RU2749044C1 - Herbicide-free method of soybean cultivation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method includes the main and pre-sowing tillage by means of autumn plowing cultivation, care measures for crops with harrowing - pre-emergence "blind" HTMS-1.0 and post-emergence - in the phase of the first-third triple leaf by harrowing THO-24 with spring teeth strictly diagonally towards the direction of the rows of crops at an acute angle, two cultivations during the growing season. Pre-emergence "blind" harrowing is carried out 2-3 days before the emergence of soybeans, additionally, the soil is rolled with smooth water-filled rollers in three steps. The first stage - after the autumn cultivation of the plow, the second stage - in the spring, following the sowing after the harrowing of crops, and the soil is rolled up with a roller without water collection. The third stage - 2-3 days before the emergence of soybeans, after "blind" harrowing of crops, rolling is carried out with rollers filled with water.

EFFECT: invention ensures a decrease in weed infestation of crops by more than 3.5 times, increases the grain weight of one plant from 5.3 to 5.9 g, or by 11.3%, and increases the grain yield per hectare of sown area by 3,1 centner or by 15.0% compared to the control by harrowing rolled-in soybean crops.

1 cl, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular crop production and can be used for the cultivation of soybeans for grain without the use of herbicides.

Currently, herbicide-free soybean cultivation technology, according to which repeated pre-sowing cultivation is carried out to a depth (5-6 cm) of planting seeds of a crop with delaying the optimal sowing time, makes it possible for weeds to appear in mass quantities and destroy them with subsequent well-known agro-methods of additional cultivation of crops and after germination cultivating row spacing of culture. [RF patent No. 2604505 "Method of cultivation of soybeans"]

There are known methods of cultivation of soybeans, providing for the mandatory use of soil herbicides and sprouting actions in combination with inter-row treatments:

RF Patent No. 2341923 "A method of growing early maturing soybeans with a temperature regime of 1901-2200 ° C for grain, mainly in a drip irrigation system";

RF Patent No. 2370012 "Method of cultivation of mid-late-ripening varieties of soybeans with a thermal regime of 2401-2600 ° C for grain mainly in the drip irrigation system";

The disadvantages of such methods: soybean seeds are deprived of the optimal timing of their placement in the soil, warmed up to certain effective thermal regimes; productive moisture is lost, and is accompanied by a significant shortage of grain products. With all their effectiveness in the fight against weeds, this method (herbicidal technology) inhibits soybeans, pollutes the environment, and therefore the products obtained cannot be classified as environmentally friendly.

As a prototype, we have adopted RF patent No. 2189727 "Method of cultivation of soybeans". The invention is intended for use in plant growing in the cultivation of soybeans for grain. The method includes the main and pre-sowing soil cultivation, cultivation to the depth of planting seeds, sowing at the end of the optimal period, caring for the crops, two harrowing across the rows of sowing - pre-emergence 3-4 days after sowing and secondary in the phase of the first - third trifoliate leaf, two cultivation - in the budding phase and during the period of mass flowering, where the emerging harrowing is carried out along the diagonal of the field at an acute angle to the direction of the sowing rows. The invention allows, without additional costs, to reduce the weediness of soybeans with minimal damage to it, to increase the weight of grains per plant and to increase the yield.

Disadvantages of the prototype - emerging harrowing in the budding phase and during the period of mass flowering of soybeans may be accompanied by mechanical damage to the crop, as a result of which the optimal density of the stand for harvesting is reduced. In addition, the soybean culture, like many legumes, is characterized by parameters of high sensitivity to the mechanical effects of processing its crops with the basic tools of tooth harrows, as a result of which young crop stalks easily break, since their root system in the initial period of growth and development weakly clings to the soil and particles and are easily pulled out.

The problem to be solved by the claimed invention is to increase the efficiency of cultivation of soybeans for grain with the development of technological elements for regulating the harmfulness of a young weed-field community without reducing the grain yield of the crop, which ensures the formation of environmentally friendly and economically viable products.

The essence of the method. After harvesting the predecessor (winter cereal crops), stubble cultivation is carried out with disc cultivators of the LDG model in two tracks in non-adjacent directions after the application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of P₉₀TO₆₀ by d.v. and cultural plowing PLN - 4 - 35 to a depth of 25-28 cm + autumn leveling of the VP-8 field in order to level the fold ridges and breakaway furrows and cultivation of autumn plowing KPS - 4.0 to a depth of 8-10 cm + autumn soil rolling 3KVG-1.4 ...

In order to close moisture and destroy early weeds, early harrowing of autumn plows BZSS-1.0 is carried out in spring. Before sowing, one pre-sowing harrowing BZSS-1.0 is also carried out instead of the standard recommended pre-sowing cultivations. Sowing is carried out in the optimal (third decade of April) terms for the conditions of the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkaria using a belt (60x45x15 cm) method with a seeding rate of 550-600 thousand viable seeds per hectare, treated with rhizotorfin in a mixture of KPIS-complex of preparations for incrustation of seeds by a semi-moist method ... Following the sowing, the soil is rolled up with the indicated smooth water-filled rollers ZKVG-1.4, with hollow drums (without water intake). 2-3 days before the emergence of soybean shoots, pre-emergence "blind" harrowing of crops BZSS-1.0 + additional soil compaction with smooth water-filled rollers is carried out in three steps. The first stage - after the autumn cultivation of the plow, the second stage - in the spring, after sowing after the "blind" harrowing of crops, and the soil is rolled up with a roller without water intake, and the third stage - 2-3 days before the emergence of soybeans, after harrowing of crops, packing is carried out with rollers filled with water. In the phase of the first and third trifoliate leaves in soybean plants, the first emerging harrowing of ZBR-24 with spring teeth is carried out strictly diagonally to the direction of the rows of crops at an acute angle, in combination with two cultivation of crops during the growing season.

The first inter-row cultivation is carried out at the beginning of the budding of the culture using KPN-5,6, equipped with weeding harrows, which are placed on the rows of soybeans in the protective zone. During the second cultivation carried out, the weeding harrows are removed and instead of them, plowshares are placed to sprinkle the next wave with soil of the still underdeveloped weeds growing in the protective zones of soybean crops. Harvesting begins in the phase of full ripeness of seeds by direct combining with grain combines with a cut not higher than 6-7 cm, from the soil surface.

The method includes the application of fertilizers, the main tillage (stubble plowing after the harvesting of winter cereal crops, the main precursors of soybeans, with disk implements of the LDG type twice in non-adjacent directions and cultural plowing). In the future, the field is kept in accordance with the requirements of a semi-steam system of soil cultivation, including careful planning (leveling of dump ridges and breakaway furrows) and cultivation of KPS - 4.0 as the next wave of weeds appears massively and the destruction of the soil crust after possible precipitation.

The plow, leveled in the summer-autumn period, is rolled by smooth 3-section rotating water-filled rollers (3KVG-1.4) filled with water cylinders, the diameter of which is 700 mm, 1400 mm long and each with a capacity of 500 liters. Hollow cylinders are filled with water by changing the amount of which the specific pressure of the roller on the soil is regulated in the range from 25.0 to 60 kg / cm ² of the working width.

In the spring, harrowing BZSS-1.0 is carried out on the plow rolled in the fall with the aim of suppressing weeds, closing moisture and rolling the field. This contributes to the massive appearance of the next wave of weeds, which are also suppressed by harrowing at the beginning of the optimal soybean sowing time. Cultivation of the KPS-4.0 field is excluded. Care activities consist of rolling of 3KVG-1.4 soybean crops, pre-emergence 2-3 days before the emergence of BZSS-1.0 culture, and repeated rolling of crops. Emerging care measures include harrowing of crops with harrows with spring tines 3BR-24 in the phase of one or two true trifoliate leaves of the crop in a direction strictly at an acute angle to the direction of the rows of soybean plants. The invention allows, without additional costs, to reduce the infestation of soybean crops from the group of juvenile cereal-dicotyledonous community of weeds on soybean crops. This contributes to an increase in the closer contact of weed seeds with soil particles, as a result of which they swell faster and germinate in mass quantities (see Table 1).

Table 1

Influence of maintenance techniques on weediness of soybeans
(The amount of weed in pcs / m ² before harvesting) Soil rolling
ZKVG-1.4 Crop care techniques
(Harrow ZBR-24) Average Without rolling * Seasonal harrowing:
- before harrowing
- after harrowing
Weeds destroyed% 15.0
10.5
30.0 12.5
9.3
25.6 12.0
9.8
18.3 13.2
9.9
25.0 Rolling the soil after sowing ZKVG-1.4 Seasonal harrowing:
- before harrowing
- after harrowing
Weeds destroyed,% 25.0
2.1
91.6 20.5
2.0
90.2 18.0
1.5
91,7 21.2
1.9
91.2

* Per-emergence harrowing in the phase of the first-third trifoliate soybean leaf.

As a result of this phenomenon, an increase in the weight of grain from one plant, the weight of 1000 grains and the yield of soybean grain is provided. (see tables 2 and 3)

table 2

The structure of the yield of soybeans depending on the rolling of its crops

(average for 2017-2019)

No. Indicators Rolling crops ^** - ZKVG-1.4 one. Number of beans / plant, pcs 21.0 21.4 2. Number of grains / plant, pcs 41.5 43.6 3. The number of grains in a bean, pcs 2.15 2.19 four. Grain weight with one plant, g 5.3 5.9 five. Weight of 1000 grains, g 140.5 143.0

** following sowing of soybeans.

Table 3

Influence of rolling crops on the yield of soybeans

No. Variants In c / ha St humidity: 2017 Nov. Oct 2018 Dec 2019 Average one. Without rolling 21.0 22.3 18.9 20,7 2. Rolling crops 24.8 25.8 20.8 23.8 НСР ₀₅ - c / ha 1.7 2.0 2.1

The proposed method was experimentally tested in the laboratory of technology for the cultivation of field crops of the Institute of Agriculture of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2017-2019. in field experiments on the Ciscaucasian carbonate chernozems of heavy granulometric composition.

The studies carried out confirm that in order to achieve a high degree of weed suppression by mechanical methods on soybean crops, mass germination of its seeds is necessary. The latter is provided by the autumn rolling of the soil and crops in the spring before the emergence of the crop in combination with pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing using harrows BZSS-1.0 and ZBR-24, respectively. The high speed of pre-emergence harrowing 10-12 km / h provides high-quality soil crumbling and suppression of weeds in the phase of "white" threads and repetition of harrowing through effective "combing out" of the next wave of weeds without significant damage to the crop and optimal density of its stalk, provided that the unit moves no more than 5 -6 km / h. And all this is confirmed by the formation of a high grain yield and preservation from losses of up to 3.1 c / ha on average over the years of research (see Table 3).

The main task of the methods of caring for soybean crops (rolling the soil and crops, harrowing - before and after germination) in the main soil cultivation system is to save moisture and create favorable conditions for the germination of weeds and their subsequent destruction.

Rolling, carried out in the system of pre-sowing and post-sowing soil cultivation, also improves the conditions for the germination of sown soybean seeds in the initial growth and development of plants. The beneficial effect of post-sowing reconsolidation is due to the following provisions:

- with some compaction of the surface layer of the soil, the seeds of weeds come into closer contact with soil particles, as a result of which they swell faster, and the mass occurrence of their seedlings increases;

- under the influence of rolling the soil and soybean crops, the thermal regime of the soil improves, lumps are destroyed, the well-known reserves of seeds of many weed species, and they get into favorable conditions for germination;

- rolling - a very cheap, simple, widely available, environmentally safe, economically viable agricultural technique, which ultimately provides highly effective suppression of ragweed more than 90.0% (Table 1), preservation of soybean grain losses up to 3.1 c / ha (Table .3).

On the Ciscaucasian carbonate chernozems of heavy granulometric composition on soybeans, for post-sowing soil consolidation, the most effective is a linkage of three links of smooth metal rollers ZKVG-1.4, the specific pressure on the capture area, depending on the planned program, can be changed by collecting water into drums. This provides pressure on the upper soil layer up to 500 g / cm ² of the aggregate capture, which helps to reduce moisture evaporation through a decrease in air intake into the soil, resulting in mass germination and the emergence of weed seedlings in the field. The latter circumstance is of greatest importance in arid conditions, especially in dry, windy weather in zones of unstable and especially insufficient moisture, which are manifested in the regions of the Central part of the North Caucasus and the Southern Federal District, where weeds are most harmful and widespread in the Russian Federation.

To create a unit of dry matter, weeds consume nutrients from the soil 1.5-2.0 times more than the main field crops. With an average weediness of 20-25 plants per 1 m ² and takes from the soil: nitrogen - 60.0-80.0; phosphorus - 15.3-18.5; potassium -65.5-70.7 kg / ha. Many weed species do not germinate in the harvest year. Therefore, the standard mechanical methods of dealing with them, in the summer-autumn period, (in the year of the weed harvest) are not effective.

However, in the soil environment during the "summer-autumn-winter" period, post-harvest ripening occurs and the suitability of such seeds for germination increases and ends by the beginning of spring of the year following the harvest, with high field germination at the beginning (April) of spring up to 93-95% ... The rapid completion (in one winter) of the dormant period of weed seeds in the field makes it possible to provoke the germination of the bulk of the seeds and their young seedlings (in most cases - in the phase of "white" threads) to be destroyed with low-cost agricultural methods compared to the use of chemical weeding.

Various agrotechnological methods are known, carried out with the help of rollers in rolling (rolling the soil in the pre-sowing period) or after sowing, in the basic (adopted) technology, it mainly takes place on continuous methods of sowing small-seeded crops that require a depth of incorporation into the soil of no more than 3 -5 cm.

In conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture (the Central part of the North Caucasus, Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Rostov Region), the upper soil layer (the main zone of crop seeds placement) often dries up due to a lack of moisture, the completeness of seedlings of sown crops and weeds decreases sharply, the period is extended their mass germination and further provision of full-fledged vegetation processes. All this is the main components of a significant failure of the competitiveness of a crop with a weed-field community, when the soil is not rolled up before sowing and sowing for any reason.

EFFECT: harrowing of rolled soybean crops without additional costs reduces weed contamination of crops by more than 3.5 times, increases the grain weight of one plant from 5.3 to 5.9 g or 11.3% and increases the grain yield per hectare sown area by 3.1 quintals or 15.0% compared to the control.

Claims (2)

1. A method of herbicide-free cultivation of soybeans, including the main and pre-sowing tillage by means of autumn cultivation of the plow, care measures for crops with harrowing - pre-emergence "blind" BZSS-1.0 and post-emergence - in the phase of the first-third trifoliate leaf by harrowing ZPR-24 with spring tines strictly diagonally to the direction of the rows of crops at an acute angle, two cultivations during the growing season, characterized in that the pre-emergence "blind" harrowing is carried out 2-3 days before the emergence of soybeans, additionally, the soil is rolled with smooth water-filled rollers in three steps , namely, the first stage - after the autumn cultivation of the plow, the second stage - in the spring, after sowing after harrowing the crops, and the soil is rolled up with a roller without water intake, and the third stage - 2-3 days before the emergence of soybeans, after "blind" harrowing of crops, rolling is carried out with rollers filled with water. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at the third stage, the regulation of the specific pressure of the smooth water-filled roller on the soil in the range from 25.0 to 60 kg / cm ² of the working width is carried out by filling its hollow cylinders with water.