RU2699524C2 - Method of cultivating tilled crops mow-till - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used in cultivation of tilled crops: maize, sunflower, soya beet, sugar beet. Method includes soil treatment, sowing and fertilizer application. Soil is treated in strips by soil breakers for decompaction of soil. Cutters are used to cut soil and sowing is performed in strip. During vegetation of cultivated plants weed is mown in rows between rows with mower which cuts weeds and creates a mulching layer from them, and a strip with cultivated plants is treated with light harrows before emergence and by shoots with the possibility of adding liquid mineral fertilizers and herbicides directly into the treated strip with a sprayer. In each subsequent year, soil treatment and sowing in the strip are performed with shifting in between rows, where in the previous year a mulching layer of scaly weeds was created, which facilitates fertility reproduction of soil.

EFFECT: method increases efficiency of cultivating tilled crops by maintaining and restoring soil fertility, creating favourable water-air conditions.

1 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of row crops: corn, sunflower, soybeans, sugar beets.

A known method of cultivating row crops (patent RU No. 2294075, publ. 02.27.2007), including pre-sowing, pre-emergence tillage, sowing, hilling plants and fertilizing during inter-row cultivations along guide elements. When pre-sowing treatment, passive passive glowing of the soil is carried out in the zone of the future row, loosening to the depth of sowing with compaction of the bottom, leveling the surface of two strips on the sides of the loosened zone. Sowing is carried out on a compacted bottom with copying along aligned strips, and during pre-emergence treatment, the soil is actively glowing in the row zone. When inter-row treatments carry out the hilling of plants with a dosage layer of soil.

The disadvantage of this method is that when presowing treatment does not provide a finely crumpled soil structure in the area of future rows, evaporation of soil moisture also occurs in the post-sowing period.

A known method of cultivating wide-row row crops (patent RU No. 2454064, published on June 27, 2012), including chisel soil cultivation with the formation of a ridge bottom of the furrow and sowing of culture over the recesses of the furrow bottom through one recess in the first year of sowing, and in the second year of sowing spend on the unused grooves of the bottom of the furrow of the first year, while the width of the inter-trace after tillage is equal to half the distance between the rows.

The disadvantage of this method is that it does not fully utilize the possibility of chezilizing the soil, the lack of effective measures for weed control.

The problem to which the invention is directed is to increase the efficiency of cultivating row crops by preserving and restoring soil fertility, creating favorable air-air conditions for the rapid and friendly germination of seedlings, as well as improving crop care and reducing fuel consumption.

The technical solution of this problem is achieved by the fact that soil cultivation is carried out in strips by subsoilers to soften the soil, the loosening of the soil is carried out by the cutters and the coulter is sowed in the strip, during the vegetation of cultivated plants, the weeds are mowed in the rows between the mowers and choppers, which cuts the weeds and creates of which the mulching layer, and the strip with cultivated plants is treated with light harrows before germination and germination with the possibility of applying liquid mineral fertilizers and herbicides by a sprayer directly into the treated strip, and in each subsequent year, soil cultivation and sowing in the strip are carried out with a shift to the spacing, where in the previous year a mulching layer of mowed weeds was created, contributing to the reproduction of soil fertility.

The mulching layer of cut and crushed weeds on the field surface avoids the negative effects of deflation, overheating from direct sunlight, water erosion, as well as the germination of new weeds, and is a biological fertilizer. Seeds are sown in strips P to a depth specified by agrotechnical requirements for sowing. Stripes P have protective zones 6 on each side.

The figure 1 shows a diagram of the arrangement of the working bodies during tillage and sowing seeds, top view; figure 2 is a diagram of the arrangement of the working bodies during inter-row processing of crops; figure 3 is a diagram of the allocation of bands by year.

The method of cultivating row crops MOW-TILL is as follows.

The processing of the strips is carried out in autumn, or in the spring before sowing, or together with it, forming strips P. The subsoilers 1 carry out softening of the soil to a depth of 20 ... 22 cm, forming a gap 9 for adjusting the water balance. The milling cutters 2 following the subsoilers 1 loosen the upper soil layer. Next, the opener 3 in strip P sow the crops to a depth established by the agrotechnical requirements. In the process, the opener 3 places the seeds in row 4 and sprinkles them with a layer of soil. After the opener 3 passes in the strip P, protective zones 6 remain on both sides, which do not allow damage to the crop plants 8 during subsequent inter-row processing. Spring teeth 5 align the surface of the strip P after the passage of the opener 3.

The processing of rows M is carried out by mowers-grinders 12 and is carried out separately, or together with the processing of strip P by light harrows 10. During operation, the mower-grinder 12 cuts weeds 13, grinds them and spreads them between rows M, creating a mulching layer 7 of weeds. The mulching layer 7 of weeds left on the surface of the row-spacings M performs several functions. It reduces the evaporation of valuable moisture and helps to stabilize soil temperature, smoothing out sharp changes in day and night temperatures, and prevents the development of deflation and water erosion, as well as a natural fertilizer that helps to increase crop yield when cultivated in subsequent years. The remaining roots of weeds in the following years decay, forming soil voids, which positively affects the water-air balance in the soil. The passage of light harrows 10 in strip P contributes to the destruction of the soil crust, which in turn improves the water-air mode of life of cultivated plants 8 and increases their productivity. If necessary, during the care of crops, it is possible to introduce liquid mineral fertilizers and herbicides by sprayers 11 directly into the treated strip P.

Liquid fertilizers and herbicides are applied directly to the rows of 4 vegetative plants, excluding their introduction into the M spacing, which reduces the consumption of necessary fertilizers and herbicides, increasing the efficiency of crop cultivation.

In each subsequent year, soil cultivation and sowing is carried out with a shift in the aisle M, where in the previous year a mulching layer of mowed weeds was created, contributing to the reproduction of soil fertility.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating row crops MOW-TILL, including tillage, sowing, fertilizing, characterized in that the soil is carried out in strips by soil dredgers to soften the soil, milling the soil by loosening and sowing the coulter into the strip, weed mowing during the growing season of cultivated plants plants between rows with a mower-grinder, which cuts weeds and creates a mulching layer from them, and the strip with cultivated plants is treated with light harrows until germination and gatherings, with application of liquid fertilizer and herbicide sprayer directly into the treated strip, and in each subsequent year processing soil and sowing in the band produces an offset in the aisle where the previous year was created mulch layer of a chamfered weeds, contributes to the reproduction of the soil fertility.

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