RU2474099C1 - Method of sowing and care of grain, cereal and legume crops and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: in the method of sowing and till-plant outfit the operations and working elements are provided that enable to carry out treatment of seeds after sprouting of weeds in unsown zones with knives-razors or soil crust which prevents atmospheric irrigation, with harrows, re-cutting of the soil in these areas with knives-razors on the depth of 4-6 cm, with its subsequent additional grinding and fluffing with screw rollers with simultaneous stirring of upper drier layers with the lower wetter layers, and combing of cut weeds and their laying on the surface of the field. These operations in the method of sowing are provided to carry out during the entire active period of the plants vegetation or until complete shading with them of unsown zones of planting.

EFFECT: invention enables to clean the seeds from weeds when they appear and to restore the atmospheric irrigation process, which is especially important in arid zones.

5 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The claimed invention relates to the field of agricultural engineering, namely to tillage and sowing units, designed simultaneously: for strip sowing of cereals, cereals and legumes with the simultaneous creation of optimal conditions for their germination, seedlings and subsequent growth; to slow down or impossibility of germination and seedlings of weed seeds, and, if necessary, their weeding; to create and maintain conditions for nitrification and atmospheric irrigation (dry irrigation).

There is a method based on the farming system, which provides for self-regulation of plants and that the plants grow densely, as a result of which they are forced to fight for existence, and also would have free space and, therefore, an abundance of light and nutrition from nature (“The New Agriculture System”, Ivan Evgenievich Ovsinsky, Novosibirsk 2003, reprinted from the publication of 1899, Kiev, type S.V. Kulzhenko). In this case, grain sowing is carried out to a depth of about 5 cm, in strips about 30 cm wide, on the moist base of the capillary layer, alternating seeded strips with unseeded, of the same width. Sowing is carried out in an ordinary way in six rows in each lane. Sown strips are covered with a harrow secured to the coulters without rolling rollers. Unplated strips are treated with horse weeds 2-3 times until the crops on the seeded strips grow and darken in the unplanned strips, which, in turn, allows to suppress weed growth and is equivalent to the effect of harrowing.

This method of sowing provides seed germination on the 6th day, accelerate development by 2 weeks and increase the yield up to 2 times. However, ordinary sowing in a ribbon (sown strip) leads to the development of vegetative mass and plant effeminacy (given their psychism - the struggle for survival) and to some extent, to a decrease in their productivity. The implementation of ordinary sowing in sown stripes is much more complicated than the implementation of the spread method of sowing. The use of a seed method for sowing seeds with loose soil without digging does not provide a sufficiently high contact of seeds with the soil and, therefore, slows the emergence of seedlings, and sowing to a depth of 5 cm leads to the formation of two tillering nodes and an epicotel between them in the soil covering the grain, which leads to a decrease in the resistance of plants to lodging and reduces productivity.

Closest to the claimed invention is the method of sowing crops, which we adopted as a prototype, which includes cross-band sowing of grain at equal widths of the sown and non-sown strips, where the sown strips are loosened along the entire width to the depth of sowing, the seeds are scattered on the prepared bed, the upper layer of loosened soil is shifted to un sown strips, and the remaining, covering seeds, loosened soil is leveled and compacted, while the width of the sown strips is 20-25 cm, and the upper loosened soil layer s, shifted to non-sown strips, forms ridges on them, with a multifaceted surface, leaving a soil layer 2.5-3.5 cm above the seeds with a density of 0.3-0.6 g / cm ³ (RF patent No. 223545 "Method for sowing grain crops ").

The disadvantages of this method is that it is far from always, as practice shows, the shift of a part of the soil from sown strips to un sown strips is a sufficient condition to guarantee the impossibility of germination of weeds in un sown strips, especially in the presence of sufficiently heavy sediments that ensure the soaking of the soil shafts in un sown strips and, consequently, abundant germination of weeds, which often leads not to an increase in yield, but, on the contrary, to its reduction up to almost complete loss. This is the main obstacle to mass distribution in agricultural enterprises of this method of sowing. In addition, during the formation of soil crust due to the usual self-compaction of the soil or (more often) after rains, the process of atmospheric irrigation is impossible, on the contrary, the soil is dried out as a result of evaporation of moisture from it through the cracks formed. To ensure atmospheric irrigation, it is necessary to constantly monitor the state of the surface (4-6 cm) soil layer. It should be (at least in unseeded stripes) loose and fluffy, and even better dry, so it must be periodically, as the soil crust is compacted or formed, loosen and weed again.

This is not specified in the method.

Known tillage and sowing unit, adopted by us for the prototype, containing a frame mounted on the support wheels, on which a hopper is mounted, connected by seed tubes with openers, and cylindrical rolling rollers and spring teeth. Each coulter is equipped with a blade and leveler, and a coulter with a blade and leveler, a packer roller and spring teeth are installed (sequentially, with the formation of a row).

Each coulter is made in the form of a lancet paw with symmetrical dumps fixed sequentially through the intermediate links, having bends in the rear part at an angle of 40-45 ° relative to the field surface, between which an equalizer is mounted with the possibility of adjusting it in height. The dumps are vertically adjustable depending on the required depth of seed placement and are installed at a distance of 120-140 mm from the lancet paws of the coulter (RF patent No. 2204891 "Tillage sowing unit").

The disadvantages of the indicated method of sowing and tillage sowing unit is that in the process of soil cultivation and sowing in non-sown strips, the soil is not cut and not listened to with combing weeds and crop residues from it and laying them on the field surface. Part of the soil that forms on it in the form of multifaceted shafts only moves to non-sown strips from sown strips. But, as practice shows, this does not always guarantee the complete destruction of seedlings of weeds, especially root shoots, which, if present in the soil, will grow plentifully, even if the soil shafts are not wetted by moisture. That is, this technique does not guarantee the absence of weeds in un sown stripes, which means that there is no guarantee for high yields, which the author writes about, which is confirmed by practice and because of this, this promising method has not yet been widely used in grain-sowing agricultural enterprises . In addition, the absence of loosened soil in un sown stripes, as well as in sown stripes, excludes atmospheric irrigation (dry irrigation), which is especially important in arid areas of agriculture. The lack of moisture or its absence in the upper layers of the soil excludes nitrification of nitrogen by soil bacteria and, as a result, makes it impossible to obtain the high yields that the author speaks of. They can be obtained only in cases where there is sufficient moisture in the soil throughout the entire period of active vegetation of plants and the absence of weeds. In arid zones, this is not possible. Soil that is not periodically loosened or listened to is gradually compacted, which makes atmospheric irrigation impossible. Due to the lack of moisture, the soil cracks, which further accelerates its drying and will lead to partial or complete death of the plants (crop).

The aim of the invention is to create, at the same time, conditions optimal for germination and seedlings, followed by the growth of seeded crops and slowing down or the inability to germinate and shoots of weed seeds, and if necessary, cutting them in unseeded strip strip crops to a depth of 4-6 cm, followed by grinding and fluffing with the mixing of the upper drier layers of the soil with the lower wetter ones and with the simultaneous combing of weeds and crop residues from the soil and laying them on the field surface, as well as providing under holding the soil surface during the active phase of plant development in the zones of un sown stripes with a depth of 4-6 cm in a crushed and fluffy state up to dry.

The purpose of the invention is achieved by the fact that the known method, including stray grain sowing, where the sowing strips are loosened over the entire width to the depth of sowing, spread the seeds in a spread on the prepared bed, the upper layer of loosened soil is shifted into un sown strips, and the remaining covering seeds with a thickness of 2 , 5-3.5 cm, the loosened soil is compacted, modified and supplemented by the measures listed below.

In the fall, after harvesting, harrowing to a depth of 4-6 cm or harrowing to a depth of 5-6 cm with subsurface rolling to a depth of 4-5 cm is carried out on the field.

Then (once every 3-4 years), disking, or cultivation, or flat-cutting is carried out to a depth of 4-6 cm with deep simultaneous loosening of the plow sole up to 50 cm. For areas where the soil freezes in winter to a depth of more than 40-50 cm, carry out strip loosening with a width of loosened strips of 10-12 cm and with a width of loosened strips of 30-80 cm (depending on autumn precipitation in the considered zone). For areas where the soil freezes to a depth of less than 40-50 cm, continuous loosening is carried out.

Then in the spring, if the soil is sufficiently dry (steady), but its temperature has not reached 10 ° C, the soil is rolled up. When the soil temperature reaches 10 ° C or more, harrowing is carried out to a depth of 4-6 cm. After harrowing, strip sowing is carried out with a sowing strip width of 25-30 cm with a smooth distribution of seeds along the width of the sowing strip (60-70% along the edges and 40-30 % to the middle), with a sowing depth of 5-6 cm, with simultaneous subsurface rolling with helical rollers for rolling the sown strips to a depth of 1-2 cm less than the sowing depth and additional grinding and fluffing of the surface soil layer with combing weeds and crop residues from it them on the surface of the sown strips, then the upper additionally shredded and fluffy layer with combed weeds and crop residues is partially shifted by symmetrical two-sided dumps from a depth of 2.5-3.5 cm less than the sowing depth into un sown strips, on the sown strips 30 cm wide, the soil is cut to a depth of 5-6 cm, in the middle of these strips, to a depth of 2-3 cm deeper than the sowing depth, fertilizers (fertilizers) are applied, then with screw rollers for rolling unseeded strips, the soil in these unseeded strips, to the cutting depth, additionally crushed and fluffed with mixing of the upper drier soil layers with the lower wetter ones, while combing weeds and crop residues and laying them on the field surface. Further, before germination, in the case of the formation of soil crust, harrowing is carried out by light or medium harrows to destroy it, after germination and rooting, if necessary, harrowing the seeded strips with light or medium harrows is carried out, and in areas of unseeded strips soil is cut to a depth of 4-6 see. If necessary, add additional doses of fertilizers (fertilizers) 2-3 cm deeper than the seeding depth in the middle of these un seeded strips. Then, helical rollers for rolling unseeded strips to a cutting depth of 4-6 cm carry out additional grinding and fluffing with mixing of the upper drier soil layers with the lower wetter ones, while combing and laying weeds and crop residues on the surface of the field.

In the case of the formation of soil crust in the crops or again shoots of weeds in un sown strips, and in sown strips of rather tall plants in the areas of un sown strips, the soil and weeds are again trimmed to a depth of 4-6 cm with the simultaneous separation of the stems hanging over the un sown strips and retraction they are from the area of operation of the screw rollers for rolling in un seeded strips, which are additionally crushed undercut soil in unseeded strips, fluffed with mixing of the upper drier soil layers with the lower wetter with the simultaneous combing of weeds and crop residues with their laying on the field surface, while harrowing in sown strips is not carried out and so on as needed until the end of the active vegetation period of sown plants or the inappropriateness of these operations due to damage to plants.

The object of the invention is achieved by the fact that in the known tillage-sowing unit containing a frame mounted on the support wheels, on which are mounted: a hopper connected by seed tubes with coulters made in the form of lancet paws, dumps made symmetrical and having bends under the back part for angle of 40-45 ° relative to the surface of the field, and equipped with vertical adjustment of the depth of seeding, and rollers. The frame with the trailer rests in front on two technological wheels with turnbuckles for adjusting the sowing depth and on the two rear transport and technological wheels with hydraulic cylinders located symmetrically at the edges of the frame for transferring the unit from the transport position to the working one and back and equipped with mechanisms for adjusting the sowing depth, also located symmetrically .

On the frame of the soil-cultivating and sowing unit, a hopper for seeds and fertilizers is installed on top, and on the bottom, at a distance of 55-60 cm along the front, removable lancet open coulters 30-35 cm wide with limiters of the width of the sowing strips, cutting the soil to a depth, are mounted on parallelogram spring-loaded leashes 5-6 cm, in which, in the lower parts, there are diffusers distributing seeds along the width of the sowing strip at the edges of 60-70% with a smooth transition to the middle up to 40-30%.

Behind the opener coulters there are screw rollers for rolling in the seeded strips, the axis of rotation of which are located at an angle of 8-15 ° to the perpendicular to the direction of movement of the unit, allowing subsurface rolling of the soil along the entire width of the sowing strip to a depth of 1-2 cm less than the sowing depth.

Behind the screw rollers, symmetrical double-sided dumps are mounted, shifting the soil from a depth of 2.5-3.5 cm less than the sowing depth from sown strips to un sown.

On the frame, along the edges of the sowing strips with a width of 30 cm, racks are mounted on which razor knives are fixed, located with knives inside the sowing strips, cutting the soil with an overlap of 3-4 cm to a depth of 5-6 cm. Behind them, in the middle of the racks of knives- razors, removable disc coulters mounted on spring-loaded leashes, allowing fertilizers to be introduced into the soil 2-3 cm deeper than the sowing depth.

Behind the disk coulters, over the entire width of the sowing strips, there are mounted screw rollers for rolling in the un seeded strips, the axis of rotation of which are also located at an angle of 8 ° -15 ° to the perpendicular to the direction of movement of the unit, but turned in the opposite direction than the screw rollers for rolling in the seeded strips. The helical strips of these rollers along the length of the roller are divided into two equal parts and installed so that when moving in the working direction they provide a certain shift of the soil from the edges of the unseeded strips to their midpoints, the working depth of these helical rollers is equal to the depth of cutting the soil with razor knives, during operation screw rollers for rolling unseeded strips with helical strips cut into the soil, additionally crush it, fluff and mix the upper drier layers of the soil with the lower wetter ones, while combing out the soil with rnyaki and crop residues, putting them on the surface of the field.

After seedlings of planted plants and their rooting, in cases of mass shoots of weeds or the formation of soil crust instead of interchangeable lancet-paw coulters with screw rollers for rolling sown strips and symmetrical dumps, light or medium harrows are mounted in areas of unseeded strips, if necessary, dismantle disc for fertilizer application. The operation of razor knives with screw rollers for rolling unseeded strips is set to a depth of tillage of 4-6 cm. At the same time, razor knives cut the soil with weeds, and screw rollers for rolling unseeded strips shred it additionally, fluff and at the same time mix the upper drier layers with lower ones wetter and comb out weeds and crop residues with their laying on the soil surface.

Subsequently, if mass weeds can emerge or the soil crust forms, especially during prolonged drought, on the frame in the zones of sown strips instead of light or medium harrows, and in areas of un sown strips, if disc coulters have been preserved instead, they additionally install on racks of razor knives stalk baffle separators that divide the stems of plants in adjacent sown strips and divert them behind the working bodies of the unit, then with razor blades cut the soil with weeds in un sown strips to a depth of 4-6 cm and a screw Vym rollers for packing of unsown strips further ground it vspushivayut stirring drier upper soil layers with the lower wetter, wherein vychesyvaya weeds with laying them on the surface of the field. This is repeated until the seeded plants allow this to be done and there is a need for it.

These differences are significant, since the introduction into the method of operation of post-harvest autumn harrowing to a depth of 4-6 cm or harrowing to 5-6 cm with subsurface rolling to a depth of 4-5 cm provides, on the one hand, the incorporation of weed and fallow seeds into the soil, causing their mass shoots, which then, in the winter, die from frost, on the other hand, conditions are created for atmospheric irrigation (which is especially necessary for arid zones), which allows the soil to avoid overdrying and cracking and go to the next agricultural season more or less wet.

In the process of carrying out field work, this is sowing, caring for plants, harvesting, and harvesting, various equipment, including heavy ones, move around the field, which leads to soil compaction up to the formation of a plow sole, which extremely negatively affects the yield of crops grown. To eliminate the plow sole, the method includes an operation for deep loosening up to 50 cm, which must be carried out once every 3-4 years, and in zones where the soil and soil freeze to a depth of more than 40-50 cm and deeper, strip loosening with a width of 10 -12 cm to a depth of 50 cm and a width of 30-80 cm to a depth of 5-6 cm, and where the soil freezes to a depth of less than 40-50 cm, continuous loosening is carried out. In autumn, rainwater seeps through the loosened layers of soil, flows into deeper loosened strips, where over time it loosens un loosened streaks of soil, which freeze in the winter, expanding, which ensures their loosened state after thawing. Strip loosening, as compared to continuous loosening, allows to reduce fuel consumption by 3-4 times, in addition, in unbroken strips the soil structure is more acceptable for subsequent plant growth, since it does not lump like loosened mechanically, but retains its capillary structure, as well as all channels formed in the soil by worms and the roots of previously grown plants remaining after decay, which provides the conditions for atmospheric irrigation and, therefore, nitrification of the soil by aerobic and bacteria that improve its quality.

An introduction to the method of sowing the spring rolling operation of the soil, if its temperature has not reached 10 ° C, is necessary to ensure the vital activity of aerobic bacteria nitrifying atmospheric nitrogen and organic inclusions in the soil, providing a more nutritious environment for plants. Then, as soon as the temperature reached 10 ° C, according to the proposed method, it is necessary to carry out harrowing to a depth of 4-6 cm, which, on the one hand, will protect the soil from possible overheating in the summer, and on the other, create conditions for atmospheric irrigation, that is maintaining the soil in a constantly wet state. This, in turn, will provide the process of nitrification of organics and nitrogen located in the upper layers of the soil, increasing the nutrient medium for plants.

Conducting strip sowing - 25-30 cm strips sown and 30 cm strips not sown, allows throughout the entire growing season of the plant growth to maintain conditions in the soil, ensuring the passage of atmospheric irrigation, as well as nitrification and formation of carbonic acid in the process of decomposition of plant residues in the upper layers soil, part of which is absorbed by plants, and the rest flows into the deeper layers of the soil, where it does not interfere with the normal development of aerobic bacteria. In deeper soil layers (10 cm or more), carbonic acid dissolves phosphates and feldspars of the soil, converting them into compounds available for assimilation by plants, enriching plant nutrition with phosphorus and potassium.

The proposed tillage and sowing unit, when performing strip sowing, allows sowing in the sowing strips by the spread method, and with the distribution of seeds with a smooth transition of 60-70% along the edges and 40-30% to the center. Such their distribution ensures the formation of stalks with equal ears over the entire width of the sown strip, eliminates excessive build-up of biological mass in the central part of the sown strip, and generally ensures the formation of a maximum yield.

The use of screw rollers in the soil-cultivating and sowing unit for subsurface rolling of seeds to a depth of 1-2 cm less than the sowing depth, on the one hand, maximizes the contact of the seed coat with the soil, which provides the greatest moisture transfer of the seed, and, on the other hand, forms a fluffy layer on the surface 3-4 cm thick soil, providing the process of atmospheric irrigation and maximum moisture accumulation in the seed location zone. The implementation of the shift from sown strips of soil to un sown with the preservation of a layer of 2.5-3.5 cm above the seeds ensures their uniform seedlings for 2-3 days.

Simultaneously with sowing, the soil is cut into sown strips in non-sown strips to a depth of 5-6 cm with razor knives, and the necessary doses of fertilizer are introduced into the middle of it with disk coulters 2-3 cm deeper than the sowing depth, which, when quickly dissolved, practically does not harm young seedlings plants, since they are located at a fairly large distance. Then, the cropped soil is additionally loosened and fluffed with helical rollers with simultaneous mixing of the upper drier soil layers with the lower wetter ones and combing out weeds and crop residues with their laying on the surface of unseeded strips, together with the subsequent raking of part of the upper dry soil, from sown strips to non sown strips strip, which maximally prevents weed emergence, and also provides the creation of conditions for atmospheric irrigation, nitrification of organics and nitrogen, air formation hydrochloric acid as a result of the decomposition of organics, the use of part of it by plants, and part of lowering it into deeper layers of the soil, oxidation of the mineral part that makes up the soil to forms absorbed by plants. This reduces the need for a dose of fertilizer.

As practice shows, the formation of a loose, fluffy soil layer on non-sown stripes, and in the form of shafts from which moisture should drain, does not always preclude weed emergence in this sowing zone, especially in the presence of root shoot plants. Therefore, in the method of sowing and the tillage and sowing unit, operations and working bodies are provided that make it possible to carry out repeated cutting in these areas of the soil with razor knives to a depth of 4-6 cm from the weeds in seedlings or the formation of a soil crust that impedes atmospheric irrigation its subsequent additional grinding and fluffing with simultaneous mixing of the upper drier layers with the lower wetter ones and combing of the trimmed weeds with their laying on the surface awn field. These operations in the method of sowing and the working bodies in the tillage and sowing unit allow you to clean the crops from weeds when they appear and to restore the process of atmospheric irrigation, which is especially important in arid zones. The implementation of these operations in the method of sowing provides for the entire active period of vegetation of plants or until they are completely obscured by unseeded sowing bands.

Thus, the use of this method of sowing and the tillage and sowing unit in practice will exclude not only the negative influence of weeds on the formed crop, but also droughts, which often not only reduce the crop, but can lead to its complete loss.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the location of the working bodies of the tillage and sowing unit during sowing.

Figure 2 shows the location of the working bodies of the soil-cultivating and sowing unit during post-emergence harrowing of crops with the simultaneous processing of un seeded strips.

Figure 3 shows the location of the working bodies of the soil-cultivating and sowing unit when processing unseeded strips in the case of sufficiently large plants.

Figure 4 shows a cross section of the sowing unit in the area of the sowing strip.

Figure 5 shows a cross section of the sowing unit in the area of non-sowing strip.

The tillage and sowing unit includes a frame 1 with a trailer 2 mounted in front on the technological wheels 3 with a drawstring 4 for adjusting the sowing depth, and on the rear on the transport and technological wheels 5 with a hydraulic cylinder 6 for transferring the unit from the working position to the transport one and back and the depth adjustment mechanism 7 the work of the working bodies of the sowing unit. A hopper 8 is installed on the frame 1, divided into two compartments for seeds and fat. Under the frame through parallelogram leads 9 with springs 10 mounted paw openers 11 with diffusers 12 and limiters for the width of the sowing strip 13 and seed tubes 14. Behind the paw openers 11, for the entire width of each sowed strip, there are screw rollers for rolling the seeded strips 15, the axis of rotation of which make an angle of 8-15 ° with a perpendicular to the direction of movement of the unit. Behind the rollers for rolling the sown strips 15, symmetrical dumps 16 are mounted, shifting the soil from the sown strips to the non sown strips, the dumps are spring-loaded with an additional spring 17.

In the areas of non-sowing strips on the frame 1 of the unit, racks 18 are mounted on the edges of the non-sowing strips, on which razor blades 19 are fixedly mounted. Behind the racks 18 in the middle, removable disk coulters 20 are mounted on the frame through the leashes 21 and spring-loaded with springs 22. Further beyond disk coulter 20 mounted screw rollers for rolling unseeded strips 23.

In the case of using a tillage and sowing unit for processing crops, immediately after their emergence in the areas of sown strips, the paw openers 11 with parallelogram leads 9, screw rollers for rolling the sown strips 15 and symmetrical dumps 16 with springs 17 are dismantled. Instead, they are mounted movably harrows 24 .

In the case of using a soil-cultivating and sowing unit for processing strip crops with large enough plants, the harrows 24 and disk coulters 20, as well as the hopper 8 are dismantled from the unit, and on the racks 18 additionally dividers-branches of the stems 25 are mounted.

Tillage-sowing unit operates as follows. At the edge of the field, an aggregate with pre-adjusted working bodies mounted on a tractor is installed. The compartments in the bunker 8 are filled with seeds and fat, respectively, then the unit is transferred from the transport position to the working one, the tractor is turned on and the movement begins. In the process of movement, the technological wheels 3, through ball variators, by means of chain gears, drive sowing machines for seeds and tuks (not shown), which feed seeds and tuks, respectively, into the seed ducts 14 and the pipelines 26, directing them to the paw openers 11 - seeds and in disk coulters 20 - tuks. In the opener openers 11, in the lower part, there are diffusers 12 that distribute seeds along the width of the sowing strips 60-70% along the edges with a smooth transition of 40-30% to the middle, then screw rollers move along the sowing strips for rolling the sown strips 15, which equalize the sowing furrows, compact the soil above the seeds 1-2 cm less than the sowing depth, and the top layer is additionally crushed, fluffed with combing out weeds and crop residues, which are laid on the field surface. Behind the helical rollers for rolling the sown strips 15, symmetrical dumps 16 are installed, spring-loaded with springs 17, which move the soil located 2.5–3.5 cm above the seeds onto un sown strips from the sown strips. At the same time, on unseeded strips, razor knives 19, mounted on racks 18, cut the soil across the entire width of unseeded strips to a depth of 5-6 cm. Behind knives 19, in the middle of unseeded strips, disc coulters 20 are driven in which tuks introduced them into the soil 2-3 cm deeper than the depth of sowing. Behind the disk coulters 20, screw rollers move for rolling unseeded strips 23, which cut into the soil to a depth of 4-6 cm, further crush it, fluff it with simultaneous mixing of the upper drier soil layers with the lower wetter layers and comb out the weeds and crop residues from them laying on the surface of the field. Thus, sowing is carried out before the complete sowing of the field.

To process the crops after seedlings and their sufficient rooting, the coulters 11 with parallelogram leashes 9 are dismantled from the tillage and sowing unit, then screw rollers for rolling the seeded strips 15 and symmetrical dumps 16 with springs 17. They are mounted, movably, harrows 24 and carry out processing crops. The remaining working bodies of the unit work similarly to those described above.

To process crops that have a sufficiently large stalk of sown crops, if there are a large number of weeds in unseeded strips or if a soil crust is formed on the soil surface, the harrows 24 and (if not dismantled) disc coulters 20, as well as hopper 8, are removed. 18 establish dividers-branches of the stems 25. For operation, the unit is set in strips, the rest of the work process is similar.

This method and device allows you to successfully grow cereals, cereals and legumes, even in dry years.

Claims (4)

1. The method of sowing and care for cereals, cereals and legumes, including inter-strip sowing, where the sowing strips are loosened along the entire width to the depth of sowing, seeds are scattered on the prepared bed, the upper layer of loosened soil is shifted into un sown strips, and the remaining covering seed 2.5-3.5 cm thick, the loosened soil is compacted, characterized in that in the autumn after harvesting, harrowing to a depth of 4-6 cm or harrowing to a depth of 5-6 cm with subsurface rolling to a depth of 4-5 cm is carried out on the field, one every 3-4 g Yes, disking, cultivating or flat-cutting to a depth of 5-6 cm with simultaneous deep loosening of the plow sole to a depth of 50 cm, while for loosening soil in the winter season to a depth of more than 40-50 cm, strip loosening is carried out with the width of loosened strips 10-12 cm and a width of non-loosened stripes of 30-80 cm, and for zones where the soil freezes to a depth of less than 40-50 cm, continuous loosening is carried out, in addition, in the spring, when the soil is sufficiently dry (steady) with a temperature of up to 10 ° C , carry out rolling, and when the soil reaches temperament uri 10 ° C and more, harrowing to a depth of 5-6 cm, then carry out strip sowing with a sowing strip width of 25-30 cm with a smooth distribution of seeds along the width of the sowing strip 60-70% at the edges and 40-30% to the middle and with a sowing depth of 5-6 cm with simultaneous subsurface rolling with helical rollers for rolling in the sown strips to a depth of 1-2 cm less than the sowing depth and additional grinding and fluffing of the surface soil layer with combing weeds and crop residues from it, laying them on the surface of the sown floor c, then the upper additionally shredded and fluffy layer with combed weeds and crop residues is shifted by symmetrical double-sided dumps from a depth of 2.5-3.5 cm less than the sowing depth to unplanted strips whose width is 30 cm, where the soil is previously cut with razor knives to a depth 5-6 cm, fertilizers are applied in the middle of these strips 2-3 cm deeper than the seeding depth - fertilizer, then with helical rollers for rolling unseeded strips, the soil in these non-sown strips is additionally crushed and fluffed with mixing the upper, drier layers of soil with the lower, wetter ones, and at the same time combing out the weeds and crop residues and laying them on the field surface; moreover, when the soil peel or seedlings are formed on the surface of the sown field, or at the same time, the weeds crust and seedlings are harrowed lightly or sowed medium harrows, and in areas of unseeded stripes - cutting of soil and weeds with razor knives to a depth of 4-6 cm, in addition, if necessary, make 2-3 cm deeper than the seeding depth, additional doses of fertilizer fertilizer, and then with helical rollers for rolling unseeded strips, the soil is additionally crushed and fluffed with mixing of the upper drier layers of the soil with the lower wetter ones, while weeds and crop residues are combed out and laid on the field surface . 2. The method of sowing and caring for cereals, cereals and legumes according to claim 1, characterized in that when the formation of soil crust or the presence of weeds in the un sown strip strip sowing or the simultaneous presence of the crust and weeds with sufficiently tall plants sown in the sown strip in areas of unseeded stripes, soil and weeds are trimmed with razor knives to a depth of 4-6 cm with simultaneous separation of the stems hanging over the unseeded strips, and these stems are removed from the area of operation of the screw rollers for rolling seeded strips, which are additionally crushed in cropped soil in uncropped strips, are fluffed with mixing of the upper drier soil layers with the lower wetter ones, while weeds and crop residues are combed out and laid on the field surface. 3. Tillage-sowing unit containing a frame mounted on the support wheels, on which a hopper is mounted, connected by seed tubes with openers made in the form of lancet paws, dumps located behind each opener, made symmetrical, having bends in the rear part at an angle of 40-45 ° relative to the field surface and equipped with vertical adjustment of the depth of seeding, and rollers, characterized in that the frame with the trailer rests in front on two technological wheels located symmetrically at the edges of the frame with lanyards for adjusting the depth of sowing and two rear transport-technological wheels with hydraulic cylinders for transferring the unit from the transport position to the working one and vice versa, equipped with mechanisms for adjusting the depth of sowing, and on top of the frame of the tillage-sowing unit there is a hopper for seeds and fertilizers and from below, at a distance of 55-60 cm along the front, lancet opener coulters 30-35 cm wide with limiters of the width of the sowing los, and cutting the soil to a depth of 5-6 cm, in the lower part of which there are diffusers distributing seeds along the width of the sowing strips along the edges of 60-70% with a smooth transition to the middle up to 40-30%, in addition, screw mounted coulters rollers for rolling in the seeded strips, the axis of rotation of which are located at an angle of 8-15 ° to the perpendicular to the direction of movement of the unit, allowing subsurface rolling of the soil along the entire width of the sowing strip to a depth of 1-2 cm less than the sowing depth, and mounted behind the screw rollers There are symmetrical double-sided dumps that move the soil from a depth of 2.5-3.5 cm less than the sowing depth from sown strips to un sown strips, while racks are mounted on the frame along the edges of unseeded strips 30 cm wide, located on which razor knives are mounted knives inside unseeded strips with an overlap of 3-4 cm and cutting the soil to a depth of 5-6 cm, and behind them in the middle of the racks of razor knives, removable disc coulters are mounted on spring-loaded leads, introducing fertilizers 2-3 cm deeper into the soil, moreover, for disc coulters n and the entire width of the non-sown strips is mounted with screw rollers for rolling in non-sown strips, the axis of rotation of which are also located at an angle of 8-15 ° to the perpendicular to the direction of movement of the unit, turned in the opposite direction than the screw rollers for rolling in the seeded strips, in addition, the screw strips of these rollers along the length of the roller are divided into two equal parts and installed so that when moving in the working direction they provide some soil shifts from the edges of the unseeded strips to their midpoints, and the depth of operation of these rollers is at the depth of cutting the soil with razor knives, while screw rollers for rolling in the seeded strips, paw openers and symmetrical dumps are mounted on the frame with the possibility of removal and replacement with light or medium harrows with a width corresponding to the width of the seeded strips. 4. Tillage-sowing unit according to claim 3, characterized in that on the racks of razor knives additionally mounted stationary dividers-branches of the stems when the disc coulters and harrows are removed.

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