RU2374810C2 - Method for development of energy-saving fodder base on abandoned ploughed field - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes introduction of vermicompost into soil, spraying of soil with aqueous solution of humin preparation, preplant cultivation, joint planting of eastern goat's rue with single-year ryegrass. Prior to sowing, seeds of eastern goat's rue are treated with rizotorfin - 0.5 kg per hectare norm of seeds and aqueous solution of humin acids salts with concentration of 0.075%. Joint sowing of seeds is carried out as follows: 18÷20 kg/ha of eastern goat's rue and 8÷10 kg/ha of single-year ryegrass. Vegetating plants are sprayed twice with water solution of humane acids salts with concentration of 0.004÷0.006%: in phase "6÷8 leaves " and in phase of "budding - start of blooming".

EFFECT: method makes it possible to prevent overgrowing of pasture and to produce high-quality fodder with preservation of landscape ecology, and also to increase fertility of soil.

2 dwg, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to fodder production and agrolandscape farming, mainly for the conservation of unused (abandoned) and disturbed arable land by creating a long-term grass stand of Eastern goatskin - a highly effective long-term energy-saving feed resource with a simultaneous increase in soil fertility under the biological method.

Known methods of cultivating the eastern goatskin on green fodder and seeds suggest the use of a working arable land functioning in crop rotation as well as hatchery fields for the creation of a grass stand.

The method of simultaneous sowing of Eastern goatskin with white melilot as a two-year cover crop (RU, patent 2055459, АВВ 79/00, 1996) does not allow to obtain productive seeds for guaranteed subsequent yields and provides insufficient weight feed.

The well-known technology of cultivating the eastern goatskin for feed and seeds using pre-sowing cultivation with the simultaneous introduction of treflan in the soil and the ordinary sowing of the goat’s tree with dyeing goat as a cover crop (RU, patent 2017365, АВВ 79/02, 1994) provides stable harvests of the eastern goat’s, however material and energy intensive, as includes feeding the grass stand after harvesting the goatskin for seeds by applying mineral fertilizers to the soil with agricultural implements with disk working bodies. In addition, agricultural aggregates destroy the soil layer, which subsequently reduces the yield of eastern goatskin.

Closest to the claimed is a method of cultivation of Eastern goatskin to create a forage base on an unused and disturbed arable land (RU, patent No. 2248688, class AB 79/02, 2003, prototype), including:

- pre-sowing cultivation with the simultaneous application of organic fertilizers in the soil of at least 30 t / ha and 0.45 of the calculated dose of mineral fertilizers; application of the herbicide roundup 2 ÷ 3 weeks prior to winter plowing;

- joint sowing of Eastern goatskin with cover culture.

The disadvantages of this method:

- sowing of Eastern goatskin "in the winter", which results in damage to spring shoots by frost;

- the use of chemicals (herbicides) that violate the normal ecology of the agrolandscape;

- cost overruns due to loss of seedlings and the use of expensive herbicides.

The technical result of the proposed method for creating an energy-saving fodder base on an abandoned arable land is to prevent overgrowing of low-value wood and weed herbaceous vegetation (in conservation) of abandoned lands removed from crop rotation to produce high-quality animal feed, while maintaining the normal ecology of the agricultural landscape, increasing soil fertility and high economic efficiency effectiveness.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that, before sowing, the eastern goatskin seeds are treated with rhizotorfin and an aqueous solution of a humic preparation, as well as by the fact that vermicompost is introduced into the soil at a dose of 3 ÷ 4 t / ha, humic preparations at a dose of 6 ÷ 8 l / ha under presowing cultivation, twice spraying vegetative plants in the phase of "6 ÷ 8 leaves" and in the phase of budding - the beginning of flowering at a dose of 4 ÷ 5 l / ha. The seeds of the sealing culture of annual ryegrass are sown in an amount of 8 ÷ 10 kg / ha.

A study of the prior art found that ways to create an energy-saving feed base on unused and disturbed arable land, including treatment of eastern goatskin seeds before sowing with rhizotorfin and a humic preparation, introducing vermicompost into the soil at a dose of 3–4 t / ha, humic preparations at a dose of 6–8 l / ha, two-time spraying of vegetative plants in the phase of "6 ÷ 8 leaves" and in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering at a dose of 4 ÷ 5 l / ha, sowing seeds of eastern goatskin in the amount of 18 ÷ 20 kg / ha, is not detected.

A comparison of the properties of the set of features of the known (RU, patent No. 2248688, class AB 79/02, 2003, prototype) of the method and the claimed shows that

- in the known method, the sowing of Eastern goatskin is carried out "in the winter", and in the claimed - in the spring;

- in the known method apply means of chemicalization (herbicides) that violate the normal ecology of the agrolandscape, in the present method does not apply toxic chemicals;

- the known method is devoid of optimization, and the claimed method notes the dose fluctuation of the drugs used in a narrow concentration range;

- unlike the known method, in the claimed method, pre-sowing cultivation introduces vermicompost and a humic preparation into the soil, as well as treats the goat's seeds of the eastern goat with rhizotorfin and a humic preparation before sowing, and conducts a double spraying of vegetative plants with a humic preparation at various stages of their development.

The essence of the proposed method is as follows.

For economic reasons, at present, a certain amount of arable land is being removed from crop rotation, abandoned and overgrown with low-value wood and weed vegetation. There are about 15 million ha of such arable land in the Russian Federation.

The proposed method for growing eastern goatskin allows preserving abandoned and unused lands due to the long-term grass stand of eastern goatskin, which will be a highly efficient energy-saving feed resource, which will increase soil fertility under it, despite the large removal of nutrients from the crop.

The proposed herbage is more powerful in its development due to the positive effect of vermicompost components (humic substances, a valuable complex of nutrients and microelements in a balanced combination, enzymes, vitamins, plant growth hormones and other biological active substances produced by the earthworm community and microorganisms), enriched by a unique community of microorganisms that create soil fertility, as well as solutions of humic substances, extracted from various natural sources (sapropel, peat, biohumus, etc.).

Vermicompost introduced into the soil before sowing the seeds of Eastern goatskin, presowing spraying of the soil with a humic preparation, pre-sowing treatment of seed with a solution of humic substances, as well as two-time spraying of vegetative plants of the Eastern goatskin with a solution of humic substances have a multilateral effect not only on the development of the plants themselves, but also on the biochemical processes occurring in the soil under the grass stand of the eastern goatskin.

Humic substances extracted from various natural sources or vermicomposts have a stimulating effect on seeds: they reduce the phenomenon of hard seed and at the same time increase their germination energy and field germination. The experiments performed by the authors with vermicompost and compost on the eastern goatskin showed the advantage of vermicompost, the introduction of which increased the field germination of the goat in comparison with the control by 1.29 ÷ 2.13 times, and also stimulated the formation of nodules on the roots, increasing their number in comparison with the control 1.98 times, while the introduction of compost suppressed their development. Vermicompost also increased the yield of goat's 1st year of life in comparison with the control by 1.99 ÷ 2.67 times depending on the dose, while exceeding the alternative doses of compost by 1.01-1.71 times. In the second year of life, goat yield on vermicompost exceeded the control by 3.67–4.68 times, variants with compost 1.09–1.28 times.

The applied natural growth stimulants contribute to the development of a powerful root system of the eastern goatskin, activate the respiration of plants and their photosynthetic activity, as a result of which the size of leaf blades increases, the number of leaves on the stem increases, a large number of additional stems from the buds of renewal appear, the plants become higher and more powerful , more flowers are formed, nectar productivity increases, reaching up to 300 kg of nectar per 1 ha, more than seven n consequently increases seed production to 11 t / ha of conditioned seeds. Moreover, the qualitative characteristics of the seed material are improved (the seeds have a higher germination capacity compared to the mother ones, less hard seed, they are more viable, with a higher germination energy). In addition, the authors experimentally established the economic and ecological prospect of solutions of extracts of humic substances of vermicomposts enriched with beneficial microflora, as a new generation inoculant that positively affects goat yield, which increased by 3.77-4.07 times compared to control.

The immunity of plants is strengthened (resistance to adverse conditions, especially drought, is developed).

An analysis of the dynamics of the agrochemical properties of the soil under the goat bog of 1–10th year of life shows that the long-term cultivation of this crop on sod-podzolic soil, despite the large removal of nutrients from the crop, under conditions of yield planning, does not lead to a significant decrease in the content of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and even, on the contrary, their increase is tracked. So, the acidity of the soil decreases by 0.5 units and approaches neutral, the humus content increases by 36% from the original, phosphorus - by 3.3 times, potassium - by 3.8 times (according to the agrochemical analysis of the Ivanovo Research Institute of Agriculture, Vladimir Research Institute of Agriculture, Federal State Institution Center of Agrochemical Service "Vladimir"). This happens for a number of reasons.

Firstly, due to actively occurring biological nitrogen fixation, which increases and reaches 800 kg / ha in the best weather conditions.

Secondly, during the year, or during the growing season, the eastern goatskin accumulates in the soil up to 18 ÷ 20 t / ha of dry root residues, which is equivalent to 80 t / ha of peat moss compost and significantly increases soil fertility, despite the large removal of nutrients during the period vegetation, as the observed intensification of the microbiological activity of the soil leads to an intensification of the processes of transformation of organic matter of a large mass of dead roots under the proposed herbaceous eastern goatskin.

Thirdly, the soil is enriched with nutrients of a highly developed living functioning root system, including and due to the destruction by it of the minerals of the deeper layers, their transformation into an easily accessible form and its removal into the arable layer; due to the discharge of the rhizosphere and other unaccounted factors.

Such a valuable quality of the eastern goatskin as a soil improver is especially relevant for improving the soil fertility of the depleted lands of the Non-Black Earth region from the point of view of ecologization when cultivated without the use of mineral fertilizers.

There is a process of increasing soil fertility under the goat by the biological method, which allows at a certain stage of cultivating the crop to reduce the recommended doses of mineral fertilizers and herbicides, introducing them only in the first year of life, or to abandon them completely.

Thus, the obtained highly productive herbaceous eastern goatskin is environmentally friendly. The soil is freed from excessive chemical loads in the form of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, soil biota is preserved and a new highly productive agricultural landscape is created on an abandoned arable land, supporting and improving soil fertility biologically and contributing to the formation of a powerful and sustainable forage base.

In the proposed technology, to increase the yield of Eastern goatskin throughout life, to reduce weediness of crops for pre-sowing cultivation, vermicompost is used at a dose of 3 ÷ 4 t / ha and a humic preparation at a dose of 6 ÷ 8 l / ha, which leads to 55 ÷ 60% weed control. The remaining weeds are suppressed due to the compacting culture of the annual ryegrass.

Before sowing, the seeds of eastern goatskin are mixed with the seeds of annual ryegrass, the sowing rate of which is reduced by 2.5 times and is 8 ÷ 10 kg / ha. A mixture of goat seed and ryegrass seeds is sown through the grass box of the NWT - 3.6 or SPU - 4 seeder.

Shoots of eastern goatskin and annual ryegrass appear simultaneously, 7–9 days after sowing. After 2 ÷ 2.5 months, the annual ryegrass, along with the grown goat plants, is harvested in the hay, and subsequently the goat remains clean.

To exclude hard-seeded goat, reaching depending on weather conditions 35 ÷ 50%, its seeds are treated with a solution of humic substances before sowing (temperature not more than 30 ÷ 35 ° C).

Eastern goatskin, being a perennial feed crop, removes a large number of nutrients (NPK) from the soil along with green mass harvest, therefore, vermicompost is applied at a dose of 3-4 t / ha, the soil is treated with a solution of humic preparation and 2 times sprayed with it on vegetating plants allows you to get 50 ÷ 52 kg of feed units per 1 ha, while the feed unit is provided with digestible protein from 185 to 215 grams.

Table 1 presents data indicating the enrichment of the soil with macronutrients, humus and its deoxidation. The cost-effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated in table 2.

It is known that inoculation of Oriental goatseed seeds is a mandatory technique that contributes to the normal growth and development of plants and to obtain high seed yields and green mass in the future. This agricultural method ensures the development of a sufficient number of nodule bacteria on the roots of goat plants, which fix the nitrogen of the air in a form convenient for assimilation by plants. Inoculation of goat seed is very important because there are no corresponding strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil.

It was experimentally established and confirmed under production conditions that biological products had a positive effect on the growth and development of goat plants. The data of the experiment laid down according to the following scheme: control (without seed treatment); seed treatment with rhizotorfin; seed treatment with a liquid humic preparation (GHP) and seed treatment with half doses of rhizotorfin and GHP showed that when seed was treated with half doses of biological products, field germination increased 2.65–2.91–3.22 times, respectively, compared to the control. Biological products had a positive effect on the productivity of plants - when they were used, the weight of one plant was higher compared to the control by 119.7 ÷ 129.2 ÷ 176.3%, respectively.

Biological products had a positive effect on the formation of viable nodules on the roots. The use of half doses led to an increase in their number in comparison with the control by 8.21 times, and rhizotorfin and GGP increased their number by 3.44 ÷ 3.38 times. Accordingly, the productivity also increased, which exceeded the control by 3.17 ÷ 3.77 ÷ 4.07 times, respectively. The yield of dry matter increased in the same way. The largest excess of productivity was recorded when half doses of biological products - rhizotorfin and GGP were added (see histograms 1 and 2).

Histogram 1 (Fig. 1) shows the effect of vermicompost and compost on the number of plants in the crops of Eastern goatskin. Histogram 2 (figure 2) shows the effect of vermicompost and compost on the yield of goatskin eastern 1st year of life.

Obviously, in this case, the ratio of biological products physiologically necessary for plants was selected, which in this case was a powerful phyto- and biostimulator that enhances microbiological activity in the soil and promotes the active formation of a significant number of nodule bacteria. This ultimately contributes to higher yields.

According to a number of researchers, the sowing rate of Eastern goatskin seeds ranges from 500 grams of seeds per 1 ha (M.S.Boreisha, 1985), to 40 kg / ha (A.M. Shagarov, 1985). But according to the available literature and our own data, the recommended sowing rates of 30 ÷ 40 kg / ha are quite high, and the sowing rate of 500 g / ha, recommended for Belarus, where a high level of agricultural technology is very low for our zone. Seeding rates of 2.5 were used; 5; 10; fifteen; 20 and 30 kg / ha with narrow row, row, wide row according to the pattern of 50 × 20 cm and wide row with row spacings of 70 cm. With an increased sowing rate, seedlings were 12 times friendlier, but after 3 years the number of stems, the crops almost equalized, forming from 403.5 thousand units plants per 1 ha.

On sparse, with a relatively small seeding rate, crops, lateral shoots intensively grow (up to 7 ÷ 11 pieces per plant); only 1 ÷ 2 are formed on thickened crops, and most plants do not at all give stem branching. Toward the end of the first year of life of the eastern goatskin, another positive property of rarefied crops is manifested - the growth of underground stolons. They spread in all directions evenly, have branches, at the ends of which wintering vegetative buds are formed. In the 2nd and subsequent years of life, in the early spring, root-sprouting plants begin to grow from them, which, growing in a single bush, form an intertwined root system according to the rhizome type and continuous grass in the aisles. Therefore, even with wide-row sowing in the third year of life, inter-row treatments are terminated due to the impossibility of their implementation.

At a seeding rate of 30 kg / ha, stolonation is weakened due to initial thickening in the root part. Separate plants inhibit neighboring ones, forming stolons that go only in a row and are 3–4 times smaller than in crops with a reduced seeding rate.

Thus, already in the 3rd year of life, the number of plants and the yield of green mass at sowing rates from 2.5 to 30 kg / ha are equalized. It follows that the optimal sowing rate for all methods of sowing is the norm of 20 kg / ha.

It is known that the eastern goatskin, as a perennial culture, in the first year of life grows very slowly, accumulating mainly the root system, the developmental power of which exceeds the ground mass by 1.50 ÷ 1.80 times. Therefore, during this period, its development can be suppressed by weeds, which subsequently negatively affects productivity. The use of herbicides to control weeds leads to disruption of the environmental situation, increase costs.

It was experimentally established that to increase the yield of Eastern goatskin in all years of life, to reduce weediness of crops for pre-sowing cultivation, it is enough to introduce 3 ÷ 4 t / ha of vermicompost and ZhGP in a dose of 6 ÷ 8 l / ha, which leads to 55 ÷ 60% - Weed control (histogram 1). The remaining weeds are suppressed due to the compacting culture of the annual ryegrass, which due to the large area of leaves reduces the illumination of weeds by 15 ÷ 20 times, as a result of which they die. In this case, the seeding rate of annual ryegrass is reduced 2.5–3.1 times to 8–10 kg / ha. Shoots of eastern goatskin and annual ryegrass appear simultaneously, 7–9 days after sowing. After 2.0 ÷ 2.5 months, the annual ryegrass, along with the grown goat plants, is removed for hay, and subsequently the goat is clean.

It has been established that the cultivation of the eastern galega is effective in combating perennial weeds, especially creeping wheatgrass, as well as low-value tree and shrub vegetation (birch, aspen, willow, etc.). The effect of reducing weediness is associated with the fact that the eastern galega forms a large leaf area reaching 10–12 m ² per 1 m ² . In this regard, the illumination of the soil surface decreases by 55–68 times, which leads to a decrease in air temperature inside the crop by 4–5 ° С. In this case, up to 87 ÷ 90% of the wheatgrass rhizomes die, as well as 1 ÷ 2 summer shoots of birch, aspen, willow, and the number of these plants in the sowing of the eastern galega is reduced by 95 ÷ 100%. Such an agrophytocenotic method for the destruction of perennial weeds and low-value wood and shrub vegetation is energy-saving, characterized by a high intensity of arable land use and has an soil-protective function.

The method is as follows.

First, soil preparation is carried out: vermicompost is added to the soil at a dose of 3 ÷ 4 t / ha, after which it is sprayed with an aqueous solution of a humic preparation with a concentration of 0.006-0.008% salts of humic acids (6 ÷ 8 l of the preparation is dissolved in 300 l of water, applied per 1 ha ) Then carry out pre-sowing cultivation.

Before sowing, Oriental goat's seeds are treated with rhizotorfin (0.5 kg per hectare seed rate) and an aqueous solution of a humic preparation with a concentration of 0.075% salts of humic acids (250 ml of the preparation is dissolved in 1 liter of water) for 20-30 minutes.

In order to control weeds, Eastern goatskin is sown simultaneously with annual ryegrass. The sowing rate of eastern goatskin is 18 ÷ 20 kg / ha, and the annual ryegrass is 8 ÷ 10 kg / ha. Sowing time: no later than June 15–20 in the Central zone of the Russian Federation.

Vegetative plants are sprayed twice with an aqueous solution of a humic preparation with a concentration of 0.004-0.006% salts of humic acids (4 ÷ 5 l of the preparation is dissolved in 300 l of water, applied per 1 ha): in the phase of "6-8 leaves" and in the phase of "budding - the beginning of flowering "

An example of the method

First, vermicompost in a dose of 3 t / ha is introduced into the soil. The soil is sprayed with an aqueous solution of a humic preparation with a concentration of 0.006% salts of humic acids (6 l of the preparation is dissolved in 300 l of water, applied per 1 ha). Then carry out pre-sowing cultivation.

Before sowing, Oriental goat's seeds are treated with rhizotorfin (0.5 kg per hectare seed rate) and an aqueous solution of a humic preparation with a concentration of 0.075% salts of humic acids (250 ml of the preparation is dissolved in 1 liter of water) for 30 minutes.

Immediately after processing, the seeds of Eastern goatskin are sown in prepared soil. Sowing date - no later than June 20 (for the Central zone of the Russian Federation).

Vegetative plants are sprayed with an aqueous solution of a humic preparation with a concentration of 0.004% salts of humic acids (4 l of the preparation is dissolved in 300 l of water, applied per 1 ha): in the phase of 6-8 leaves and in the phase of budding - the beginning of flowering.

Table 1 Performance Monitoring The weight of the root system as a whole, t / ha Soil fertility indicators pH Humus content,% The content of phosphorus and potassium, mg / 100 g of soil P ₂ O ₅ K ₂ O Before planting a plantation 0 5.50 1.55 15-17 16-18 After 10 years of activity 17.5 6.01 2.11 50-60 60

table 2 No. Indicators Arable land, ha Note one 1000 150,000 one. Seed need 15 kg 15,000 kg 2250000 kg 2. The cost of seeds (rub.) 1500 1,500,000 225000000 3. Risotorfin (rub.) 0.5 kg / ha 620 620,000 93000000 1 serving per hectare four. Humic preparation, 3 g / l of salts of humic acids (rub.) 6 l / ha 120 120,000 18,000,000 6 liters per hectare 5. Tillage, sowing (rub.) 1500 1,500,000 225000000 6. Technology cost (rub.) not less than 2000 rub./ha 7. Total costs (rubles) 3800 3,800,000 570,000,000 8. Hay harvesting from 1 ha (t) 21 21000 3150000 9. Hay cost (rub.) 31500 31500000 4725000000 10. Net profit (RUB) 27700 27,700,000 4155000000

Claims (1)

A method of creating an energy-saving fodder base on an abandoned arable land, including applying vermicompost to the soil, spraying the soil with an aqueous solution of humic preparation, pre-sowing cultivation, joint sowing of eastern goatskin with annual ryegrass, characterized in that before the sowing, eastern goat's seeds are treated with risotorfin - 0.5 kg hectare norm of seeds, and an aqueous solution of salts of humic acids with a concentration of 0.075%, joint sowing of seeds is carried out at the rate of: 18 ÷ 20 kg / ha of Eastern goatskin and 8 ÷ 10 kg / ha aygrasa annual and vegetating plants sprayed twice with an aqueous solution of salts of humic acids with the concentration of 0.004 ÷ 0.006%: in phase "÷ 6 8 leaves" in phase "budding - early bloom."

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