RU2298305C1 - Method for cultivation of spiked cereal grain crops on saline rice checks - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, cultivation of rice and other irrigated agriculture crops.

SUBSTANCE: method involves preliminarily growing rice and irrigating by mole drainage pattern; applying mineral fertilizers in the following doses: N - 40-50 kg/hectare, P - 60-80 kg/hectare, K - 45-60 kg/hectare of active substance; sowing treated rice seeds; flooding rice checks; discharging water from checks at the rate of 1.5-2.0 cm per day to achieve complete drainage of checks after "beginning-of-wax-ripeness" stage of vegetative phase; mowing rice into windrows and simultaneously providing double-triple threshing of windrows, with rice straw being left on check surface; before the beginning of stable-state frosts, plowing soil in checks with turning of top layer and embedding of stubble remains to 0.30-0.35 m depth; during early spring period, providing surface application of fertilizers; cultivating soil top layer by means of disk devices; sowing cereals at designed time to 0.06-0.08 m depth; providing post-sowing covering and moistening of sub-seeding soil layer by feeding water into mole drainage system; harvesting spiked cereal crops by direct combining while leaving non-grain part in the form of cuts on check surface; eliminating perennial and late-ripening weeds by means of disk devices.

EFFECT: increased yield of spiked cereal crops cultivated on saline rice checks and increased efficiency in controlling of weed plants hazardous for cultured crops.

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the technology of cultivating spring cereal crops on saline soils, common in most domestic rice growing zones, and can be used in the cultivation of rice and other irrigated crops to suppress weeds.

A known method of conducting rocker steam mainly for crops, including the use of a steam field for the intermediate culture and sowing the wings, in which, in order to improve the water-physical properties of the soil and increase its fertility, after harvesting the intermediate culture, the aerial part of the rocker plants is cut off and left on the surface fields as mulch and then sow the main crop; carry out a wide-row-tape sowing of a two-year rocker culture under the intermediate cover or in pure form, alternating row sowing and a four-row sowing of the wings from an annual culture; in order to avoid contamination of the soil by subsequent shoots of a two-year-old rocker culture, the aerial part of it is cut during mass flowering until seed formation; in order to reduce erosion processes, sowing of the main culture is carried out across the rows of a two-year rocker culture (SU, copyright certificate No. 438379, M. class AB01B 79/02. The method of cultivation of rocker steam. / A.V. Polupudnov (USSR). - Application No. 187802 / 30-15; Stated 01/23/1973; Published 05.08.1974, Bull. No. 29 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1974. -№29).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem we are solving - the destruction of weed vegetation on salted rice checks using the "busy green steam" method - include a low degree of weed suppression and the unsatisfactory quality of restoration of the water-physical properties of rice check soil. Mowing the cover crop during the period of mass flowering does not lead to the complete destruction of weeds.

There is also known a method of cultivating crops, including surface tillage with simultaneous sowing, care and harvesting, in which, in order to increase productivity and reduce erosion processes, 3-6 days after sowing, plane cutting with strip rolling is carried out at a ratio of the depth of sowing and plane cutting processing equal to (1: 5) - (1:10); strip rolling is carried out with a strip width less than or equal to the row spacing of the sowed crops with a ratio of rolled and non-compacted strips equal to (1: 1) - (2: 1) (SU, copyright certificate No. 1172464 A, M. class ^4. A01B 79/02 A method of cultivating crops. / N.I. Kartamyshev, A.N. Rogov, A.E. Fedarchenko, A.V. Posokhov, M.M. Lomakin (USSR) - Application No. 3748356 / 30-15; Stated 03/29/1984; Published on 08/15/1985, Bull. No. 30 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1985. - No. 30).

The disadvantages of the described method include a limited scope: protection of the soil from wind erosion.

The closest analogue to the claimed object is a method of rice cultivation on saline soils, including the preliminary cultivation of alfalfa and its irrigation according to the mole drainage system, the subsequent sowing of etched rice seeds and the flooding of its checks, in which rice seeds are sown with alfalfa in order to increase rice productivity three years after its first mowing on soil with an undisturbed arable layer and the application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N-40-50 kg / ha, R-60-80 - kg / ha, K-45-60 kg / ha for the active substance, and flood Checking is carried out first after sowing rice seeds with a 5-7 cm water layer, which is discarded after seeds are gummed and sprouted, and then 2-3 sheets of rice are aged with a 10-12 cm water layer that is maintained until the vegetation phase “the beginning of the wax ripeness ”, after which they drop water from the checks at a speed of 1.5-2.0 cm per day until the checks are completely drained; rice sowing is carried out according to the seed sowing rate of 210-250 kg / ha (SU, copyright certificate No. 952124, M. cl ^3. A01B 79/02, A01C 7/06. The method of rice cultivation on saline soils. / V.T. Nesterenko, A.I. Buryachenko (USSR) .- Application No. 3271830 / 30-15; Stated 04/10/1981; Publish. 08.23.1982, Bull. No. 31 // Discovery. Inventions. - 1982. - No. 31).

The disadvantages of the described method with respect to the problem we are solving include a long period of rehabilitation (reclamation) of the rice check, a low degree of restoration of the fertility and water-physical properties of the rice of the rice check, soil re-compaction, an increase in the level of groundwater and their mineralization.

The essence of the claimed invention.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is the sanitation of rice check soils.

EFFECT: increased yield of cereal crops during cultivation on salted rice fields and suppression of weed vegetation.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating cereal crops on salted rice fields, including the preliminary cultivation of rice and its irrigation according to the mole drainage system, the application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N-40-50 kg / ha, R-60-80 - kg / ha, K-45-60 kg / ha of the active substance, sowing pickled rice seeds, flooding of its checks, discharge of water from the checks at a speed of 1.5-2.0 cm per day until the checks are completely drained after the growing season ripeness ”, mowing rice into rolls, two-, three-fold threshing the rolls while leaving rice straw on the surface of the check, according to the invention, till stable frosts begin, plowing is performed with the upper layer turning and closing the crop residues to a depth of 0.30-0.35 cm, mineral fertilizers are applied superficially with estimated doses in the early spring ..., the top layer is treated with diskators, sowing to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m is carried out in established agricultural terms, post-sowing rolling and moistening of the sowing layer of the soil is carried out by supplying water to the mole drainage system, harvesting grain ears s leading direct combining with remaining grain part of a cutting surface of the check, and multi late summer weeds destroy Harrow, planting rice for the next year are on stubble background cereal.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The proposed method of cultivating cereal crops on salted rice fields involves not only the production of wheat and barley, but also the rehabilitation of rice field soil, and the suppression of malicious weeds in rice fields. Cereals are used as agrocenosis plants in the “green steam” system to clean the rice check and use the soil moisture reserves from the moment of sowing until the grain is poured. As a rule, the reserves of mineral nutrition in rice checks are sufficient to obtain a guaranteed yield of 4 to 6 t / ha of grain. To obtain a large amount of grain, mineral fertilizers (N, P, K) are applied to the root layer (superficially). The claimed method of cultivating cereal crops on salted rice bays with an interval of 3-4 years provides for the preliminary cultivation of rice and its irrigation according to the mole drainage system. To obtain a guaranteed rice crop in the range of 5-7 t / ha, fertilizers are applied in doses of N-40-50 kg / ha, R-60-80 kg / ha, K-45-60 kg / ha of the active substance. Sowing rice seeds is carried out with grain or rice seeders C3 - 3.6 or C3P - 3.6 to a depth of 1.5-2.0 cm with a norm of 210-250 kg / ha. To preserve the sowing qualities of seeds and to eliminate their damage by agricultural pests, pre-sowing treatment with fungicides is carried out.

After sowing, rice crops are flooded with a 5-7 cm water layer, followed by discharge of water from the checks after the seeds are germinated (germinated). After obtaining stable seedlings at the age of 2-3 leaves, a constant layer of water was created - 0.10-0.12 m. In the tillering phase, it was 0.05-0.06 m. In the rice growing season, “the beginning of wax ripeness” the water supply was stopped and started the gradual discharge of water from the checks at a speed of 1.5 cm / day until the checks are completely drained. Then they started two-phase rice harvesting. Mowing of the stalk is carried out by roller headers ЖВН-6 or ЖРС-4,2, mounted on threshers of SKGD-5R “Sibiryak” rice combines on a tracked or half-tracked track, “Yenisei”, “Kedr” and other Krasnoyarsk and Birobidzhan production associations. With the yield of zoned rice varieties Oryza Sativa L. Grateful, Wewel, Dagestan 2, Darius 23, Darius 8, Golden, Emerald, Kasan, Contact, Krasnodar 424, Krasnodar 424, Kuban 3, Pendant, Kurchanka, Laguna, Leader, Estuary, Privolniy , Separate, Rapan. Regul, Sadko, Slav, Sprint, Khazar, Khankaysky 52, etc. 6-10 t / ha threshing rolls are two-, threefold for complete grinding of rice grains from panicles.

Rice straw, along with a hole, is left on the surface of the rice check.

Prior to the onset of stable frosts (-5 ...- 10 ° С on the soil surface), the rice paddy topsoil is plowed with the crop residues embedded to a depth of 0.30-0.35 m ± 0.03 m. This operation is performed by arable units , including tractors of draft class 3 (DT-75 m, T-150, VT-100, etc.) and three-tier mounted PTN-40 plows with dismantled second-tier hull and cuttings knife. The body of the first tier, the upper layer together with rice straw and crop residues is laid on the bottom of the furrow (0.3-0.4 m). The body of the third tier, this layer is covered by the underlying horizon. The seeds of millet and other malicious weeds are buried and completely die at this depth. The structural strength of the PTN-40 plow provides high-quality plowing with a density of up to 1.45 t / m ³ and a hardness of the top layer of up to 50 kgf / cm ² . Plowing is not prevented by the high relative humidity of the layer (up to 38 ... 42%). In the presence of disk plows of the PDN-4-30 family, this operation is performed in a similar manner. In this state, the soil in the check is in the early spring state.

Before the pre-sowing tillage in the early spring, the calculated doses of mineral fertilizers (N, P, K) are superficially applied to obtain a guaranteed grain crop. This operation is carried out by spreaders of mineral fertilizers in the unit with caterpillar tractors along the autumn plowing. Then the loosers loosen and level the topsoil. When loosening the ridges and leveling the ridges, the applied fertilizers are evenly distributed in the upper root layer of the soil, accessible to the cereal crops. In established agricultural terms, sowing of cereal crops to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m is carried out. Sowing is carried out by elevated rates by 20 ... 30% more than in rain-fed agriculture. The seeding rate is set taking into account the zone recommended variety. Then, post-sowing rolling is carried out, preferably with ring-spur rollers ZKKSh-6A in the unit with a caterpillar tractor.

According to the previously completed mole drainage system, the sub-sowing layer of the soil is moistened with water supply to ensure the humidity of the root layer in the range of 70-8-% HB. Reserves of mineral nutrition and available soil moisture provide a steady emergence of seedlings of the grain culture, its growth, heading and pouring grain.

At 90 ... 96% ripeness of grain in an ear, direct combine harvesting of grain crops is carried out. The non-cereal portion of the crop in the form of cutting is distributed on the surface of the rice check. Discovers destroy late and perennial weeds, and also turn the stubble background into mulch. During two-, three-fold treatments (from July 13 to September 20) the surface of the rice check from the “green steam” passed into the category of “black steam”. On the surface of the rice check, malicious weeds were destroyed without being seeded. Due to the available moisture, the grain crop crop germinates and is mechanically suppressed until the end of September. The soil for 10 months after harvesting rice restores its water-physical properties. The harmful pathogenic microflora for rice are destroyed by microorganisms of cereal crops. Thus, the rehabilitation of the soil of the rice check is achieved. The described method provides an increase in rice yield in the system "busy steam" of grain crops by 18 ... 32%. The yield of the sanitation crop is 12–16% higher than when cultivated on an irrigated plot. Irrigation water consumption is minimal.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating cereal crops on salted rice fields, including the preliminary cultivation of rice and its irrigation according to the mole drainage system, the application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N-40-50 kg / ha, R-60-80 kg / ha, K-45-60 kg / ha of active substance, sowing pickled rice seeds, flooding of its checks, discharge of water from the checks at a speed of 1.5-2.0 cm per day until the checks are completely drained after the vegetation phase “the beginning of wax ripeness”, mowing rice in rolls, two -three threshing of the rolls with rice straw left on the surface of the check, from characterized by the fact that prior to the start of stable frosts, plowing is carried out with the upper layer turning and closing the crop residues to a depth of 0.30-0.35 m, mineral fertilizers are superficially applied in the early spring period, the upper layer is treated with discoders, sowing of grain is carried out in established agricultural terms to a depth 0.06-0.08 m, after-sowing rolling and moistening of the under-sowing soil layer by supplying water to the mole drainage system, harvesting of cereal crops is carried out by direct combining, leaving the non-grain part in kind e cuts on the surface of the check, and multi- and late-summer weeds are destroyed by diskators.