RU2219695C2 - Method and apparatus for soil tilling and sowing of cereal crops combined with application of fertilizer - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural production and agricultural engineering. SUBSTANCE: method involves forming ridge-like soil profile; laying seeds onto ridge top surfaces; embedding seeds under mulching layer and applying fertilizer onto ridge side surfaces at left and right sides of row to different depths, 1-2 cm below seeds; forming erosion-preventive relief on row surface by providing trapezium-shaped furrows arranged at an angle to rows of sown seeds. Apparatus has fertilizer guide and seed guide, paired left-hand and right-hand fertilizer shanks having front part made in the form of shares, anchor-type seed shank, spiral roll equipped with carriers and mechanism for adjustment of erosion-preventive relief depth. During operation of apparatus, paired shanks mellow soil, form ridges and uniformly distribute fertilizer over ridge side walls. Anchor-type seed shank sows seeds delivered via seed guide immediately into ridge tops. Spiral roll forms erosion-preventive relief by means of coils having trapezium-shaped section. EFFECT: increased efficiency in eliminating of water and wind erosion processes and increased crop yield. 3 cl, 6 dwg _

Description

 The invention relates to agricultural production and agricultural machinery, in particular to methods of combining soil cultivation, sowing grain crops, fertilizing and devices for their implementation.

 A known method of combining soil cultivation, sowing grain crops and fertilizing (Preparation and use of equipment for cultivating winter crops using intensive technology // Recommendations. - Zernograd: VNIPTIMESKH, 1985. P. 51), including continuous tillage, sowing seeds and fertilizers with tape up to 120 mm wide.

 The disadvantage of this method is that the seeds along with fertilizers are laid at the same level, the root system of the grown crop with this method is concentrated near the fertilizers, fertilizers do not penetrate into the depths, so the stems of crops are thin and unstable in an upright position. They quickly die and during harvesting there are losses of part of the crop. In addition, the surface of the sown field undergoes erosion due to insufficient accumulation and preservation of soil moisture, as well as difficult access to air and heat seeds from both the soil and the atmosphere.

 A device is known for forming a comb profile and fertilizing (Preparation and use of equipment for cultivating winter crops using intensive technology // Recommendations. - Zernograd: VNIPTIMESKH, 1985. P. 52), including a frame, a tank, a sowing unit, a drive mechanism and a special coulter structures bent from pipes with an inner diameter of 62 mm. The lower end of the coulter is flattened, and the front part is in the form of a share. In the rear flattened part of the coulter there is a window in the form of a wedge-shaped slit 19-22 cm long, through which fertilizers are distributed.

 The disadvantages of this device include the poor formation of ridges and uneven seeding of seeds of sown crops in depth, since when using an additional passage for sowing seeds with a seeder, it is difficult to orient the coulter along the lines of ridges; soil erosion appears on the sown field.

 The most technologically advanced is the known method of sowing seeds of grain crops (Patent RU 2070370, MKI A 01 B 79/02 and A 01 C 7/00 - Bull. 35, 1996), including the formation of a comb profile, laying on top of the crests of seeds and fertilizers, their mulching under the mulch layer.

 The disadvantages of this method include the fact that seeds and fertilizers are sown only on the tops of the crests of the profile, so the root system of plants does not penetrate into deeper horizons, thereby reducing the resistance of plants to ripening, which leads to the loss of part of the crop. Seeding of seeds with a mulching layer without the formation of an anti-erosion relief on its surface does not protect crops from erosion processes, especially in the initial phases of development of cultivated plants.

 To eliminate these shortcomings, fertilizers are applied to the lateral surfaces of the comb profile to the left and to the right of the row of seeds at various depths, starting 1-2 cm below the seeds, and on the surface of the mulching layer, an erosion relief is formed in the form of trapezoidal grooves located at an angle to the rows of seeds seeds due to the spiral winding of the rink.

To perform the method in the device, the fertilizer duct is divided into two parts by a longitudinal partition and separated from the vas deferens by a transverse partition, paired coulters for fertilizing are set at an angle of 60 ^{o to} each other and tilted in a transverse vertical plane at an angle α, and the coulter for cereal crops is located in bottom of twin coulters for fertilizer application.

 The combination of soil cultivation, sowing seeds and fertilizing makes it possible to carry out these operations simultaneously, without a time gap, which ensures a reduction in the agrotechnical period and preserves the soil structure.

 The distribution of fertilizers on the lateral surfaces of the ridge profile with a gradual deepening and removal from the vertical axis of the ridge allows the root system of cultivated plants, in particular grain crops, to go deep into the soil, plant stems become resistant, do not lie down when filling and ripening in the grain, which reduces losses during harvesting.

 The implementation of the erosion relief in the form of grooves of a trapezoidal cross-section provides a long-term functional purpose, namely, the protection of the soil from water and wind erosion.

The execution of fertilizer coulters in the form of a device paired at an angle of 60 ^o with a seed coulter located below the point of their intersection makes it possible to better form a comb profile and sow seeds strictly at the top of the ridges. The division of the pipelines into two parts by a longitudinal partition and the separation of the seed duct from the pipelines by a transverse partition ensures even distribution of seeds to the tops of the ridges, and fertilizers to the lateral surfaces of the ridges.

 The location of the spiral roller behind the combined opener for sowing seeds and fertilizers provides a better formation of the mulching layer, increases the contact of seeds with the soil, eliminates the manifestation of erosion.

 In FIG. 1 shows a method of tillage, sowing, fertilizing and forming an erosion relief (cross section of a cultivated, sown and fertilized soil horizon).

 Figure 2 shows a device for performing the method (side view).

 Figure 3 - combined opener for sowing seeds and fertilizers (rear view).

 Figures 4 and 5 are respectively a section of the lower flattened part of the opener and a top view of the opener.

 Figure 6 presents a spiral roller with a trapezoidal cross section.

 In the proposed method and device for its implementation (figure 1, 2) along the inclined planes of the side walls 1 and 2 of the comb profile 3 evenly distributed fertilizer fertilizer 4 below 1-2 cm from the seeds 5, laid on the top 6 of the comb profile 3, and in the mulching layer 7, by which the seeds 5 are embedded, an erosion relief 8 is formed in the form of grooves of a trapezoidal cross section located at an angle to the longitudinal line of the row of seeds due to the spiral winding of the roller.

 The proposed method is carried out using a device (Fig. 2 ... 6), including the seed tube 9, twin coulters - left 10 and right 11 - for fertilizing, anchor coulter 12 for seeds, spiral roller 13, leashes 14 and depth adjustment mechanism 15 formation of erosion relief 8 by roller 13.

 The seed tube 9 has a longitudinal 16 and a transverse 17 partitions.

 The septum 16 separates the flow of bees, and the transverse septum 17 separates the flow from the flow of seeds from the vas deferens 18.

 The device operates as follows.

 When moving, the twin coulters 10 and 11, the front part of which is made in the form of a ploughshare, loosen the soil, form ridges 3, distribute the fertilizers coming from the fertilizer tank (not shown) evenly on the side walls 1 and 2 of the ridges 3, and the anchor coulter 12 sows coming from seed capacity (not shown) seeds to the top 6 ridges 3. Spiral roller 13 with its turns of a trapezoidal section forms an erosion relief 8.

 Using the proposed method and device for its implementation does not negatively affect the environment, as it helps to prevent water and wind erosion.

Claims (3)

1. A method of processing the soil, sowing grain crops with fertilizer, including the formation of a comb profile of the soil, laying on top of the crests of seeds and seeding them under the mulching layer, characterized in that fertilizers are applied to the various surfaces of the ridges profile to the left and to the right of the row of seeds to various depth and 1-2 cm below the seeds, and on the surface of the mulching layer form an erosion relief in the form of trapezoidal grooves located at an angle to the rows of sown seeds. 2. A device for cultivating the soil, sowing grain crops with fertilizer, including a fertilizer line, seed tube, openers for fertilizing and seeding and closing up the working body, characterized in that the pipe line is divided into two parts by a longitudinal partition and separated from the seed line by a transverse partition, and the coulters for fertilizing are arranged in pairs at an angle of 60 ° to each other and are inclined in the transverse vertical plane at an angle α, while the closing working body is made in the form of a spiral roller, and the coulter for I sowing seeds is located at the bottom of pairwise mounted coulters for fertilizer application. 3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the roller has a mechanism for adjusting the depth of the erosion relief and leashes.

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