CN114938765B - Cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry land - Google Patents
Cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry land Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly discloses a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands. The cultivation method for the alpine dry land comprises the following steps: preparing before sowing, field management and harvesting; wherein, the preparation before sowing comprises fine variety screening, land block treatment, seed treatment and base fertilizer application; the land mass treatment comprises the following specific steps: the method comprises the steps of performing 'twisting' weeding on the land for 2-3 times every 5-7 days before sowing. The cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine dry land can solve the problem that highland barley in the alpine agricultural area is low in yield or cannot be mature normally.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands.
Background
Highland barley is a annual herb with strong adaptability, has excellent cold resistance, can sprout and normally grow in a low-temperature environment, and can not be frozen even at-9 ℃. Therefore, in the Tibetan area of China, highland barley becomes a main crop of Tibetan residents, can be used as grain, and is a main raw material for preparing materials such as fuel, feed, beer, health care products and the like.
The traditional highland barley cultivation mode in the Tibetan area is to perform one-time artificial irrigation before sowing, then sowing in a sowing mode in middle and late ten days of 5 months, wherein the sowing amount is 22.5-25 kg/mu, natural rainwater is mainly used for irrigation in the highland barley growth stage, and the annual highland barley yield in the traditional cultivation mode is 120-220 kg/mu.
The agricultural regions of the Tibet are a valley agricultural region and a high-cold agricultural region, and due to the fact that the altitude of the high-cold agricultural region is higher (more than 4200 m), annual precipitation is less (300-650 mm), the accumulated temperature is low, the frost-free period is short, the crop growing season is short, if highland barley is planted in a traditional cultivation mode, the yield of the harvested highland barley is low, and even some highland barley cannot be mature normally.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem that highland barley in the alpine farmland is low in yield or cannot be mature normally, the application provides a cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine dry land.
The cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine dry land provided by the application adopts the following technical scheme:
a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands comprises the following steps: preparing before sowing, field management and harvesting; wherein, the preparation before sowing comprises fine variety screening, land block treatment, seed treatment and base fertilizer application;
the land mass treatment comprises the following specific steps: the method comprises the steps of performing 'twisting' weeding on the land for 2-3 times every 5-7 days before sowing.
The application provides a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands, which comprises the steps of preparation before sowing, field management, harvesting and the like, wherein in the step of preparation before sowing, the land treatment adopts a bundling weeding mode. The cultivation method can improve the crop planting level and capability in high-altitude arid areas and improve the yield of highland barley, and in addition, the cultivation method for highland barley in high-cold arid areas can also improve the ecology of farmlands, provide good and beneficial growth environments for highland barley, and further is more beneficial to improving the yield of highland barley.
According to the method, the 'bundling' weeding is repeatedly performed on the land before sowing, and weeds in the land can be thoroughly induced and eliminated through 2-3 times of 'bundling' weeding, so that the possibility of weed growth in the highland barley growth process is reduced, the problem of weed growth is solved from the root, and the method has a permanent effect for one time; compared with the method for removing weeds by spraying pesticides in the related art, the method has the advantages of high weed removal efficiency, small environmental pollution and the like.
Weeds are taken as one of farmland pests, so that the weeds not only can compete with crops for nutrition and moisture, but also provide sites for breeding and spreading of plant diseases and insect pests. The existing related technology mainly sprays pesticides to remove weeds, but the method can remove weeds in a short period, but can only remove leaves and stems of the weeds generally, and roots of the weeds are difficult to remove, and meanwhile, the pesticide spraying can influence the growth of crops and the ecological environment of farmlands, so that the normal growth of the crops is not facilitated.
Preferably, the specific steps of the seed treatment are as follows: screening and airing highland barley seeds to ensure that the water content of the highland barley seeds after treatment is less than or equal to 13 percent.
In a specific embodiment, the water content of the highland barley seeds after treatment is 10% or 13%.
Further, the purity of the highland barley seeds after treatment is more than or equal to 95%, and the germination rate is more than or equal to 90%.
The method can obtain fine seeds with full grains, excellent purity and excellent germination rate through screening, reduce the conditions of weak seedlings and small seedlings in the highland barley growth process, and simultaneously reduce the occurrence and spread of plant diseases and insect pests; and then the fine seeds after screening are aired, when the moisture content of the highland barley seeds after airing is less than or equal to 13%, the seed coats of the highland barley seeds are dried, the air permeability is obviously improved, and after the seeds are sown, the water swelling is fast, the enzyme activity is strong, so that the higher survival rate and germination rate can be obtained.
Preferably, in the step of applying a base fertilizer, the base fertilizer is selected from urea, diammonium phosphate, and farmyard manure.
Preferably, the addition amount of the base fertilizer is 500-550 kg/mu.
The fertilizer is prepared by chemical and physical methods and contains one or more nutrient elements, has the characteristics of quick fertilizer efficiency, strong fertilizer strength and the like, but the large-scale use of the fertilizer can cause shallow cultivation layer, easy drought and waterlogging of land, and the obtained crops have low quality, poor taste and even bad influence on the yield of the crops. Therefore, the application takes farmyard manure as a main material and chemical fertilizer as an auxiliary material, and the base fertilizer is obtained through compounding of the two fertilizers, so that the base fertilizer is applied to soil, the structure and fertility of the soil can be improved, sufficient nutrition storage can be provided for highland barley growth, the highland barley is full of nutrition in the highland barley growth process, healthy growth is promoted, and highland barley with high yield is further produced.
Farmyard manure generally refers to human or animal manure, plant ash and the like, and is rich in comprehensive nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and the like. The farmyard manure is applied to the soil, so that the formation of soil aggregate structures can be promoted, the soil is loosened, and the soil has the characteristics of water retention, heat preservation, ventilation, fertilizer retention and the like. In addition, the farmyard manure has wide sources, small soil pollution, available local materials and low use cost, so the organic fertilizer is an organic fertilizer with excellent use performance.
Further, the farmyard manure is prepared by the following method:
airing and cutting highland barley straws harvested in the last year to obtain straw segments; soaking the straw segments in lime water; then the soaked straw sections and sheep manure are mixed according to the proportion of 1: mixing the materials (5-10) in weight ratio, stacking the mixture and fermenting; and fermenting to obtain the farmyard manure.
In a specific embodiment, the weight ratio of the straw sections to the sheep manure is 1:8.
further, the fermentation time is 10-15 days.
The application obtains farmyard manure by mixing and stacking highland barley straws harvested in the last year with sheep manure for fermentation, so that the reutilization of waste resources is realized, the cost of highland barley straw post-treatment and environmental pollution are reduced, the yield of highland barley can be increased, the ecological environment of farmlands can be improved, and the green and environment-friendly planting is realized.
Further, the weight ratio of the urea, the diammonium phosphate and the farmyard manure is (2-3.5): 1: (50-150).
In a specific embodiment, the weight ratio of urea, diammonium phosphate, and farmyard manure may be 2:1: 100. 3.5:1: 100. 2:1:50 or 2:1:150.
in some specific embodiments, the weight ratio of urea, diammonium phosphate, and farmyard manure may also be 2:1: (50-100) or 2:1: (100-150).
The application further explores the influence of the addition amount of each component in the base fertilizer on the highland barley yield, and experimental results show that the weight ratio of urea, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure in the base fertilizer is controlled within the range, so that the highland barley can grow normally, and the higher highland barley yield is obtained.
Preferably, the sowing time is 5 middle and upper ten days.
In a specific embodiment, the time of sowing is 5 months 1 day, 5 months 7 days, or 5 months 23 days.
According to the method, the sowing time of the highland barley is set to be 5 months and is set to be the middle and upper ten days of the five months, the root hair of the highland barley can be longer, and then the nutrient substances in the soil can be fully absorbed, so that the highland barley grows stronger and more resistant. In the prior related art, the sowing time of the highland barley is 5 months in middle and late days, and the sowing time is adjusted, so that the growth time of the highland barley is prolonged due to proper early sowing, and the yield reduction caused by cold weather in the later harvesting process is avoided. However, too early sowing is not suitable, and because of being influenced by weather illumination, environmental temperature and the like, the early sowing can obviously reduce the germination rate of highland barley, thereby being unfavorable for the growth and yield harvest of highland barley. It should be noted that, because the temperature in the alpine region is low, early frost and late frost are often encountered, so the sowing time of highland barley should avoid frost time as much as possible, avoid freezing injury of highland barley seedlings, and influence the yield of highland barley.
Preferably, the sowing amount of the sowing is 16-18 kg/mu.
The application controls the sowing quantity of sowing in the range, namely, the use amount of seeds can be saved, the agricultural production cost is reduced, and the harvesting yield of highland barley can be improved.
The sowing amount of the highland barley in the traditional mode is 22.5-25 kg/mu, compared with the sowing amount of the highland barley in the traditional mode, the sowing amount of the highland barley in the application is slightly reduced, and the sowing is carried out in a broadcasting mode in the traditional mode, so that uneven seed distribution, uneven seedling growth, more weeds and inconvenience in field management can be caused by broadcasting; the highland barley after seedling emergence is tidy, good in light transmission condition, convenient for field management, beneficial to fertilization and irrigation, timely supplementing nutrient substances and moisture for the highland barley, and indirectly improving the yield of the highland barley.
The growth period of highland barley is generally divided into seedling emergence period, tillering period, jointing period, booting period, heading period, flowering period, grouting period, milk ripening period, wax ripening period and maturation period.
Further, the field management comprises irrigation, weeding, topdressing and pest control; the irrigation comprises seedling emergence period head water irrigation, jointing period irrigation and grouting period irrigation.
Still further, the irrigation may also include one or more of tillering stage irrigation, booting stage irrigation, and heading stage irrigation.
The field management of the application includes irrigation, and because the rainwater in the alpine and arid land is less and the agricultural technical facility is limited, at least seedling emergence period head water irrigation, jointing period irrigation and grouting period irrigation are required in the highland barley planting and growing process. The highland barley can sprout at the temperature of 1-3 ℃, but the moisture content of soil is more than or equal to 15% in the sprouting process, so that irrigation is needed in time in the emergence period; since highland barley grows faster in the jointing period, a large amount of water is needed, so the water content of soil should reach 15% -20%, and the normal growth of highland barley can be ensured; because highland barley is vigorous in reproduction and growth in the grouting period, moisture is required to participate in accumulation of nutrients such as protein in the important period of grain formation, so that the moisture content of soil is 10% -15%. In addition, the water irrigation at the tillering stage, the water irrigation at the booting stage and the water irrigation at the heading stage can be respectively carried out according to the soil moisture content of soil and the growth conditions of highland barley in each time period, so that the water is sufficient in the highland barley growth process, and the yield of highland barley is improved.
In the growth process of highland barley, weeding and topdressing are also needed. After highland barley seedlings emerge, the highland barley seedlings are the key period for highland barley growth, so that residual weeds in the field need to be removed in time, and population growth competition between the weeds and the highland barley is prevented and controlled; in the growth stage of highland barley, additional fertilizer is needed to be timely carried out according to the growth condition and the soil condition of the highland barley, so that slow growth of the highland barley caused by insufficient nutrients is avoided, and yield harvest is prevented from being influenced.
Furthermore, the pest control adopts a mode of 'rotation and continuous cropping'.
The application adopts a scientific agricultural pest control means, namely a rotation stubble-breaking mode to change the growth condition of pests, thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the pests; meanwhile, the rotation and continuous cropping mode can also maintain the balance of biological flora in the soil, increase the diversity of soil microorganisms and promote the growth and development of highland barley. Compared with the pest control measures of spraying pesticides in the related art, the method has the advantages of small workload, low cost, small environmental pollution and the like.
Preferably, the specific steps of the additional fertilizer are as follows: urea 4-6 kg/mu is respectively applied in the jointing period and booting period of highland barley.
In a specific embodiment, the specific steps of the topdressing are as follows: urea 5 kg/mu is respectively applied in the jointing period and booting period of highland barley.
The application controls the additional fertilizer amount of the highland barley in the jointing period and the booting period within the range, can promote the highland barley to grow and develop rapidly, ensures that the trunk of the highland barley grows firmly, the young spike is well differentiated and the spike forming rate is high, further reduces the lodging phenomenon of the later period of the highland barley and improves the yield of the highland barley.
The jointing period and the booting period are key periods for the growth and development of highland barley. The trunk, leaf and stem of highland barley are quickly elongated and enriched from the jointing period until the heading flowers, the heading flowers enter the booting period, young highland barley ears begin to differentiate and grow in the booting period, and highland barley ears with a certain ear length and ear grain number finally grow. In the process, the highland barley grows faster, and the degree of fullness of the highland barley trunk, the spike length of highland barley spikes and the spike grain number directly influence the yield harvest of the highland barley, so that additional fertilizer needs to be carried out in time at the stage, and nutrient substances are supplemented for the highland barley.
Preferably, the harvesting time is the later period of the highland barley wax ripening period.
In the cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine and arid land, the harvesting time of the highland barley is set to be the later period of the wax ripening period, namely, the highland barley is ripe to eighty to nineteen, and the highland barley can be harvested. Harvesting the highland barley prematurely, resulting in incomplete maturation of the highland barley; harvesting too late, the highland barley is completely mature and easy to lodge, and the quality and the yield of the highland barley are reduced. It is worth noting that, during the harvesting process of highland barley, single threshing, single harvesting and single transportation are also needed to be carried out, so that the hybrid is prevented and treated.
Preferably, the high-quality variety obtained after the fine variety screening is dark blue 690.
The inventor of the application adopts a cultivation method in a high and cold dry land, researches main physical properties of 5 highland barley seeds of different varieties after maturation under the same condition, namely 'dark blue 2000', 'dark blue 690', 'dark blue 17', 'himalayan 22', '13-6927'. Through comparison, under the cultivation method of the alpine and arid land, the highland barley yield of the variety Tibetan blue 690 can reach 307.64 kg/mu.
In summary, the present application has the following beneficial effects:
1. the application provides a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands, which comprises the steps of fine variety screening, land mass treatment, seed treatment, base fertilizer application, sowing, field management, harvesting and the like. The cultivation method can improve the crop planting level and capability in high-altitude arid areas, improve the ecological environment of farmlands, provide good and beneficial growth environment for highland barley, and further improve the yield of highland barley.
2. The weed in the land is thoroughly induced and eliminated in the mode of 'bundling' weeding, the possibility of weed growth in the highland barley growth process is reduced, the problem of weed growth is radically solved, and meanwhile, the weed growth effect is achieved without affecting highland barley and farmland ecology, and the weed growth remover has a one-time and permanent effect.
3. In the cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine and arid land, the water content of highland barley seeds is controlled within the range of less than or equal to 13%, and the weight ratio of urea, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure is controlled at (2-3.5): 1: in the range of (50-150), the sowing time is controlled to be 5 months 1 day to 5 months 15 days, so that the highland barley yield can reach 293.9-315.4 kg/mu.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a cultivation method of highland barley in a severe cold and dry land.
Detailed Description
The application provides a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands.
A cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry land, as shown in figure 1, specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation before sowing: before highland barley is sown, the preparation before sowing is carried out in the following manner.
(1-1) screening of improved varieties: 6 spring highland barley varieties which are relatively early maturing and better in cold resistance are selected, planting is carried out in high-altitude and cold arid areas, and high-quality highland barley varieties are screened according to main physical properties and yield of the mature highland barley fruit ears;
the 6 highland barley varieties are respectively 'dark blue 2000', 'dark blue 690', 'dark blue 17', 'himalayan 22', '13-6927', 'farmhouse black highland barley'.
(1-2) land parcel processing: after the previous crop is harvested, deep ploughing is carried out on the land, autumn rain is trapped, and autumn soil moisture is increased; then, carrying out repeated ploughing and timely raking before spring sowing, and leveling the land in a mode of deep first and shallow second, wherein the upper part is deficient and the lower part is solid; finally, performing bundling weeding for 2-3 times before sowing;
the method specifically comprises the following steps of: when the surface air temperature rises to 2-5 ℃, watering the land parcels, shallow plowing and fine harrowing are carried out when the field humidity rises to 10-20 ℃, so that the soil is moisturized, loosened and kept moist, the seeds of weeds such as wild oat in the soil are induced to germinate and emerge, and deep plowing is carried out when the weeds grow to 2-3 leaves, so that the emerging weeds are killed by turning into the soil.
(1-3) seed treatment: screening out shrunken grains, clods, broken stones and the like in the seeds by utilizing a screen in the previous week of sowing, and leaving the full seeds to obtain excellent seeds with the purity of more than or equal to 95% and the germination rate of more than or equal to 90%; and then airing the excellent seeds for 2-3 days to ensure that the water content of the seeds is less than or equal to 13 percent.
(1-4) farm manure preparation: airing highland barley straws harvested in the last year, and cutting into sections to obtain straw sections with the moisture content less than 15% and the length of 10-15 cm; soaking the straw segments in lime water with the pH value of 12-14 for 1-3 days, and then fishing out and draining until the water content is less than 15%; and finally uniformly mixing the soaked straw sections with sheep manure according to the weight ratio of 1 (5-10), piling up the mixture into a fermentation pile, fermenting the fermentation pile for 10-15 days at 50-60 ℃ (the fermentation pile is 2-3m long, 1.5-2m wide and 1-1.5m high and covered by a plastic film), and obtaining the farmyard manure after fermentation.
(1-5) applying a base fertilizer: uniformly mixing a certain amount of urea, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure to obtain a base fertilizer, and then applying the base fertilizer into soil to be sown according to the addition amount of 500-550 kg/mu; the weight ratio of the urea to the diammonium phosphate to the farmyard manure is (2-3.5): 1: (50-150);
preparing farmyard manure: airing and cutting highland barley straws harvested in the last year to obtain straw segments; soaking the straw segments in lime water; mixing the soaked straw sections with sheep manure according to the weight ratio of 1 (5-10), stacking the mixture and fermenting; and fermenting to obtain the farmyard manure.
(2) Sowing: and (3) after the preparation before sowing in the step (1) is finished, sowing in a machine tillage drill mode in the sowing time of about 5 months 1 day to 5 months 15 days (avoiding the frost period as much as possible), wherein the row spacing is 22-27cm, the sowing depth is 4-6cm, and the sowing amount is 16-18 kg/mu.
(3) And (3) field management: the field management is performed in the following manner.
(3-1) irrigation: the growth period of highland barley is divided into: seedling emergence stage, tillering stage, jointing stage, booting stage, wheat Huang Qi, wax maturing stage and maturing stage; wherein, irrigation must be carried out in the seedling emergence period and the jointing period of highland barley, so that the moisture content of soil is more than or equal to 15%; irrigation can be properly performed according to the growth conditions, soil and weather conditions of highland barley in the tillering stage, booting stage and wheat Huang Qi of highland barley.
(3-2) weeding: in the growth process of highland barley, weeds in fields, especially the period of time after highland barley seedlings emerge, must be pulled out in time.
(3-3) topdressing: urea 4-6 kg/mu is respectively applied in the jointing period and booting period of highland barley.
(3-4) pest control: the method adopts a rotation stubble-cutting mode to carry out planting, reasonable layout, scientific fertilization and proper close planting, thereby preventing diseases and insect pests.
(4) Harvesting: harvesting the highland barley in the later period of the mature period of the highland barley wax, namely before the mature period, and carrying out highland barley post-treatment by adopting a single threshing, single harvesting and single conveying mode.
Highland barley seeds of the present application were purchased from san francisco, tibetan autonomous region.
The present application will be described in further detail with reference to examples, test experiments, and drawings.
Examples
Example 1
Example 1 an elite screening test was performed.
(1) Test object: 6 kinds of highland barley seeds with different varieties, namely 'dark blue 2000', 'dark blue 690', 'dark blue 17', 'himalayan 22', '13-6927' and 'farmhouse black highland barley'. Wherein, the farmhouse black highland barley is a local variety, and is used as a control group.
(2) Test site: the Nieramu county of the day karst of the Tibetan autonomous region is a Nieramu town card Jiujiunan village; the area has an altitude of 4300m, high and cold, drought and little rain (annual precipitation of 200-300 mm), an annual average air temperature of 3.5 ℃ and no frost period of 113 days.
(3) A test method; the highland barley is planted by adopting the traditional mode and the cultivation method of the highland barley in the alpine and arid land, and the main physical properties and the yield of the harvested highland barley are counted.
(4) Test results: the main physical properties and the yield of highland barley obtained from 6 highland barley varieties are shown in table 1.
Table 16 main physical properties of highland barley and yield statistics results
As can be seen from the table, the physical properties and the yield of highland barley obtained by the cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine dry land provided by the application are better than those obtained in the traditional mode, namely, the "dark blue 2000", "dark blue 690", "dark blue 17", "himalayan 22", "13-6927"; compared with highland barley obtained in the traditional mode, the highland barley obtained by the cultivation method of the farmyard black highland barley is increased in plant height, spike length and spike number, but is reduced in thousand grain weight, spike number per mu and yield. Therefore, the cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine and arid region provided by the application is suitable for planting highland barley with varieties of 'dark blue 2000', 'dark blue 690', 'dark blue 17', 'himalayan 22', '13-6927'.
And further, compared and found that the highland barley of the variety 'dark blue 690' has the most excellent yield under the traditional mode or the cultivation method of highland barley in the severe cold and dry land, and the yield of the highland barley in the severe cold and dry land is as high as 307.64 kg/mu. Therefore, the excellent highland barley variety which is most suitable for the cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine and arid land is 'dark blue 690' through the fine variety screening test.
Examples 2 to 10
Examples 2-10 provide a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands respectively.
The above-described embodiments differ in that: in the step of applying the base fertilizer, the addition amounts of the components in the base fertilizer are specifically shown in table 2.
The cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine dry land provided by the embodiments 2-10 specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation before sowing: before highland barley is sown, the preparation before sowing is carried out in the following manner.
(1-1) screening of improved varieties: as shown in example 1, the optimal highland barley variety obtained by the fine variety screening test is "dark blue 690".
(1-2) land parcel processing: after the previous crop is harvested, deep ploughing is carried out on the land, autumn rain is trapped, and autumn soil moisture is increased; then, carrying out repeated ploughing and timely raking before spring sowing, and leveling the land in a mode of deep first and shallow second, wherein the upper part is deficient and the lower part is solid; finally, performing bundling weeding for 2-3 times before sowing;
the method specifically comprises the following steps of: when the surface air temperature rises to 2-5 ℃, watering the land parcels, shallow plowing and fine harrowing are carried out when the field humidity rises to 10-20 ℃, so that the soil is moisturized, loosened and kept moist, the seeds of weeds such as wild oat in the soil are induced to germinate and emerge, and deep plowing is carried out when the weeds grow to 2-3 leaves, so that the emerging weeds are killed by turning into the soil.
(1-3) seed treatment: screening out shrunken grains, soil blocks, broken stones and the like in the seeds by utilizing a screen in the previous week of sowing, and leaving the full seeds to obtain excellent seeds with the purity of 96% and the germination rate of 93%; and then airing the excellent seeds for 2-3 days to obtain highland barley seeds with the water content of 13%.
(1-4) farm manure preparation: airing highland barley straws harvested in the last year, and cutting into sections to obtain straw sections with the water content of 14% and the length of 13 cm; soaking the straw segments in lime water with the pH value of 12 for 3 days, and then fishing out and draining until the water content is 13%; finally, the soaked straw sections and sheep manure are mixed according to the proportion of 1:8, and stacking into a fermentation pile, fermenting at 55deg.C for 15 days (the fermentation pile is 2-3m long, 1.5-2m wide, and 1-1.5m high, and covered with plastic film), and fermenting to obtain farmyard manure.
(1-5) applying a base fertilizer: and uniformly mixing a certain amount of urea, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure to obtain a base fertilizer, and then applying the base fertilizer into soil to be sown according to the addition amount of 515 kg/mu.
(2) Sowing: after the preparation before sowing in the step (1) is finished, sowing is carried out by adopting a machine tillage drill sowing mode in 2021, 5 months and 7 days, the row spacing is 25cm, the sowing depth is 5cm, and the sowing amount is 17.3 kg/mu.
(3) And (3) field management: the field management is performed in the following manner.
(3-1) irrigation: the growth period of highland barley is divided into: seedling emergence stage, tillering stage, jointing stage, booting stage, wheat Huang Qi, wax maturing stage and maturing stage; respectively carrying out primary irrigation in the seedling emergence period and the jointing period of the highland barley so that the moisture content of the soil is 18%; because of the tillering stage, booting stage and wheat Huang Qi of the highland barley in 2021, the region has more rainfall, so irrigation is not performed any more.
(3-2) weeding: after the highland barley seedlings, the weeds in the highland barley are pulled out.
(3-3) topdressing: urea 5 kg/mu is respectively applied in the jointing period and booting period of highland barley.
(3-4) pest control: the method adopts a rotation stubble-cutting mode to carry out planting, reasonable layout, scientific fertilization and proper close planting, thereby preventing diseases and insect pests.
(4) Harvesting: harvesting the highland barley in the later period of the mature period of the highland barley wax, namely before the mature period, and carrying out highland barley post-treatment by adopting a single threshing, single harvesting and single conveying mode.
TABLE 2 addition amount of each component of the base fertilizer in the cultivation methods provided in examples 2 to 10
Examples 11 to 13
Examples 11-13 provide a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands respectively.
The above embodiment differs from embodiment 5 in that: the sowing time of highland barley is specifically shown in table 3.
Table 3 sowing time of highland barley in the cultivation method of highland barley in alpine and arid region provided in example 5, examples 11-13
| Examples | Sowing time |
| 5 | 2021, 5 and 7 days |
| 11 | 2021, 5, 1 |
| 12 | 2021, 5, 15 |
| 13 | 2021, 5, 23 |
Example 14
Example 14 provides a cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land.
The above embodiment differs from embodiment 5 in that: the water content of the highland barley seeds after treatment is 10 percent.
Example 15
Example 15 provides a cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land.
The above embodiment differs from embodiment 5 in that: the water content of the highland barley seeds after treatment is 20%.
Example 16
Example 16 provides a cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land.
The above embodiment differs from embodiment 5 in that: urea 3 kg/mu is applied to highland barley in the jointing period and the booting period respectively.
Example 17
Example 17 provides a cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land.
The above embodiment differs from embodiment 5 in that: urea 7 kg/mu is applied to highland barley in the jointing period and the booting period respectively.
Comparative example
Comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 provides a cultivation method of highland barley in high and cold dry lands.
The above comparative example differs from example 5 in that: and (5) land parcel processing.
The land parcel processing steps of comparative example 1 specifically include: after the previous crop is harvested, deep ploughing is carried out on the land, autumn rain is trapped, and autumn soil moisture is increased; and then, carrying out repeated ploughing and timely raking before spring sowing, and leveling the land in a mode of deep first and shallow second, wherein the upper part is deficient and the lower part is excessive.
Comparative example 2
Comparative example 2 provides a cultivation method of highland barley.
The highland barley cultivation method specifically comprises the following steps: firstly, irrigating a land block with sowing for one time before and after 5 months and 15 days, and then sowing 'dark blue 690' in a broadcasting mode within sowing time before and after 5 months and 25 days, wherein the sowing amount is 25kg; irrigation is carried out by means of natural rainwater during the growth period of highland barley; harvesting after the highland barley is ripe.
Detection result
The yield of highland barley obtained by the highland barley cultivation methods provided in examples 2 to 17 and comparative examples 1 to 2 was examined and counted, and the results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 yield of highland barley obtained in examples 2-17 and comparative examples 1-2
According to the detection results of table 4, the yield of highland barley obtained in examples 2-17 is better than that obtained in comparative examples 1-2, which indicates that the cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land provided by the application can ensure normal maturity of highland barley, and can also remarkably improve the yield of highland barley in alpine agricultural area, thereby obtaining highland barley with high yield.
According to the detection results of examples 2-10, the highland barley yield obtained in examples 5-10 is obviously higher than that obtained in examples 2-4, which shows that the promotion effect of the base fertilizer prepared from urea, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure on the highland barley yield is obviously better than that of the base fertilizer prepared from any two of urea, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure. And further comparing the highland barley yields obtained in examples 5 to 6 are better than those obtained in examples 7 and 10. Therefore, the weight ratio of urea, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure is controlled to be (2-3.5): 1: in the range of (50-150), the yield increasing effect on highland barley is optimal.
As can be seen from the detection results of comparative examples 5 and examples 11-13, the sowing starts from day 5 and day 1, and the yield of highland barley shows a tendency of increasing and then decreasing along with the delay of the sowing time, which indicates that the sowing time has a certain influence on the yield of highland barley, and the sowing time of highland barley is controlled in the middle ten days of 5 months, so that the yield of highland barley can be improved, and the yield of highland barley is more than 300 kg/mu.
As can be seen from the detection results of comparative examples 5 and examples 14 to 15, the highland barley yields obtained in the cultivation methods provided in examples 5 and 14 were 315.4 kg/mu and 302.6 kg/mu, respectively, and the highland barley yield obtained in the cultivation method provided in example 15 was 276.0 kg/mu, respectively, when the moisture content of the highland barley seeds was too high, the germination rate of the highland barley was affected, and the yield was significantly reduced. Therefore, the water content of highland barley seeds is controlled within the range of less than or equal to 13%, normal germination of highland barley can be ensured, and the yield of highland barley harvesting is improved.
According to the detection results of examples 5 and examples 16 to 17, the highland barley yield obtained by the cultivation method provided in example 5 when the urea amount applied during the period of jointing highland barley and during the booting period is controlled to be 5 kg/mu is better than the highland barley yield obtained by the cultivation method provided in examples 14 and 15 when the urea amount applied during the period of jointing highland barley and during the booting period is controlled to be 3 kg/mu and 7 kg/mu respectively. Therefore, in the cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine and arid land, the urea amount applied during the jointing period and the booting period of the highland barley is controlled to be about 5 kg/mu, which is more beneficial to promoting the highland barley to grow and further improving the highland barley yield.
According to the detection results of the embodiment 5 and the comparative example 1, the highland barley yield obtained in the comparative example 1 is 255.1 kg/mu only, which is obviously smaller than that obtained in the embodiment 5, and the highland barley yield is obviously lower than that obtained in the embodiment 5, so that the soil structure can be improved by adopting a bundling weeding mode in the land treatment step, weeds in the land can be thoroughly removed, good growth environment and space are provided for the highland barley, the growth of the highland barley is promoted, and the highland barley yield is improved.
According to the detection results of examples 1-17 and comparative example 2, the cultivation method for highland barley in the alpine and arid land provided by the application has small sowing amount, and the obtained highland barley yields are all more than 250 kg/mu; in contrast, the cultivation method in the conventional mode provided in comparative example 1 has a large sowing amount, and the yield of highland barley obtained is only 233.8 kg/mu. The highland barley high yield can be obtained by utilizing the cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine and arid region.
While the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing general description and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications and improvements can be made thereto. Accordingly, such modifications or improvements may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (7)
1. The cultivation method of highland barley in the alpine dry land is characterized by comprising the following steps of: preparing before sowing, field management and harvesting; wherein, the preparation before sowing comprises fine variety screening, land block treatment, seed treatment and base fertilizer application;
the land mass treatment comprises the following specific steps: performing 'twisting' weeding on the land parcels every 5-7 days before sowing, and continuously performing 2-3 times;
the high-quality variety obtained after the fine variety screening is dark blue 690;
the base fertilizer is urea, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure; the weight ratio of the urea to the diammonium phosphate to the farmyard manure is 2:1:100; the addition amount of the base fertilizer is 500-550 kg/mu;
the farmyard manure is prepared by the following method: airing and cutting highland barley straws harvested in the last year to obtain straw segments; soaking the straw segments in lime water; then the soaked straw sections and sheep manure are mixed according to the proportion of 1: mixing the materials (5-10) in weight ratio, stacking the mixture and fermenting; and fermenting to obtain the farmyard manure.
2. The cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land according to claim 1, wherein the specific steps of the seed treatment are as follows: screening and airing highland barley seeds to ensure that the water content of the highland barley seeds after treatment is less than or equal to 13 percent.
3. The cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land according to claim 1, wherein the sowing time is 5 late plus.
4. The cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land according to claim 1, wherein the sowing amount of the sowing is 16-18 kg/mu.
5. The cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land according to claim 1, wherein the field management includes irrigation, weeding, topdressing and pest control; the irrigation comprises seedling emergence period head water irrigation, jointing period irrigation and grouting period irrigation.
6. The cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land according to claim 5, wherein the specific steps of topdressing are as follows: urea 4-6 kg/mu is respectively applied in the jointing period and booting period of highland barley.
7. The cultivation method of highland barley in alpine dry land according to claim 1, wherein the harvesting time is the later period of the highland barley wax ripening period.
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