RU2129766C1 - Method of grain corn cultivation with fine-dispersion irrigation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves tilling soil; providing wide-row drilling by forming compacted soil bed; compacting soil by means of rollers; performing inter-row care and irrigation. In autumn soil is tilled with turning of soil layer and at presowing period in spring deep nonmoldboard mellowing is performed. Leveling and covering of upper soil layer is combined with sowing. During irrigation, high irrigation rates are provided in alternation with low irrigation rates. Low-rate irrigation is conducted by fine-dispersion method at irrigation rate of 200-250 l/hectare for 0.5-2.0 hours at air temperature above +25 C and wind speed exceeding 5 m/s. Method allows stable grain corn yields and whole kernel corn cobs to be obtained. EFFECT: increased efficiency and improved quality of corn. 8 dwg, 7 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of corn for grain on irrigated lands.

 A known method of cultivating corn for grain, including one-two-time peeling of the stubble of the predecessor, the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm, presowing moisture-saving tillage, sowing at the rate of 30 - 35 thousand plants for early ripening hybrids and 25 - 30 thousand plants for mid-early hybrids, as well as inter-row care and hilling rows (Method for cultivating corn for grain. Compiled by G.P. Dikanev / Information leaflet N 242-94 of the Volgograd Central Scientific Research Institute. - Volgograd. - 1994).

 The proposed technology of cultivating corn for grain on the irrigated lands of the dry steppe zone of chestnut soils of the Volgograd region can provide grain production of this crop up to 2.5 - 3.5 t / ha, provided that there are moisture reserves in the layer 0 - 70 cm and atmospheric precipitation during the growing season. However, in the Lower Volga region, every third year is unfavorable due to drought.

 Some of these drawbacks are eliminated in the known method of cultivating corn for grain on the non-irrigated lands of the dry steppe zone of chestnut soils according to the author's certificate N 1761014, which provides for sowing corn seeds with aisles of 2 • 70 + 140 cm (see. The method of cultivating corn for grain on the non-irrigated lands of the dry steppe chestnut zone Soil Compiled by G.P. Dikanev / Information leaflet N 166-95 of the Voglogradsky Central Scientific Research Institute. - Volgograd. - 1995).

 The specified method due to the lack of moisture in the root horizon does not provide efficient use of the area occupied by corn. Gaps 1.4 m wide between two rows of corn are a place of intensive growth of one- and perennial weeds. The "edge effect" of two rows of corn does not provide an increase in grain yield.

где П_i ^н - искомая поливная норма очередного i-го полива, м³/га;
i - номер полива, i = 1, 2, 3, 4;
НВ_i - средняя наименьшая влагоемкость слоя почвы, занятого корнями к концу межполивного интервала, м³/т;
V - объемная масса почвы, т/(га • м³ );
W_i - влагозапасы в корневой зоне на момент начала полива, м³/га;
ΔW_i+1 - - приращение влагозапаса за счет роста корней в межполивной период, м³/га;
h_i+1 - глубина корнезанимаемого слоя почвы на конец межполивного периода, м;
W^k _i+1 - критическая влажность почвы на момент следующего (i + 1)-го полива, % от HB;
ВП_i,i+1 - водопотребления культуры за период от i-го полива до (i + 1)-го полива, м³/га;
Δ_i - задаваемая величина порога предполивной влажности относительно критической влажности, % от HB, при этом значения Δ_i задают в диапазонах:
-10 ≤ Δ₁≤ -5; -10 ≤ Δ₂≤ -5; 5 ≤ Δ₃≤ 10, Δ > 0,
а четвертый (i = 4) и последующие поливы проводят эрозионно допустимыми, не превышающими избыточного поверхностного и глубинного сброса, нормами, обеспечивающими максимум транспирации ( Δ > O) и согласующимися с традиционными режимами орошения; при наступлении острозасушливой погоды в ранние периоды развития культуры, но не ранее фазы 3 листьев допускают кратковременное превышение критической влажности над влажностью на 10 - 15% и лишь при устойчивом превышении этой разницы осуществляют полив нормой, рассчитанной по приведенной формуле со значением Δ_i= Δ₁ (SU, авторское свидетельство, N 1554818, М. кл. ⁵ A 01 G 1/00, 25/00; A 01 B 79/02. Способ возделывания кукурузы на зерно //Добрачев Ю.П., Демченко Н.П., Головатый В.Г. и Чехов А. В. Заявлено 14.09.1987, опубликовано 07.04.1990).A known method of cultivating corn for grain, including irrigation in compliance with a given regime of soil moisture, in which, in order to obtain high sustainable grain yields in regions with frequent air droughts occurring during flowering with a decrease in water flow from sowing to the appearance phase 7 - 8 leaves, soil moisture is maintained at a critical level, then four phases are irrigated in phases no later than the beginning of the appearance of 7-8 leaves, 11-12 leaves, before flowering from the moment of panicles and until flowering begins chats from the moment threads appear, by norms calculated by the formula

where P _i ⁿ - the desired irrigation rate of the next i-th irrigation, m ³ / ha;
i is the number of irrigation, i = 1, 2, 3, 4;
HB _i - the average lowest moisture capacity of the soil layer occupied by the roots at the end of the irrigation interval, m ³ / t;
V - bulk soil mass, t / (ha • m ³ );
W _i - moisture reserves in the root zone at the beginning of irrigation, m ³ / ha;
ΔW _{i + 1} - - increment of moisture reserve due to root growth in the irrigation period, m ³ / ha;
h _{i + 1} - the depth of the root layer of the soil at the end of the irrigation period, m;
W ^k _{i + 1} - critical soil moisture at the time of the next (i + 1) th irrigation,% of HB;
VP _{i, i + 1} - crop water consumption for the period from the i-th watering to the (i + 1) -th watering, m ³ / ha;
Δ _i - the set threshold value of pre-irrigation humidity relative to critical humidity,% of HB, while Δ _i values are set in the ranges:
-10 ≤ Δ ₁ ≤ -5; -10 ≤ Δ ₂ ≤ -5; 5 ≤ Δ ₃ ≤ 10, Δ> 0,
and the fourth (i = 4) and subsequent irrigation is carried out by erosion-tolerant, not exceeding excess surface and deep discharge, norms that ensure maximum transpiration (Δ> O) and are consistent with traditional irrigation regimes; upon the occurrence of extremely arid weather in the early periods of the development of the crop, but not earlier than the phase of 3 leaves, they allow a short-term excess of critical humidity over humidity of 10-15% and only if this difference is persistently exceeded, watering is carried out with the norm calculated according to the above formula with the value Δ _i = Δ ₁ (SU, copyright certificate, N 1554818, M. class. ⁵ A 01 G 1/00, 25/00; A 01 B 79/02. The method of cultivating corn for grain // Dobrachev Yu.P., Demchenko N.P. , Golovaty V.G. and Chekhov A.V. Declared on September 14, 1987, published on April 7, 1990).

The described method of cultivating corn under irrigated agriculture requires large volumes of irrigation water and provides for at least seven irrigations with irrigation rates of 400 - 700 m ³ / ha.

There is also a method of finely dispersed irrigation of annual crops by introducing irrigation irrigation rates with one-time irrigation rates, determined taking into account climatic indicators, in which, for the purpose of irrigation water ecology, statistical data on the number of days and the number of hours in days with a temperature above are used as climatic indicators optimal for a given crop at the heart of its development phase, while the irrigation rate is determined by the following relationship:
M = m _τ • τ • η _τ ,
where M is the irrigation rate, m ³ / ha;
m _τ is the one-time irrigation rate, m ³ / ha;
τ and η _τ are, respectively, the number of days and the number of hours in days with a temperature above the optimum for a given crop in the main phases of its development (SU, copyright certificate, N 1732864. Mcl ⁵ A 01 G 25/02. Ivantsova T. I ., Khrabrov M.Yu. // Method of fine sprinkling of annual crops. Declared April 24, 1989, published May 15, 1992).

 The described method of fine irrigation when cultivating corn for grain in the extremely arid climate of the Lower Volga region of the Russian Federation can be effective only if moisture-charging irrigation was performed in the fall and in the 0 - 70 cm layer there was enough soil moisture for the entire growing season.

There is also known a method of fine irrigation of corn for grain, which provides, along with irrigation, nine irrigations with an irrigation rate of 4300 m ³ / ha with two-console sprinkler machines of the DDA-100MA family when the air temperature reaches 25 ^o C, finely divided humidification 800 l / ha per hour with a fraction these precipitations are 14-17% (see. Fine sprinkling of corn for grain. Compiled by V.V. Borodychev, A.V. Mayer, T.M. Lytkova // Information leaflet N 91-93 of the Volgograd Central Scientific and Technical Institute. - Volgograd. - 1993) .

 The described method requires significant improvements in the design of two-console sprinkling machines of the DDA-100MA type, which could perform simultaneously or alternately two types of irrigation - drip and dispersion irrigation.

 There is also a method of combined sprinkling of corn in the Volga region of the Volgograd region, in which, when 70 - 80% HB is achieved by drip irrigation, fine irrigation is carried out every 0.5 hours (see Irrigation of corn in the Volga region. Compiled by V.V. Borodychev, A .V. Mayer // Information leaflet N 131-94 of the Volgograd Central Scientific Research Institute. - Volgograd. - 1994).

 This method is effective if the soil moisture reserves are not lower than 70% HB.

 There is also a known method of cultivating corn for grain, in which, along with well-known agrotechnical methods, they carry out fine irrigation during the growing season with irrigation intervals of half an hour, an hour, and two hours (see Corn productivity in fine irrigation, compiled by A.V. Kolganov, V. V. Borodychev // Information sheets N 54-95 of the Volgograd Central Scientific Research Institute. - Volgograd. - 1995).

 The described method, despite the general decrease in water consumption, does not provide a stable yield of corn crops due to a deficit of soil moisture during flowering and milk ripeness.

The closest method of the same purpose to the claimed object according to the totality of the characteristics is the method of sowing, including cultivating the soil and wide-row sowing of seeds by forming a compacted bed in the soil, laying the seeds, covering the bed with soil and compaction of the soil with rollers with simultaneous displacement of the upper soil layer and formation soil ridges, in which, after laying the seeds in a compacted bed, the soil is displaced from the sides of the soil bed and pressed together with the seeds into the bottom of the bed, and soil ridges are formed by mixing pushed away in the upper soil layer on the bed with seeds, after which the ridges are compacted (RU, patent N 2086087. IPC ⁶ A 01 C 7/00. Sowing method and device for its implementation // IP Kruzhilin, A. M Saldaev, J. V. Kruzhilina, V. I. Pyndak. Declared January 17, 1995, published August 10, 1997).

The reasons that impede the achievement of the required technical result when using the known method adopted as the closest analogue include the lack of guarantees for the harvest of corn grain due to deficit of soil moisture and wilting of plants at temperatures above 25 ^o C and wind speeds of more than 5 m / s in extremely arid season periods.

 The invention consists in the following.

 The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to increase the efficiency of use of soil moisture reserves and reduce irrigation water consumption.

 EFFECT: guaranteed obtaining of stable corn grain crops with good filling of ears.

The specified technical result in the implementation of the invention is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating corn with fine irrigation, including cultivating the soil and wide-row sowing of seeds by forming a compacted bed in the soil and compaction of the soil with rollers, row spacing and irrigation, soil treatment is carried out in two periods - in the fall with the turnover of the reservoir, and before sowing in the spring - deep loosening without rotation of the reservoir, with the alignment and rolling of the top layer of the soil combined with sowing, and irrigation Reduced with large and small irrigation rates, while small irrigation rates are carried out with fine irrigation at a rate of 200 - 250 l / h / ha for 0.5 - 2.0 hours at an air temperature above +25 ^o C and a wind speed of more than 5 m / with.

Due to the fact that in the early spring period before sowing, deep deep loosening of the soil is carried out without turning the formation for aeration and reducing the heating time of the top layer to +10 - +12 ^o C and a rational combination of irrigation and fine irrigation, the above technical result is achieved.

 The analysis of the prior art by the applicant, including a search by patent and scientific and technical sources of information and identification of sources containing information about the analogue of the claimed invention, made it possible for the applicants not to find an analogue characterized by features identical to all the essential features of the claimed invention.

 Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "novelty" under applicable law.

 To verify the conformity of the claimed invention to the requirement of "inventive step", the applicants conducted an additional search for known solutions in order to identify features that match the distinctive features of the claimed invention from the closest analogue, the results of which show that the claimed invention does not follow explicitly from the prior art, since from the prior art determined by the applicants, it is not revealed the influence provided for by the essential features of the claimed invention I am transforming to achieve a technical result.

 Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "inventive step" under applicable law.

 In FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross section of an irrigated field after harvesting a predecessor.

In FIG. 2 - the same, after the main tillage with a revolution of the formation of 180 ^o and with a complete incorporation of plant and root residues.

 In FIG. 3 - the same, after volumetric loosening of the arable layer and the subsurface horizon in the early spring for aeration of the root layer and an increase in the depth of processing.

 In FIG. 4 - the same, rolling the top layer of the soil and crafts seed boxes.

 Figures 5 and 6 show the deepening of seed beds and the laying of seeds in them.

 In FIG. 7 - seeding of corn seeds and compaction of the upper super-seed layer of soil.

 On Fig - distribution of roots in the soil horizon and aboveground stems upon reaching 8-10 leaves in the initial period of fine irrigation.

 Information confirming the possibility of carrying out the invention are as follows.

After harvesting the precursor, as a rule, cereal crops are stubble-peeled in two tracks with LDH-10 cultivators to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m. Depending on the type of soil and nutrient content (on light chestnut and medium and heavy loamy soils) ) at the end of August, in the first ten days of September, add 50-60 tons of organic fertilizers, 40% of the estimated dose of nitrogen, and all the potassium and phosphorus numbers. After the growth of weeds, plowing of the arable layer 1 to a depth of 0.25 - 0.27 m is carried out. Plowing is carried out with a full turn of the formation, and the plant and root residues, together with organic mineral fertilizers, are laid in a thin layer 2 with a thin layer 2 on the plow sole 3 (Figs. 1 and 2 ) In this state, the arable layer leaves in the winter. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, the greatest amount of precipitation falls on the autumn-winter months of the calendar year. In the arable layer there is an accumulation of soil moisture reserves. In the early spring period, one-two tracks are harrowed by tooth harrows in the coupling unit C-IIV and the caterpillar tractor DT-75M. When the soil temperature exceeds 5 ^o C, volumetric loosening of the soil is carried out without turning the formation to a depth of 0.35-0.40 m. For this purpose, U-shaped cultivators are installed on the frame of mounted or semi-mounted plows that provide a profile of the plow furrow 3 in the form curved arcs with a pitch between them equal to 0.7 m. Thus, soil cultivation is carried out in two periods - in the fall with a turnover of the formation, and before sowing in the spring - deep loosening without turnover of the formation. Sowing is carried out with corn seeds of the Dneprovsky I47MB hybrid at the rate of 40-45 thousand units per hectare with a combined unit, which combines a two-section skating rink 4 with discs 5 on the surface and sowing sections of the SUPN-6A mounted pneumatic seeder. The row spacing is 0.7 m. A smooth skating rink 4 levels the surface of the irrigated field, and the disks 5 of each section of the skating rink 4 form soil beds 6 to a depth of 6-8 cm (Figs. 4 and 5). The passages of the sowing unit with the help of milestones of the first pass impose on the axis of the ditches of the volumetric pre-sowing loosening of the arable layer and the subsoil horizon 1 (see Fig. 3-7). During the movement of the combined sowing unit, the seeds of 7 corn are laid by the openers on the seed beds 6, the seeders are covered with soil 8 with the coulters, and the seeders 7 contact the soil 8 with the support and rolling rollers of the seeder (Fig. 7). Alignment and rolling of the topsoil are combined with sowing. Thus, before the start of irrigation during the spring period, three passes of tractor units were carried out: 1) cover harrowing for leveling the field topography and disturbing the soil crust to preserve moisture reserves in the root horizon; 2) volumetric loosening of the arable and subsurface horizon for loosening the soil, aeration and warming the soil, destroying early weeds at the same time; 3) rolling and leveling the upper soil layer, creating a compacted soil bed, sowing and planting corn seeds. Irrigation of crops alternate with large and small irrigation rates. Small irrigation norms are carried out by fine irrigation with a norm of 200 - 250 l / h / ha for 0.5 - 2.0 hours at an air temperature of +25 ^o C and a wind speed of more than 5 m / s.

In the period 1993 - 1997. on the fields of the Orochoe plow farm of the Gorodishchensky district of the Volgograd region, the main elements of the claimed technology for cultivating medium early, mid-ripening and medium late corn hybrids under irrigation combined with drip and fine irrigation were worked out. Fertilizer rates were determined using recovery factors for the removal of nutrients. Modes of soil moisture at different depths were assigned according to the scheme 70 - 80 - 70% HB (from the phase of 13 leaves to the end of flowering cobs - 80% HB, and the rest of the growing season - 70% HB). Field experiments were carried out with zoned grain maize hybrids of medium early (FAO = 200-300), mid-season (FAO = 300-400) and mid-late (FAO = 400-500) ripening groups. Mineral fertilizers N ₁₈₀ P ₉₅ K ₅₀ carried out under the planned corn grain yield of 100 t / ha. Corn seeds were sown with steady heating of the soil to +10 ^o - +12 ^o C at a seed placement depth of 0.06 - 0.08 m at the end of the first or beginning of the second decade of May with the norm (70-75) • 10 ³ pcs / ha, which for the period of harvesting the mid-ripening hybrid (65-70) • 10 ³ pcs / ha, and for mid-ripening and mid-late - (55-60) • 10 ³ pcs / ha. During the growing season, three inter-row treatments were performed: the first - to a depth of 0.08 - 0.10 m after top dressing with nitrogen fertilizers (50 kg / ha DW) in the phase of 4-5 corn leaves, the second - in the phase of 8-9 leaves after re-feeding to a depth of 0.06 - 0.08 m (50 kg / ha LW). Finished the process of hilling plants with the formation of 11 leaves. Irrigation was carried out by the sprinkler aggregate DDA-100MA with equipment for fine irrigation. The indicators of fine sprinkling are presented in table. 1 and 2. Temperature conditions affected both the duration of the growing season and the length of the period of growth and development of plants. Between 1993 and 1997 the sum of biological temperatures from the appearance of seedlings to the phase of full ripeness of corn grains varied from 2129 to 2470 ^o C. During the growing season, from 2 to 3 irrigations were carried out in different years, and 4-6 and 5-8 irrigations respectively in more arid years. Irrigation rate varied from 350 to 650 m ³ / ha. Fine sprinkling with a norm of 200-250 l / h / ha was carried out when the air temperature reached 25 ^o C and the wind speed was more than 5 m / s.

 Fine sprinkling is the main irrigation method to create the optimal microclimate for corn crops. The technology of fine sprinkling consists in periodically moistening the leaf cover of plants with small drops of water and is characterized by three main indicators: the size of the liquid droplets deposited on the vegetation cover, the rate of one-time humidification and the interval between humidifications.

The lower limit of the average diameter of the droplets during fine sprinkling can be considered 100-150 microns, the optimal diameter of the droplets is 500-600 microns. The rate of one-time wetting affects the degree and duration of changes in the parameters of the plant phytoclimat. The average rate of one-time wetting, depending on the type of plants and their age, is 0.6 - 1.2 m ³ / ha. The minimum norm, providing an increase in air humidity by 15-17%, should be at least 0.15 - 0.20 m ³ / ha.

The interval between humidifications is set depending on the time of evaporation of the drops. At temperatures above +25 ^o C for corn, the interval is 1.00 - 1.05 hours. The number of days with higher temperatures during the growing season ranges from 30 to 60, depending on the region and weather conditions. Carrying out fine sprinkling on crops of corn lowers the air temperature by 2 - 4 ^o C, increases its humidity by 15-20%. The transpiration rate decreases by 1.3 - 2.0 times, the moisture deficit in the leaves - by 10.3-11.5%, the concentration of cell juice - up to 7.7 - 8.0%, the productivity of photosynthesis reaches 19.8 g / m ² • day.

The use of increasing norms of mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in the content of assimilable forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, especially in the initial period of vegetation. So, in the phase of formation of 9 - 10 leaves, the content of readily available forms of nitrogen in the soil layer of 0 - 35 cm when fertilizing with the norm N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ (for the planned yield of 10 t / ha) increased by 11-15% compared with the control ( see table 5) without fertilizer.

 The consumption of nutrients by plants consists of two biological processes: the removal of nutrients from the aboveground mass and the cost of soil fertility to build the root mass. The content of nutrients in the tissues of grain corn decreases by the end of the growing season, and their presence is noted in the initial period of the growing season. The rate of accumulation of nutrients by corn plants in the initial growing season, in the phase of formation of 9-10 leaves, was in the range of 9-16% of the maximum NPK content. Consumption of nitrogen by corn in the sweeping phase was already 30%, phosphorus - 26%, potassium - 52% with the formation of 17% of the maximum dry matter. During the intensive formation of dry matter by plants during the second period of maize vegetation, nitrogen and phosphorus are actively accumulated. The mass of 1000 corn seeds with mineral nutrition is higher than when cultivated without fertilizers. The optimal conditions for the formation of high corn yields are formed during the irrigation regime in the root-inhabited layer up to 0.7 m. Humidity W and soil hardness T in this layer when cultivated according to the claimed method, the combined graphs are shown in FIG. eight.

In the arid conditions of the Volgograd region, the main limiting factor for the realization of the productivity potential of this crop is its high daytime temperatures and low rainfall during the growing season. Under the influence of high temperatures of corn, a decrease in fertilization is observed, since pollen has a weak water-holding ability, dries quickly and loses its viability. If air drought is combined with a lack of moisture in the soil, then the corn yield is greatly reduced. Regulation of environmental factors - increasing air humidity and lowering air and soil temperatures - is done by fine sprinkling. The effectiveness of the technology of cultivating corn for grain during fine sprinkling was identified in the following technological options: without irrigation (control); drip sprinkling with a double console sprinkler unit DDF-100MA at 70-80-70% HB; sprinkling of DDF-100MA at 70-80-80% HB and fine sprinkling with intervals of 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 hours. In all variants, a hybrid of corn Krasnodar 440MV was sown. Fine sprinkling was carried out using additional equipment mounted on a DDA-100MA sprinkler on hot and dry days of the growing season with air temperatures above 25 ^o C. To maintain the pre-irrigation soil moisture level of 70-80-70% HB, irrigation was carried out using four vegetative irrigation with a total irrigation rate of 2100 and 2000 m ³ / ha, respectively. During irrigation with sprinkling and fine irrigation in dry years, 5-6 irrigations were carried out. Irrigation rates were 2900, 3600 and 2700 m ³ / ha. In the structure of total water consumption, the share of irrigation water averages over 5 years (see table 3) with ordinary irrigation - 55.9%, with fine irrigation, depending on the adopted irrigation regime - 48.9 - 53.7%. This allowed to reduce the air temperature by 2 - 5 ^o C, and the temperature of the leaves - by 2-7 ^o C. The humidity of the surface air increased by 12 - 19%. The water deficit of the leaves in the non-irrigated area (control) is reached 20.9%, when irrigated by sprinkling - 11.2 - 13.7%, with fine sprinkling - 8.9 - 9.7%. The yield of green mass is presented in table. 3, and grains - in table. 4. The quality indicators of grain, green leaves and stalks of corn are shown in table 5. Depending on the supported water regime of the soil, the absolute values of the maximum leaf surface area in corn crops over the years (1993-1997) of research varied widely - from 48.9 up to 74.0 thousand m ² / ha. Under conditions of natural moistening, the total leaf surface did not exceed in the crops of the hybrid Krasnodar 440 MV 23.9 thousand m ² / ha, VIR 42 - 24.3 thousand m ² / ha, Dnipropetrovsk 147 MV - 27.7 thousand m ² / ha ; in irrigated areas, the maximum leaf surface area is formed, respectively, 48.9; 67.7; 53.4 thousand m ² / ha. In areas with an hourly interval of fine irrigation, the leaf area of the Krasnodar 440 MV hybrid is formed at the level of 51.4 thousand m ² / ha, which is 15% more than in the ordinary irrigation area. Moistening of crops with an interval of 0.5 and 2.0 hours determines the formation of leaf area, respectively, in the range of 55.0 - 51.1 and 46.9-53.0 thousand m ² / ha and longer work productivity during the growing season period. During irrigation with fine irrigation in the early stages of the growing season of corn, the Krasnodar 440MB hybrid has a correlation coefficient between daily photosynthesis and green mass yield of 0.936 ± 0.03, and 0.875 ± 0.04 between daily photosynthesis and grain yield. For subsequent vegetation periods, the correlation coefficient between daily photosynthesis and green mass yield was 0.878 ± 0.02, and between waste photosynthesis and grain yield 0.869 ± 0.05. The net productivity of corn photosynthesis is rapidly increasing in young plants, reaching a maximum during the period of greatest leaf surface development.

Finely dispersed sprinkling allowed the plants to form a photosynthetic potential (FP) during the growing season in the amount of 3.03 - 3.54 million m ³ / day / ha when the plants are moistened with an hourly interval, 3.11 - 3.61 and 2.90 - 3.36 million m ² / day / ha, respectively, when the crops are moistened after 0.5 and 2.0 hours. This is 1.03 - 1.30 times more than in the case of conventional sprinkling and 1.7 - 2.1 times more in comparison with the natural moisturizing area.

 With the improvement of the water regime of soil and plants during fine sprinkling, the productivity of corn, the yield of crude fat, crude fiber, crude ash, BEV and potassium are increased. The increase in green mass of the VIR 42 maize hybrid during fine sprinkling was: against the background of 50% HB - 4.6 t / ha, 60% HB - 8.6 t / ha, 70% HB - 9.0 t / ha by sprinkling.

 On average for 1993-1997. the maximum yield of green mass was 7.49 t / ha with a combination of sprinkling with fine irrigation after 0.5 hours (Table 3).

When the crops were moistened after 1 and 2 hours, the yield increase in comparison with conventional sprinkling was 4.6 and 2.8 t / ha and statistically significant (HCP _0.5 = 1.4 t / ha). The yield of the hybrid corn grain Dneprovsky 147 MV was the highest when carrying out fine irrigation with an irrigation interval of 1 hour (HCP _0.5 = 0.48 t / ha). The dynamics of the elements of the productivity of corn when cultivating grain according to the claimed method and control are given in table. 6. The bioenergy efficiency of the method of cultivating corn is presented in table. 7.

 Before harvesting, all plots were examined: biological productivity was determined, and on the basis of this, a method for harvesting corn cobs was determined, and the technological complex of maize grain harvesting machines and the post-harvest cycle of work on processing and drying grain were justified.

 The use of the proposed method of cultivating corn for grain in a combination of drip and fine sprinkling provides the possibility of obtaining a stable yield of corn grain in regions with frequent air droughts, increasing the yield of corn grain in extremely arid years, resistance to lodging, the efficiency of water use per unit of production, and the possibility obtaining high yields with a shortage of water resources. Saving irrigation water increases by 18-27%.

Thus, the above information indicates the fulfillment of the following set of conditions when using the claimed invention:
means embodying the claimed invention in its implementation, is intended for use in agriculture;
for the claimed invention in the form described in the independent clause below of the claims, the possibility of its implementation using the means and methods described above or known prior to the priority date is confirmed;
means embodying the claimed invention in its implementation, is able to ensure the achievement of the perceived by the applicants technical result.

 Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "industrial applicability" under applicable law.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating corn for grain during fine irrigation, including tillage and wide-row sowing of seeds by forming a compacted bed in the soil and compaction of the soil with rollers, row spacing and irrigation, characterized in that the tillage is carried out in two periods in the fall with the formation turning, and in the spring before sowing - deep volumetric loosening without turnover of the formation, while aligning and rolling the topsoil is combined with sowing, and irrigation is alternated with large and small irrigation rates, while small irrigations norm performed particulate irrigation rate of 200 - 250 l / h / ha for 0.5 - 2.0 hours at an air temperature above 25 ^o C and a wind velocity greater than 5 m / s.

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