RU2799854C1 - Method of cultivation of winter wheat - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention is related to methods of cultivating grain crops. The method includes making furrows, sowing seeds in the formed furrows and rolling them, sealing the furrows. Simultaneously with the sowing of seeds, a continuous pre-sowing tillage is carried out and mineral fertilizers are applied. Moreover, fertilizers are applied separately from seeds to the underlying soil layer. During formation of the tillering node and the development of lateral stems in winter wheat, with the onset of stable cold weather, simultaneously with filling the furrows, ammonium nitrate is introduced at a dose of N₄₀. In the spring, when the soil ripens, harrowing is carried out along the shoots of winter wheat.

EFFECT: method ensures uniform seedlings, increased winter hardiness and yield of winter wheat.

1 cl, 1 dwg, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of growing grain crops.

A known method of distributing fertilizers simultaneously with sowing and a device for its implementation [patent of the Russian Federation No. 2405296, cl. А01С 7/00, application No. 2009121372/05 of 04/06/2009, publ. 12.10.2010 Bull. No. 34], including cutting the soil to the depth of sowing, the formation of a furrow, in the central part of which slots are cut, sowing seeds and fertilizers, and fertilizers are applied into the cut slots, separately and below the level of the sown seeds, the subsequent return of the loosened soil to its original position and its compaction.

The disadvantage of the known method is that it can be effectively used only with sufficient moisture in the top seed layer of the soil. In the conditions of soil-climatic zones with a deficit of soil moisture and precipitation at the optimal time for sowing winter wheat, it will not ensure the appearance of friendly uniform seedlings, which will lead to insufficient development of plants before the onset of stable cold weather and, as a result, reduce their winter hardiness and productivity.

In addition, since the furrows into which the seeds are sown are covered with soil simultaneously with sowing, the tillering node of the plants will be located at a depth of 2-3 cm from the soil surface. Insufficient deepening of the tillering node of winter wheat plants in little snowy, extremely cold winters will lead to partial or complete freezing of crops.

In addition, since nitrogen fertilizers are not applied in the proposed method, in the early spring period there will be a lack of one of the main nutrients - nitrogen, which will reduce the yield of winter wheat.

A known method of direct sowing of crops [patent of the Russian Federation No. 2729525, cl. А01В 79/02, А01С 7/16, А01С 7/20, application No. 2019133466 dated 10/21/2019, publ. 07.08.2020 Bull. No. 22], characterized by the fact that direct sowing of agricultural crops is carried out simultaneously with the application of mineral fertilizers into the furrows, into the moist soil layer, with a seeder with anchor coulters, after which the seeded rows are rolled with rollers with a V-shaped profile.

The disadvantage of the known method is that weeds are not destroyed simultaneously with direct sowing, in connection with this, additional pre-sowing continuous tillage will be required before sowing, which will lead to loss of soil moisture and additional soil compaction by running systems of machine-tractor units. This will not allow you to get uniform friendly shoots.

In addition, since the sowing of seeds and mineral fertilizers in the furrows made is carried out jointly at the same depth, without a separating soil layer, this will lead to a chemical burn of the root system in the initial period of development of cultivated plants.

In addition, since when cold weather sets in, furrows are not closed and nitrogen fertilizers are not applied, this will lead to partial freezing of plants in winter, due to insufficient deepening of the tillering node, as well as to a lack of nutrients in the early spring period, in particular nitrogen, which will ultimately reduce winter hardiness and yield of winter wheat.

The closest in technical essence (prototype) to the proposed method of cultivating winter wheat is a method of cultivating grain crops [USSR author's certificate No. 1568914, class. А01В 79/02, application No. 4307888/30-15 of 09/23/87, publ. in BI, No. 21, 07.06.90], which includes making furrows for sowing, sowing seeds in them and subsequent sealing of the grooves after the formation of a tillering node in plants, before the onset of cold weather.

The disadvantage of the prototype is that pre-sowing tillage is not carried out simultaneously with sowing, therefore, additional pre-sowing tillage is required to kill weeds, which will lead to the drying of the top seed layer and increase soil compaction due to the additional number of passes of one operating technical means across the field. This will not make it possible to obtain friendly uniform inputs of wheat and, as a result, will reduce its winter hardiness and yield.

In addition, since the sowing of seeds in the furrows made is carried out without the application of mineral fertilizers, this will lead to a lack of necessary nutrients for plants and, as a result, will reduce their development before the onset of cold weather, winter hardiness and productivity.

In addition, since when filling the grooves after the formation of a tillering node in plants, with the onset of stable cold weather according to the prototype method, ammonium nitrate is not introduced, this will lead to a lack of the main plant nutrient - nitrogen in the early spring, which will ultimately reduce the yield of winter wheat.

The technical result of the proposed method of cultivating winter wheat is to obtain uniform seedlings, increase winter hardiness and yield of winter wheat.

The technical result is achieved in the proposed method of cultivating winter wheat, including continuous pre-sowing tillage, making furrows, simultaneous sowing of seeds in furrows and applying separately from seeds to the underlying layer of mineral fertilizers, rolling, sealing furrows with simultaneous application of ammonium nitrate at a dose of N ₄₀ during the formation of the tillering node and the development of side stems in winter wheat during the onset of stable cold weather, harrowing on seedlings of winter wheat in the spring when the soil ripens.

From the prior art is not known solution containing a set of features similar to the proposed solution.

The set of essential features of the proposed method is in the following causal relationship with the achieved technical result.

In the proposed method of cultivating winter wheat, a continuous pre-sowing tillage is carried out simultaneously with the sowing of seeds and mineral fertilizers in the furrows, and the fertilizers are applied separately from the seeds to the underlying soil layer. Such a combination of features, in comparison with the prototype method, allows for one pass of the unit to carry out the destruction of weeds, sowing seeds and mineral fertilizers to the optimal depth, which ensures uniform inputs, better development of wheat plants before the onset of cold weather and, as a result, an increase in its winter hardiness and productivity.

In addition, in comparison with the prototype method, during the formation of the tillering node and the development of lateral stems in winter wheat during the onset of stable cold weather, simultaneously with filling the furrows, ammonium nitrate is applied at a dose of N40, this increases the winter hardiness of winter wheat, and also provides wheat with nitrogen nutrition in the early spring period when snow melts, which as a result contributes to an increase in yield.

In addition, in comparison with the prototype method, harrowing is carried out on shoots of winter wheat in the spring when the soil ripens, which contributes to the destruction of weeds, the preservation of moisture in the soil, and all this, as a result, increases the yield of winter wheat.

The present invention is illustrated in Fig. In FIG. Schematically depicts the method of cultivating winter wheat.

An example of a specific implementation of the proposed method of cultivation of winter wheat. The proposed method of cultivating winter wheat was carried out in the conditions of the Saratov region, on the field of the FGBNU "FANC of the South-East". The experiments were laid on August 20-21, 2021 on the slope of the southern exposure, the soil is southern chernozem, the soil moisture during sowing was in the 0…5 cm layer - 10%, 5…10 cm - 16.2%, 10…15 cm - 19.4%, 15…20 cm - 20.5%. Soil hardness - 1.8 MPa. The SZS-2.1 seeder, equipped with tine coulters, carried out a continuous pre-sowing tillage, destroying weeds, at the same time, with the working bodies installed behind the sowing coulter racks, the dry soil was shifted into the row-spacing, forming furrows in which seeds and mineral fertilizers were sown separately into the moist soil layer. At the same time, fertilizers were planted 2–3 cm deeper than the seeds. The average depth of placement of mineral fertilizers in the furrows was 7.8 cm, seeds - 5.3 cm. To create the necessary contact of seeds and fertilizers with the soil along the coulter track, rolling was carried out with V-shaped rollers. Later, when the tillering node and side stems were formed in winter wheat with the onset of stable cold weather, at an average temperature of t = + 3 ° C, on November 10, 2021, ammonium nitrate was applied with a RUM-5 spreader at a dose of N ₄₀ and immediately after that, the furrows were closed using medium tooth harrows BZSS-1 in one track in an aggregate with a tractor DT-75M + hitch SP- 11. The movement of the unit was carried out at an angle of 45° towards the rows of wheat. When closing the furrows, mineral fertilizers mixed with soil fell directly into the rows of plants (furrows). After filling the furrows, the tillering node of winter wheat turned out to be covered with soil in the furrows, that is, its average depth from the soil surface increased and averaged 5.4 cm. The treatment of winter wheat from the turtle bug was carried out with Alter. Wheat harvesting was carried out by direct combining.

The prototype method was carried out under the same conditions with the proposed method, in the same field, at the same time. Before sowing, weeds were destroyed using continuous pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 6 cm with a KPS-4 cultivator. Sowing of winter wheat was carried out with a SZP-3.6 seeder with removed harrows and equipped with V-shaped packers. After the passage of the seeder, furrows were formed, while the average depth of seed placement in the furrows was 4.8 cm. In the autumn, with the onset of stable cold weather, at the same time as the proposed method, the furrows were filled using medium tooth harrows BZSS-1, in one track in an aggregate with a tractor DT-75M + hitch SP-11. In the summer, crops from the turtle bug were treated with Alter. Wheat harvesting was carried out by direct combining with the same combine.

In contrast to the prototype method, continuous pre-sowing tillage simultaneously with separate sowing into the furrows of seeds and the introduction of mineral fertilizers into the underlying soil layer contributed to the preservation of soil moisture and less soil compaction due to the combination of technological operations, this ensured an increase in the uniformity of seedlings, better development of the root system in winter wheat plants before the onset of cold weather, and as a result increased the winter hardiness of wheat and its yield.

In addition, since ammonium nitrate at a dose of N ₄₀ was applied before closing the furrows at the onset of stable cold weather, this provided nitrogen nutrition for the plants in the early spring, which additionally contributed to an increase in the yield of winter wheat.

In addition, since winter wheat seedlings were harrowed in spring when the soil ripened, this contributed to the destruction of weeds, the preservation of moisture in the soil and stimulated the best development of winter wheat, and all this, as a result, contributed to an increase in the yield of winter wheat.

Comparison of the proposed method of cultivating winter wheat with the prototype method in the conditions of the Saratov region showed (table 1) that continuous pre-sowing tillage simultaneously with separate sowing of seeds in the furrows and the application of mineral fertilizers to the underlying soil layer ensured a more friendly and uniform emergence of seedlings of the Kalach 60 wheat variety. 14.9%. After precipitation at the end of September and moistening of the upper soil layer, the seeds germinated completely and wheat seedlings appeared, which did not fall into the moist soil layer when sown on both sowing methods. As a result, the number of seedling plants, by the time the furrows were closed, according to the proposed method, was 12.8% more than according to the prototype method. This made it possible to increase the winter hardiness of winter wheat according to the proposed method by 4.2%.

The introduction of ammonium nitrate at a dose of N ₄₀ according to the active substance in the proposed method and the subsequent sealing of the furrows with SZSS-1 harrows in one track ensured the intensive development of winter wheat in the spring and summer (table 2), so the number of productive stems according to the proposed method was 20.8% more than according to the prototype method. The average plant height according to the proposed method was 7 cm higher. The yield of winter wheat according to the proposed method was 34.6% higher than the yield according to the prototype method.

Claims (1)

A method for cultivating winter wheat, including making furrows, sowing seeds in the formed furrows and rolling them, closing the furrows, characterized in that, simultaneously with sowing the seeds, a complete pre-sowing tillage is performed and mineral fertilizers are applied, and fertilizers are applied separately from the seeds to the underlying soil layer, and during the formation of the tillering node and the development of lateral stems in winter wheat, with the onset of stable cold weather, simultaneously with the filling of furrows make ammonium nitrate at a dose of N ₄₀ , in the spring, when the soil ripens, harrowing is carried out along the shoots of winter wheat.

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