fiol. 43 34 Mars USA Length Duration 97 one hundred Fiol. 47

Table 7 Conditions and shelf life of onion-turnip of various hybrids No. Hybrid The country of manufacture Catalog retention period Date of control 12/28/01. t ° = -1 ... + 1 ° 01/27/02. t ° = + 2 ... + 5 ° 02.16.02. t ° = 3 ... + 7 ° 03/23/02. t ° = 5 ... + 10 ° 07/01/02. t ° = + 7 ... + 18 ° one Sierra Blanca USA Short 4,5 2 Candy USA Short 4,5 11,4 34.3 3 Utopia USA Average 5.5 four Riviera USA Average 0.6 8.8 5 Barito Holland Average 1,0 6.0 12,4 6 Viper USA Average 1,0 2.9 6.3 28.9 7 Sterling USA Average 1,0 3.2 11,2 36,2 8 Barrage USA Average 0.4 2.1 10.9 37,2 9 Mercury USA Durable 7.6 13.3 10 Mars USA Durable 1,1 3.4 26.0 eleven Amber USA Durable 0.1 4.1 11.9 12 Comet USA Durable 0.2 1.8 4.1 10,4 35.0 13 Aldito Holland Durable 0.4 6.1 8.4 22.5 fourteen Old Holland Durable 1.4 5,4 10,2 19.3 fifteen Durito Holland Durable 0.5 2,4 4,5 18.0 16 Orbit Holland Durable 0.3 1.7 8.8 17.8 17 Uni Globe USA Durable 1.8 12.0 26,4 eighteen Teton USA Durable 1,2 4.1 22.1 19 Tribute USA Durable 0.1 1,5 2,4 4.7 26.3 twenty Chateau USA Durable 0.2 2.9 4.2 5,4 25.8 21 Prestige USA Durable 0.1 1.8 1.8 3.3 22.1

Table 8 The yield of onions Utopia F1, depending on the seeding rate by 08/20/2001 Seeding rate, kg / ha Harvest, t / ha Crop structure,% Large> 5 cm Average 4-5 cm Small <4 cm 3 50.9 fifty 35 fifteen four 56.7 47 38 fifteen 5 69.3 45 39 16 6 69.1 41 41 eighteen 7 69.0 thirty 47 23 8 62.5 27 43 thirty

Table 9
The cost of gross output when growing the Utopia F1 onion hybrid at different seeding rates, thousand rubles / ha in prices as of August 24, 2001 Seeding rate, kg / ha Fraction cost Average selling price, rub / kg Gross production value Large 3-00 rubles / kg The average 2-00 rubles / kg Shallow 1-00 rub / kg 3 76.5 35.6 7.6 2-35 119.7 four 80.1 43,2 8.5, 2-32 131.8 5 93.6 54.0 11.1 2-29 158.7 6 84.9 56.6 12,4 2-23 153.9 7 62.1 64.8 15.9 2-07 142.8 8 50.7 53.8 18.8 1-97 123.3

Table 10
The number of plants during the harvest of Chateau F1 onions, depending on the seeding rate (Preliminary data for August 2006) (1000 seeds of Chateau F1 onions - 4 g) No. p / p Seeding rate, kg / ha Seeding rate, mln.pcs / ha Density to harvest mln.pcs / ha The safety of plants,% one 3 0.75 0.40 53 2 four 1.00 0.61 61 3 5 1.25 0.91 54 four 6 1,50 1.10 73 5 7 1.75 1.16 66 6 8 2.00 1.23 62 X = 62

Table 11
Yield, yield structure of Chateau F1 onions depending on seeding rates (Preliminary data for August 2006) No. p / p Seeding rate, kg / ha Density to harvest mln.pcs / ha Harvest The structure of onion sets,% Large average small one 3 0.400 38 87 eleven 2 2 four 0.610 48 63 35 2 3 5 0.910 48 43 47 10 four 6 1,100 46 fifteen 73 12 5 7 1,160 44 5 78 17 6 8 1,230 41 0 78 22

Table 12
The cost of gross output of onions Chateau F1, depending on the seeding rate per 1 ha (Preliminary data for August 2006) No. p / p Seeding rate, kg / ha Fractional yield Cost of fraction, thousand rubles / ha Krupn. ⌀> 5 cm Wednesday ⌀ = 4-5 cm Chalk. ⌀ <4 cm Total Krupn. ⌀> 5 cm, 4 r / kg Wednesday ⌀4-5 cm, 2.5 r / kg Chalk. ⌀ <4 cm, 1 p / kg Total one 3 33 four one 38 132 10 one 143 2 four thirty 17 one 48 120 43 one 164 3 5 21 23 four 48 84 58 four 146 four 6 7 34 5 46 28 85 5 118 5 7 2 34 8 44 8 85 8 101 6 8 0 32 9 41 0 80 9 89

Table 13
Comparative economic efficiency of various varieties and hybrids of onions according to the results of 2006 No. p / p Indicators Variety Karatalsky Grade Candy F1 Grade Teton F1 one Productivity, t / ha 38 49 51 2 Average selling price, rubles / kg 2-6 four 3 3 Cost from gross output from ha, thousand rubles 98.8 196 153 four The amount of costs per 1 ha, thousand rubles 48 64 64 5 Profit per 1 ha, thousand rubles 50.8 132 89 6 Profitability,% 106 206 139

Claims (1)

The method of cultivating onion sets and onions with turnip seeds in irrigated agriculture, including continuous sowing and plant care, characterized in that after harvesting the predecessor in autumn, wide ridges with a height of 0.14 ... 0 are formed from the top layer soil, 22 m with the formation of a tramline between the ridges with a base of 1.4 ... 1.6 m, in the early spring after heating the soil layer in the ridge to a temperature of +2 ... + 5 ° С, a sowing bed is formed along its ridge at the base the shape of a cylindrical surface with a bulge towards the vertices s ridge, sowing onion sets and onions - seeds are produced on the tops and in the center of a regular hexagon with a radius of the circumscribed circle equal to the average turnip diameter of the selected hybrid or onion variety, sown onion seeds and onion sets are covered with a layer of crushed soil from the ridge and compacted the topsoil laid on the seeds, forming an equidistant surface of the sowing bed, a flexible irrigation pipe with droppers built into its cavity is laid on the formed compacted surface along the top of the ridge .

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