RU2132601C1 - Tilled crop cultivation method and apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, cultivation of corn, sunflower, sorghum. SUBSTANCE: method involves plowing by means of passive working tools and rotavators and simultaneously embedding seeds; covering seeds with ridge soil. Laying of seeds onto wet surface of prepared bed and covering it by forming low-volume ridge from heated wet soil above bed improves retention of moisture in soil and creates air and water conditions for seed germination and growth of plants. EFFECT: increased efficiency by improved growth conditions. 3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the production of agricultural products, in particular to methods of cultivating row crops, mainly corn, sunflower, potatoes, and devices for their implementation.

 Known methods of sowing crops and devices for their implementation (A.S. N 257180, 163454, class A 01 B 49 / 04-49 / 06), which essentially do not provide the necessary agrotechnical conditions for seed germination and plant growth and not provide agro-methods of weed control, and devices for performing technological operations are complex in design, energy-intensive in operation and do not exclude sticking of the working bodies of the opener group with soil, because they are located after the cutter, which creates an unfavorable wet background for the coulters.

 Known methods for sowing row cultivated cultivars (a.s. N 481251, class A 01 B 49/04), which for friendly germination of seeds provide for their sowing on a moist soil surface with the subsequent process of pressing the seeds into the moist layer and milling loosening the soil on both sides row without destruction / loosening / formed subsurface ridge. By the totality of common essential features, this technical solution is taken as a prototype.

The main disadvantages of the prototype:
- the seeds of cultivated crops are laid on the moistened surface of the soil and pressed into it, while the process of loosening this soil layer is eliminated in order to destroy the germinated filamentous weeds.

 - the noted method is aimed only at obtaining friendly seedlings, without providing agro-methods of weed control and creating favorable air-water conditions for plant growth during the growing season of their development.

 - a device for implementing the marked method of sowing row crops is complex in design. It consists of a sowing part, mounted on the front hitch of the power tool and tillage, mounted on the rear hitch. With this arrangement of structural elements of the device, possible / inevitable / disruption of the technological process of work, due to the impossibility of ensuring in this case the synchronized movement of the working bodies of the sowing and tillage parts.

The purpose of the invention is to increase productivity and reduce the energy intensity of the technological process of cultivating row crops. This goal is achieved due to a complex of agrotechnical methods of preserving moisture in the soil and creating favorable air-water conditions for seed germination and plant growth during the growing season of their development. At the same time, the agricultural technology of cultivating row crops is as follows:
- when sowing, seeds are laid on the moistened surface of the soil of the prepared bed, in which the lower layers are loosened with lancet paws, and the upper dry layer is shifted beyond the location of the row of seeds, the seeding of which is ensured by the formation of a low-volume ridge formed from moistened soil, loosened adjacent to the rows seed mills and directed to the seed location by the sides of the combing machine, and pre-emergence processing of cultivated crops is carried out using rotary harrows to the shape of a truncated cone, and subsequently, as the plants develop, the milling part of the device equipped with a two-sided wedge - comb-former, while in the process of loosening the soil in the planting rows, the soil is added to the cultivated plants, contributing to the formation of secondary roots and filling of weeds ensure their destruction.

 To implement this method of cultivating row crops, a device is proposed that is made in the form of sections of milling drums and sowing machines alternately installed in the horizontal plane, and a two-sided wedge-combing machine is installed above the milling drum, the sides of which are mounted at an angle to the direction of translational movement of the device and are pivotally connected between themselves with the ability to change their position in the vertical plane, and in front of the metering unit, a fixed couch is fixed uk, with bunk situated working bodies, while the lower tier is set hoe, and the top - dihedral otvalchik movable in the vertical plane at an angle to the soil surface.

 The combination of these characteristics distinguishes the proposed method of cultivating row crops and the device for its implementation from the prototype and determines the compliance of the technological solution with the criterion of "Novelty".

 Thus, the simultaneous processing of the soil for sowing and laying the seeds of cultivated cultivars on a prepared moistened bed with subsequent sprinkling of loose, heated soil creates favorable conditions for seed germination and plant growth.

 Pre-emergence mechanical processing of crops and milling loosening of plant rows during the growing season exclude soil compaction and disturbance of its structure, which makes it possible to improve the water-air regimes of plant nutrition, and powdering of cultivated plants and weeds in the soil in the first case contributes to the formation of secondary roots and intensive plant cultivation, and in the second - the destruction of weeds.

 The application of the proposed device to perform the work process of growing plants will reduce the number of technological passes, reduce soil compaction and the amount of energy used, and generally reduce the energy intensity of cultivating row crops and increase their productivity.

 These positive features of the claimed facilities will allow to obtain a high economic effect in the production of row crops, mainly corn, sunflower and potatoes.

 The noted essential features that distinguish the proposed method of cultivating row crops and the device for its implementation from the prototype, are not found by the authors in the solutions known in science and technology. Thus, the proposed method of cultivating row crops and the technical solution for its implementation meet the criterion of "Significant differences".

 In FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the arrangement of working bodies and the sequence of technological operations.

A method of cultivating row crops includes:
- preparation of a bed for seeds;
- sowing seeds and their seeding in the soil;
- formation of a low-volume ridge over the seeds;
- rolling crops;
- pre-emergence processing of crops;
- inter-row processing of plants and the destruction of weeds, including in the ranks of the cultivated crop.

 To preserve moisture in the soil and ensure the sowing of seeds in a moist soil horizon in order to obtain friendly seedlings and intensive growth of plants during the growing season, the proposed method of cultivating row crops provides for the implementation of technological operations for pre-sowing soil cultivation, sowing seeds and forming a low-volume comb over them, and also rolling crops in one pass of a combined implement of agricultural production (Fig. 1, option I; II).

 Pre-emergence treatment of crops is carried out with the aim of destroying the soil crust and destroying the sprouted weeds with rotary harrows in the form of a truncated cone with small teeth on their surface (option III).

 In the future, as the plants grow, milling loosening of the soil in inter-row sowing and destruction of weeds is carried out, while ensuring the necessary water-air conditions for the development of plants and powdering of cultivated plants in the basal part of them in order to form secondary (air) roots in plants, which contribute to an increase moisture inflow to plants and increase their growth, and backfilling of weeds leads to their destruction (option IV).

 In FIG. 2 schematically shows a device for implementing the method of cultivating row crops.

 The device comprises a frame 1, on which the supporting-drive wheels 2 are mounted with a screw mechanism for regulating their position relative to the soil surface, and sections of the drum and sowing apparatus are alternately installed. Over the milling drum 3, at the same time, a comb former 4 is installed with the casing in the form of a two-sided wedge, the sides of which are mounted at an angle to the direction of movement and are pivotally interconnected.

 In front of the sowing device 5 with the mechanism of seed sowing, a stand is mounted - a coulter, on which working bodies are installed in two tiers - lancet legs 6, on the lower tier - a two-sided dumper 7. Following it are fixed roller rollers 8. The cutter drive is provided from the tractor PTO through cardan transmission, transmission shaft 9 and chain transmission of the housing 10 of the drum. The drive of the sowing apparatus is carried out from the supporting-drive wheels 2 using a chain transmission 11.

 The device operates as follows.

 In the process of movement of the device in the aggregate with the tractor, the lancet paws 6, mounted in front of the sowing devices, loosen the soil at a given depth, while at the same time, the upper dry soil layer with the help of a two-sided dumping unit 7 is shifted to the side of the row of seeds, exposing the moist soil layer, on which the seeds of the cultivated culture are planted with a certain interval with the help of sowing devices 5. Simultaneously with the sowing of seeds, their soil is sealed by the formation of low-volume heat above them nya height within the depth of seeding. In this case, the ridge is formed due to the soil, loosened adjacent to the row of seeds by milling drums 3 and directed into the zone of the row of seeds by the sides of the combing agents 4. Depending on the position of the sidewalls in the vertical plane, the ridge is formed of various shapes and sizes. Soil compaction after sowing is provided by rolling rollers 8. Pre-emergence treatment of crops in the initial phase of plant development in order to destroy threadlike seedlings of weeds is performed using rotary harrows (Fig. 1, version III) mounted on the body of the milling drum instead of the milling cutter knives. Subsequent technological operations for loosening the soil and destroying weeds in the row-spacing of crops and rows of plants is provided by a frezbara and sidewalls of the comb-former (option IV) due to milling of the soil and sprinkling of plants with soil and backfilling of weed grass.

Claims (2)

 1. A method of cultivating row crops, including continuous loosening of the soil by passive working bodies and sowing seeds in a moist layer with the formation of a comb above them from the heated soil simultaneously with milling tillage, characterized in that the seeds are laid on the moistened soil surface of the prepared bed, which has lower the layers are loosened with lancet paws, and the upper layer is shifted beyond the location of the row of seeds, the incorporation of which is ensured by the formation of a low-volume ridge above it, formed from moist soil, loosened adjacent to the rows of seeds with freesbaras and directed to the seed arrangement by the sides of the comb-former, while pre-emergence cultivation of cultivated crops is carried out using rotary harrows in the shape of a truncated cone, and later, as the plants develop, the milling part of the device equipped with a two-sided wedge combing agent, and in the process of loosening the soil between the rows of crops provide powdering of cultivated plants with soil, contributing to the formation of secondary roots in them And backfilling weed ensure their destruction.  2. A device for cultivating row crops, containing tillage working bodies for pre-sowing tillage and openers for sowing seeds, characterized in that it is made in the form of milling drums and sowing machines alternately mounted in the horizontal plane, and a two-sided wedge is installed at the same time as the milling drum with a casing - ridge former, the sides of which are installed at an angle to the direction of translational movement of the device and are pivotally interconnected to change their gender zheniya in the vertical plane, and in front of the seeding apparatus is fixed stand-opener with a two-tier arrangement of working bodies, while at the lower tier is installed hoe, and on top - dihedral otvalchik movable in a vertical plane at an angle to the soil surface.

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