CN109168925B

CN109168925B - Cultivation method for improving quality and yield of guavas in saline-alkali soil

Info

Publication number: CN109168925B
Application number: CN201811275639.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 陈钟佃; 张丽梅; 黄秀声; 冯德庆; 钟珍梅; 罗涛; 黄勤楼
Original assignee: Pomology Research Institute Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Institute of Agricultural Ecology of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Pomology Research Institute Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Institute of Agricultural Ecology of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2018-10-30
Filing date: 2018-10-30
Publication date: 2021-09-17
Anticipated expiration: 2038-10-30
Also published as: CN109168925A

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of sesbania planting, in particular to a cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of guavas in saline-alkali soil. In the method, sesbania is interplanted in the guava orchard, so that the orchard space of the guava is effectively utilized, the ecological environment of soil is improved, the nitrogen fixation effect and cutting and green burying of the sesbania are utilized, the organic matter of the soil is increased, the soil hardening and salinization are avoided, and the yield of the guava and the sesbania is increased; cutting and burying green in different periods of sesbania, applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer to the orchard, better promoting the growth of sesbania and guava, utilizing and fermenting farmyard manure and waste materials, realizing waste utilization and saving cost; the yield and the quality of the guavas are improved.

Description

Cultivation method for improving quality and yield of guavas in saline-alkali soil

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of sesbania planting, in particular to a cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of guavas in saline-alkali soil.

Background

Sesbania is a leguminous plant, has upright stems and developed root systems, has strong capacity of enriching deep soil nutrients and activating insoluble nutrients in soil, has more nodules and strong nitrogen fixation capacity, forms a ventilated sponge tissue at stems after being flooded, grows a plurality of water roots close to the water surface, and can normally nodule and fix nitrogen. Sesbania is rich in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and trace elements, and the nutrient content of sesbania varies with different growth periods and different parts. The plant is fresh and tender in the seedling stage and has less dry matter. After the flowering phase, a large amount of dry matters are accumulated, the grass yield is increased, and the total nutrient content is higher than that in the seedling phase. The leaves have high nitrogen and phosphorus contents, and the stems have high potassium contents. The dry leaf contains N4.03% and P₂O₅1.00% of K₂O is 0.85%. The N content in the stalk is 1.16 percent, and the P content is₂O₅0.16%, K₂O is 1.42%. The sesbania seed contains 32.9% of crude protein, 0.71% of ash content, 0.94% of fat, 2.3% of nitrogen-containing substances, 9.76% of sugar and 16.3% of lignin.

The sesbania fresh grass has high yield, rich nutrient content and strong salt tolerance, and is a pioneer crop for improving saline-alkali soil. Besides using the sesbania as a fertilizer for improving saline-alkali soil, the planted sesbania is mainly used as a fertilizer, can be directly ploughed, and can also be applied after straw and livestock manure are piled and retted. Can be used as a base fertilizer and an additional fertilizer. The turning-over time is based on the principle that the sowing and the seedling growth are not influenced, and the yield of the fresh grass and the total content of the nutrients of the fresh grass are the highest.

After the sesbania is turned and pressed, the total amount of soil water-stable aggregates is increased, the volume weight of the soil is reduced, the porosity is increased, and the soil salt return can be inhibited. The harvested sesbania straws can be peeled to be used as a substitute for hemp. Therefore, with the excellent action and low cost and high profit of sesbania grass, it is gradually found in agriculture, and a more systematic and excellent cultivation method is urgently needed to embody the application and value of sesbania grass in practice.

Guava, also called guava, is a plant of guava of Myrtaceae, is native in the tropical region of America, is suitable for tropical climate, is afraid of frost and frost, and can freeze young trees at the temperature of 1-2 ℃ generally. The optimal growth temperature is 23-28 ℃, and the average minimum monthly temperature is more than 15.5 ℃ to be beneficial to growth. The annual rainfall is preferably 1000 to 2000 mm. Drought resistance and moisture resistance, light preference, sufficient sunlight, early fruiting and good quality. In the 20 th century 90 th era of the Fujian province, the guavas are introduced from Taiwan of China in large quantities for planting, because the guavas bloom and bear fruits in four seasons, the fruits can be picked 1-3 times in one year, the guavas are deeply loved by consumers and growers, and the planting area of the guavas in the whole province is about 3.8 mu per mu at present. However, due to special requirements on temperature and water, guava planted in Fujian province is mostly planted in coastal saline-alkali soil, and the saline-alkali soil has high mineral content, but has the characteristics of low temperature, thin soil and poor structure, and the content of organic matters in the soil is low. After the fruit trees enter the strong-year period, the guava trees planted in saline-alkali soil consume a large amount of nutrients, so that the soil fertility is reduced, the soil is hardened, the root system is aged, and various plant diseases and insect pests such as bactrocera dorsalis, anthracnose, root-knot nematode and the like become serious day by day. Therefore, how to improve the saline-alkali soil and promote the continuous and healthy development of the guava industry becomes an important subject for the development of the coastal fruit industry.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: according to the method, the guavas are interplanted to carry out symbiotic planting, cutting and green burying are combined with fertilizer application in different growth periods of the sesbania, the yield of the sesbania is improved, harmful ions in the soil of the saline-alkali soil are reduced, the organic matter content of a soil plough layer of the saline-alkali soil is increased, and the absorption capacity of guavas roots is improved, so that the yield of the guavas is improved.

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: the method for improving the quality and the yield of the guavas in the saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps:

step 1, sowing sesbania for 4-5 months, sowing 500-600 kilograms of organic fertilizer in each mu of a saline-alkali soil guava garden of 1-3 ages before sowing, ploughing the organic fertilizer into soil, then interplanting the sesbania in the saline-alkali soil guava garden, wherein the plant row spacing of the guava is 1.5m multiplied by 3.0m, the distance between the sesbania and a tree crown drip part of the guava is 50-60 cm, and the row spacing of the sesbania is 30-50 cm;

step 2, cutting and burying green sesbania when the sesbania grows to a height of 80-100 cm, and cutting and leaving stubbles for 8-10 cm so as to be beneficial to re-drawing new branches;

and 3, harvesting and picking when the pod yellowing rate is greater than or equal to 75% after sesbania seeds are grown.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: by interplanting sesbania in a guava orchard, the method can utilize the residual space of the guava, increase the land utilization rate, improve the shading degree, reduce the water evaporation capacity of the orchard in saline-alkali soil, improve the ecological environment of the soil, utilize the function of reducing soil salt ions by the sesbania, avoid soil hardening and salinization, improve the soil fertility, increase the content of organic matters in the soil, increase the yield of interplanted crops and the sesbania in a double-double way, improve and optimize the variety and the structure of the soil by adding a soil conditioner, facilitate the growth of the sesbania in planting areas and the coming years, and also greatly reduce the salt alkalinity of the soil; by applying the fertilizer required by the sesbania in different growth periods, the growth of the sesbania can be better promoted, so that luxuriant foliage and full and rich seeds are realized.

Detailed Description

In order to explain the technical content, the objects and the effects of the present invention in detail, the following description will be given with reference to the embodiments.

The most key concept of the invention is as follows: the guava is interplanted with the sesbania for symbiotic planting, and cutting and fertilizer application are carried out in different growth periods of the sesbania, so that the yield of the sesbania is increased, the soil environment is improved, and the yield of the guava is increased.

The invention provides a cultivation method for improving the quality and yield of guavas in saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps:

step 1, sowing sesbania for 4-5 months, sowing 500-600 kilograms of organic fertilizer in each mu of a saline-alkali soil guava garden of 1-3 ages before sowing, ploughing the organic fertilizer into soil, and then interplanting the sesbania in the saline-alkali soil guava garden, wherein the plant row spacing of the guava is 1.5m multiplied by 3.0m, the spacing between the sesbania and the guava is 50-60 cm, and the row spacing of the sesbania is 30-50 cm;

From the above description, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: according to the invention, sesbania is interplanted in the guava, so that the residual space of the guava can be utilized, the land utilization rate is increased, and meanwhile, the soil environment of the guava land can be better improved, the content of organic matters in the soil is increased, the soil fertility is improved, and the yield and the quality of the guava are increased.

The method is characterized in that a sesbania variety is determined according to a guava variety and a guava row spacing, two varieties of normal sesbania and dwarfing sesbania exist at present, but the plant growth height of the normal sesbania is higher and is generally more than 3 meters, the picking of the guava, the pesticide spraying and the field care are sometimes influenced, and the improved dwarfing sesbania is selected.

And 4, pruning the whole guava plants at 2-3 months every year, applying organic fertilizer before flowering, bagging each plant 2-3 kg when fruits grow to 2 cm in diameter, and burying green by cut sesbania for reducing water evaporation in the orchard. After harvesting sesbania in winter, deep ploughing operation is carried out on the guava orchard, and the soil is sunned to be white.

Further, before sowing sesbania, sesbania needs to be treated: soaking sesbania seeds in water at the temperature of 50-60 ℃ for 20-30 h, and performing intercropping and interplanting on the sesbania seeds and guavas after soaking the seeds.

Sesbania seeds have thick skin, waxy substances on the surface and difficult water absorption. Therefore, the seed soaking treatment with warm water is required, and the seed rubbing treatment with sandy soil is also required to improve the germination rate and the emergence rate.

Further, the following steps are also included between step 1 and step 2:

and (3) applying liquid fertilizer around the seedlings 20-30 days after the sesbania seedlings emerge, applying the compound fertilizer after the seedlings enter a flowering period, and irrigating after applying the compound fertilizer.

The invention organically treats the soil before planting, not only improves the soil, but also provides enough nutrients for the seedling stage of sesbania, so that the sesbania can thrive and have luxuriant branches and leaves; the seedling period is a more critical growth period of sesbania, so that water and fertilizer which are easy to permeate and absorb are applied at the moment, and the plants can germinate and strip rapidly; after the sesbania enters the flowering phase, a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements are needed, and a compound fertilizer rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is applied immediately, so that the growth and photosynthesis of plants are facilitated; because the sesbania roots are developed and have strong water absorption capacity, the plants can be better supplied with water by watering and irrigating after fertilization, the nutrients are absorbed by the roots of the plants while absorbing the water, and the growth of the guavas is promoted by applying the fertilizer.

Further, the organic fertilizer and the liquid fertilizer are prepared by the following steps:

step a, mixing 100-200 parts by weight of poultry manure, 30-50 parts by weight of bran coat, 10-25 parts by weight of sawdust, 80-100 parts by weight of straw and 50-60 parts by weight of water to obtain a solid matrix;

b, adding the fungus residues into the solid substrate obtained in the step a, and then stirring and fermenting at the fermentation temperature of 60-70 ℃ for 14-21 days to obtain a fermentation product;

and c, performing solid-liquid separation on the fermentation product obtained in the step b to obtain a liquid substance, namely the liquid fertilizer, and drying the solid substance to obtain the organic fertilizer.

According to the description, the organic fertilizer and the liquid fertilizer are prepared by mixing, fermenting and separating the excrement, the bran coat, the sawdust and the straw obtained from the poultry pig farm, the raw materials are organic matters and have strong fibrous property, so that the prepared organic fertilizer can enable the soil to be looser and have good air permeability, meanwhile, the organic matters in the soil can be greatly increased, most organic macromolecules can be degraded through fermentation, and more free nutrients can be obtained; and insect eggs and germs in the raw materials can be killed through fermentation, so that the insect pests and diseases after fertilization are avoided.

Further, the solid content of the poultry manure is less than or equal to 30%, the water content of the solid substrate is less than or equal to 30%, and the length of the straw is 3-5 mm.

Further, the method for applying the compound fertilizer comprises the following steps: and deeply burying the compound fertilizer between the sesbania and the guava tree, wherein the depth is 5-7 cm.

Further, the method also comprises a step 4, wherein the step 4 is as follows: after the sesbania is harvested, spreading a soil conditioner on the soil surface, spreading 5-10 kilograms of the soil conditioner per mu, and then performing crushing tillage treatment to crush sesbania roots and large soil in the soil.

From the above description, it can be known that the variety and structure of the soil can be improved and optimized by regularly ploughing the soil and adding soil conditioner, which is convenient for the growth of orchards and sesbania in the coming year and can also greatly reduce the salt alkalinity of the soil.

Further, the soil conditioner is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of plant ash, 1-3 parts of charcoal ash, 0.5-1 part of thalli and 10-15 parts of calcium phosphate.

As can be seen from the above description, the plant ash, the biochar and the calcium phosphate provide sufficient calcium source for the soil, and the calcium ions can be combined with chloride ions, sulfate ions and other salts in the soil to precipitate and run off, so that the salinization of the soil can be avoided, and the soil environment can be improved. Meanwhile, a large amount of other mineral substances are also absorbed by the roots of the plants, and the biochar also has strong adsorbability and has a certain slow release effect after fertilization.

Further, the thallus comprises bacillus subtilis, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, trichoderma or bacillus mucilaginosus.

As can be seen from the above description, the degradation is carried out by different bacterial species to achieve the improvement of the soil structure.

Further, the compound fertilizer comprises 15-25 parts of calcium phosphate and 20-30 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate according to parts by weight.

As can be seen from the above description, sesbania has strong nitrogen fixation capability, has low requirement on nitrogen, and is very sensitive to phosphorus. The application of the phosphate fertilizer not only increases the yield of the sesbania fresh grass, but also can improve the nitrogen and phosphorus content in the body. After the seed field is reserved, the number of mature pods can be increased and the yield can be improved by applying the calcium superphosphate.

Further, before the flower season, topping and edging are carried out on each sesbania, the treatment time is morning and evening every day, and harvesting and picking can be carried out when the pod yellowing rate is more than or equal to 75% after seed setting.

From the above description, sesbania is an infinite inflorescence plant, inflorescences open from inside to outside from bottom to top, mature seeds are different in time and are easy to crack, green pods are formed, and in order to ensure that flowering phases are relatively concentrated and the seeds are mature and consistent, measures of topping and edging are adopted, so that the ineffective consumption of nutrients is controlled, and the yield is improved.

Example 1

Preparing organic fertilizer and liquid fertilizer:

mixing 100 parts of excrement from a poultry pig farm, 30 parts of bran coat, 10 parts of sawdust and 80 parts of straw in parts by weight, and then adding 50 parts of water to obtain a solid matrix, wherein the solid content of the poultry excrement is less than or equal to 30%, the water content of the solid matrix is less than or equal to 30%, and the length of the straw is 3-5 mm.

Putting the solid substrate into a fermentation reaction kettle, adding the fungus residues, stirring, and fermenting at 60 ℃ for 14 days to obtain a fermentation product; and draining the fermentation product to a centrifugal separator for solid-liquid separation, wherein the obtained liquid substance is liquid fertilizer, and the obtained solid substance is dried to obtain the organic fertilizer.

(1) The planting method comprises the following steps: soaking sesbania seeds in water at 50 ℃, and intercropping the sesbania seeds and guavas after soaking, wherein the plant row spacing of the guavas is 1.5m multiplied by 3.0m, the spacing between the sesbania seeds and crops is 60cm, and the row spacing of the sesbania seeds is 30 cm;

(2) fertilization management: before sowing, sowing organic fertilizer in a planting area, wherein the amount of the organic fertilizer is 500 kg per mu, sowing is carried out after ploughing, liquid fertilizer is applied to the periphery of seedlings 20 days after emergence of seedlings, before flowering phase, a compound fertilizer is deeply buried between two sesbania plants, the compound fertilizer contains 15kg of calcium superphosphate and 20kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, the depth is 5cm, and irrigation is carried out immediately after fertilization;

(3) soil treatment: after harvesting, spreading a soil conditioner on the soil surface, wherein the conditioner comprises 10kg of plant ash, 1kg of charcoal ash, 0.5kg of thalli and 10kg of calcium phosphate, and spreading 5kg of the soil conditioner per mu, and then performing ploughing treatment, wherein the ploughing treatment adopts crushing ploughing to crush sesbania roots and large soil in the soil.

(4) And pruning the whole guava plants 2-3 months per year, applying organic fertilizer before blooming, bagging each plant 2-3 kg when fruits grow to 2 cm in diameter, and burying green with cut sesbania to reduce water evaporation in the orchard. After harvesting sesbania in winter, deep ploughing operation is carried out on the guava orchard, and the soil is sunned to be white.

Example 2

Preparing organic fertilizer and liquid fertilizer:

mixing 150 parts of excrement obtained in a poultry pig farm, 40 parts of bran coat, 15 parts of sawdust and 90 parts of straw according to the weight part ratio, and then adding 55 parts of water to obtain a solid matrix, wherein the solid content of the poultry excrement is less than or equal to 30%, the water content of the solid matrix is less than or equal to 30%, and the length of the straw is 3-5 mm.

Putting the solid substrate into a fermentation reaction kettle, adding the fungus residues, stirring, and fermenting at the fermentation temperature of 65 ℃ for 18 days to obtain a fermentation product; and draining the fermentation product to a centrifugal separator for solid-liquid separation, wherein the obtained liquid substance is liquid fertilizer, and the obtained solid substance is dried to obtain the organic fertilizer.

(1) The planting method comprises the following steps: soaking sesbania seeds in water at 55 ℃, and intercropping the sesbania seeds and guavas after soaking, wherein the plant-row spacing of the guavas is 1.5m multiplied by 3.0m, the spacing between the sesbania seeds and crops is 70cm, and the row spacing of the sesbania seeds is 40 cm;

(2) fertilization management: before sowing, sowing organic fertilizer in a planting area, wherein the amount of the organic fertilizer is 550 kg per mu, sowing is carried out after ploughing, liquid fertilizer is applied around seedlings 25 days after emergence of seedlings, before flowering, a compound fertilizer containing 20kg of calcium superphosphate and 25kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is deeply buried between two sesbania plants, the depth of the compound fertilizer is 6cm, and irrigation is carried out immediately after fertilization;

(4) soil treatment: after harvesting, spreading a soil conditioner on the soil surface, wherein the conditioner comprises 12kg of plant ash, 2kg of charcoal ash, 0.7kg of thalli and 12kg of calcium phosphate, and spreading 7kg of the soil conditioner per mu, and then performing ploughing treatment, wherein the ploughing treatment adopts crushing ploughing to crush sesbania roots and large soil in the soil.

Example 3

Preparing organic fertilizer and liquid fertilizer:

mixing 200 parts of excrement obtained in a poultry pig farm, 50 parts of bran coat, 25 parts of sawdust and 100 parts of straw according to the weight part ratio, and then adding 60 parts of water to obtain a solid matrix, wherein the solid content of the poultry excrement is less than or equal to 30%, the water content of the solid matrix is less than or equal to 30%, and the length of the straw is 3-5 mm.

Putting the solid substrate into a fermentation reaction kettle, adding the fungus residues, stirring, and fermenting at the fermentation temperature of 70 ℃ for 21 days to obtain a fermentation product; and draining the fermentation product to a centrifugal separator for solid-liquid separation, wherein the obtained liquid substance is liquid fertilizer, and the obtained solid substance is dried to obtain the organic fertilizer.

(1) Planting rules are as follows: soaking sesbania seeds in water at 60 ℃, and intercropping the sesbania seeds and guavas after soaking, wherein the plant-row spacing of the guavas is 1.5m multiplied by 3.0m, the spacing between the sesbania seeds and crops is 80cm, and the row spacing of the sesbania seeds is 50 cm;

(2) fertilization management: before sowing, sowing organic fertilizer in a planting area, wherein each mu is 600 kilograms, sowing is carried out after ploughing, liquid fertilizer is applied to the periphery of seedlings 30 days after emergence of seedlings, before flowering phase, a compound fertilizer is deeply buried between two sesbania plants, the compound fertilizer comprises 25 parts of calcium superphosphate and 30 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate, the depth is 7cm, and irrigation is carried out immediately after fertilization;

(3) soil treatment: after harvesting, spreading a soil conditioner on the soil surface, wherein the conditioner comprises 15 parts of plant ash, 3 parts of charcoal ash, 1 part of thallus and 15 parts of calcium phosphate, spreading 10 kilograms of the soil conditioner per mu, and then performing ploughing treatment, wherein the ploughing treatment adopts crushing ploughing to crush sesbania roots and large soil in the soil.

Evaluation:

the test planting was performed in the test fields by examples 1, 2 and 3 of the present invention, and compared with the cultivation of sesbania in a conventional manner, which was: the sesbania is directly planted in the saline-alkali soil, interplanting and cutting are not carried out in the guava garden, stem leaves of sesbania can be used as organic fertilizer raw materials, the higher the content of organic matters is, the better the content of the organic matters is, the characteristic can be obtained by detecting ash content through a physicochemical test, and the lower the ash content is, the higher the content of the organic matters of a corresponding sample is; the sesbania seeds are raw materials of sesbania gum, the sesbania gum can be used as an emulsifier, a thickener and a stabilizer of food to improve the quality of the food, and the dry grain weight of the seeds can indicate the plump degree of the seeds. Data pairs are shown in table 1 below.

TABLE 1

	Ash content%	Dry grain weight/thousand grains	Mu yield (parts)
				Example 1	1.5	22	5.3
Example 2	1.5	24	5.3
				Example 3	1.4	25	5.5
Traditional cultivation	2.1	16	3.8

As can be seen from Table 1, the ash content of the sesbania cultivation method is obviously lower than that of the plants obtained by the traditional cultivation method, which indicates that the organic matter content of the cultivated sesbania obtained by the invention is higher than that of the cultivated sesbania obtained by the traditional cultivation method; the excellent effect of the invention relative to the traditional method is fully shown by comparing the dry grain weight and the yield per mu, and the application is fully demonstrated to have great progress in the technical field.

Table 2 shows the data of the yield and quality of guava planted with sesbania in the examples 1 to 3 of the present invention compared to the data obtained by the experiment without interplanting sesbania:

TABLE 2 guava yield and quality

	Average plant yield (kg)	Soluble solids content (%)	Maximum single fruit weight (g)
				Example 1	16.5	15.1	375.3
Example 2	17.3	14.6	365.8
				Example 3	15.8	13.9	355.4
Traditional cultivation	13.6	12.1	298.7

In conclusion, according to the cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of the guavas in the saline-alkali soil, the sesbania is interplanted in the guavas, so that the remaining space of the guavas can be utilized, the land utilization rate is increased, meanwhile, the soil environment of the guavas in the land can be better improved, the content of organic matters in the soil is increased, the soil fertility is improved, and the yield and the quality of the guavas are increased.

According to the invention, by applying the required fertilizer to sesbania at different periods, for example, applying the organic fertilizer to soil before planting, not only soil is improved, but also enough nutrients are provided for the seedling period of the sesbania, so that the sesbania can thrive and have luxuriant branches and leaves; the seedling period is a more critical growth period of sesbania, so that water and fertilizer which are easy to permeate and absorb are applied at the time, and the plants can germinate and strip rapidly; after the sesbania enters the flowering phase, a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements are needed, and a compound fertilizer rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is applied immediately, so that the growth and photosynthesis of plants are facilitated; because the sesbania roots are developed and have strong water absorption capacity, the watering and irrigation can better provide water for the plants after fertilization, and the nutrients are absorbed by the roots of the plants while absorbing the water.

Sesbania seeds have thick skin, waxy substances on the surface and difficult water absorption. Therefore, the seed soaking treatment with warm water is required, and the seed rubbing treatment with sandy soil is also required to improve the germination rate and the emergence rate. The organic fertilizer and the liquid fertilizer are prepared by mixing, fermenting and separating the excrement, the bran coat, the sawdust and the straw obtained from the poultry pig farm, and the raw materials are organic matters and have strong fibrous property, so that the prepared organic fertilizer can make the soil more loose and has good air permeability, meanwhile, the organic matters in the soil are greatly increased, and the fermentation can degrade most organic macromolecules to obtain more free nutrients; and insect eggs and germs in the raw materials can be killed through fermentation, so that the insect pests and diseases after fertilization are avoided.

Soil structure is improved by regularly ploughing the land and adding soil conditioner, which is convenient for the growth of fruit trees and sesbania in the next year and can greatly reduce the salt ions of the soil. The plant ash, the biochar and the calcium phosphate provide sufficient calcium sources for the soil, and the calcium ions can be combined with chloride ions, sulfate ions and other salts in the soil to precipitate and run off, so that the salinization of the soil can be avoided, and the soil environment is improved. Meanwhile, a large amount of other mineral substances are also absorbed by the roots of the plants, and the biochar also has strong adsorbability and has a certain slow release effect after fertilization. Sesbania has strong nitrogen fixation capacity, has low requirement on nitrogen and is very sensitive to phosphorus. The application of the phosphate fertilizer not only increases the yield of the sesbania fresh grass, but also can improve the nitrogen and phosphorus content in the body. After the seed field is reserved, the number of mature pods can be increased and the yield can be improved by applying the calcium superphosphate. Sesbania belongs to infinite inflorescence plants, inflorescences open from inside to outside from bottom to top, the mature seeds are different in maturation time and easy to grow mature pods and burst, while green pods are formed, in order to ensure that flowering phases are relatively concentrated and the seeds are mature and consistent, measures of topping and edging are adopted, the ineffective consumption of nutrients is controlled, and the yield is improved.

The above description is only an embodiment of the present invention, and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all equivalent modifications made by the present invention in the specification or directly or indirectly applied to the related technical field are included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of guavas in saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step 1, before sowing, sowing 500-600 kilograms of organic fertilizer in each mu of a saline-alkali soil guava garden of 1-3 ages, wherein the organic fertilizer is ploughed into the soil, then interplanting sesbania in the saline-alkali soil guava garden, the plant row spacing of the guava is 1.5m multiplied by 3.0m, the spacing between the sesbania and the guava is 50-60 cm, and the row spacing of the sesbania is 30-50 cm;

applying liquid fertilizer around the seedlings 20-30 days after the sesbania seedlings emerge, applying compound fertilizer after the seedlings enter a flowering period, and irrigating after applying the compound fertilizer;

step 3, harvesting and picking when the pod yellowing rate is greater than or equal to 75% after sesbania seeds are grown;

the method also comprises a step 4, wherein the step 4 is as follows: after the sesbania is harvested, spreading a soil conditioner on the soil surface, spreading 5-10 kilograms of soil conditioner per mu, and then performing crushing tillage treatment to crush sesbania roots and large soil in the soil;

the compound fertilizer comprises 15-25 parts of calcium phosphate and 20-30 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate according to parts by weight;

the soil conditioner is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of plant ash, 1-3 parts of charcoal ash, 0.5-1 part of thalli and 10-15 parts of calcium phosphate.

2. The cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of guavas in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein before sowing sesbania, sesbania needs to be treated: soaking sesbania seeds in water at the temperature of 50-60 ℃ for 20-30 h, and performing intercropping and interplanting on the sesbania seeds and guavas after soaking the seeds.

3. The cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of the guavas in the saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer and the liquid fertilizer are prepared by the following steps:

4. The cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of the guavas in the saline-alkali soil according to claim 3, wherein the solid content of the poultry manure is less than or equal to 30%, the water content of the solid matrix is less than or equal to 30%, and the length of the straw is 3-5 mm.

5. The cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of the guavas in the saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the method for applying the compound fertilizer comprises the following steps: burying and applying the compound fertilizer between the sesbania and the guava tree, wherein the depth is 5-7 cm.

6. The cultivation method for improving the quality and the yield of the guavas in the saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the thallus comprises bacillus subtilis, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, trichoderma or bacillus mucilaginosus.