RU2497334C1 - Combined unit for presowing treatment of heavy and medium soils and sowing with fertiliser application - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: unit comprises devices for combining presowing treatment of soil and sowing with fertiliser application. The unit consists of a stone collector equipped with a frame. On the continuation of the frame of the stone collector four disc batteries and one row of ripper points, leveling beam, star-wheeled roller and combined grain-grass drill with fertiliser sowing unit are mounted.

EFFECT: constructive implementation enables per one pass of the unit to increase the degree of purification of the arable layer of heavy and medium soils from stones, as well as to improve the quality of presowing treatment of soil and sowing with fertiliser application.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to agricultural machinery intended for soil preparation for sowing with simultaneous cleaning of stones, sowing and fertilizing.

Known combined agricultural units KA-3.6 A with a cultivator KFG-3.6; KAF-7; AKSH-7.2; KFG-2.8; UGN-4k [1, 2, 3] and other patents for the invention: (No. 22256312 dated 07.20.2005, 2352091 dated 04.20.2009; 2408170 dated 08.28.2010 and 2388200 dated 05.10.2010).

Of these, the closest analogue is KA-3.6 with a cultivator KFG-3.6 [1], which is intended for pre-sowing preparation of heavy and waterlogged soils for sowing rice, grain and grain crops in the area of irrigated agriculture.

The disadvantages of the analogue are: it does not remove stones from the soil, it is intended only for heavy and waterlogged soils in the area of irrigated agriculture, high costs of materials and energy.

The objective of the combined unit for the pre-sowing treatment of heavy and medium soils and sowing with fertilizers is to combine the following technological operations: cleaning stones from the soil, its good loosening without turnover of the formation, pre-sowing treatment, sowing grain and other agricultural crops with fertilizers.

This invention solves the problems of processing heavy and medium soils in order to increase productivity, productivity and reduce production costs, the main of which are listed below.

- Proper soil treatment in the regulation of soil living conditions of plants occupies an important place. Its role is to create the optimal state of the arable and sowing layers. Especially its importance increases with the application of fertilizers and ameliorants. It should be remembered that excessive cultivation can lead to soil destruction [4].

- Multiple passes of tillage units across the field, associated with the need for several operations, inevitably lead to excessive compaction and dispersion of the soil.

When plowing with a five-body plow, the tractor compacts 40-50% of the field surface [1, 2, 3].

- With the advent of powerful tractors, the weight of which increased by 2–3 times, as well as heavy agricultural machines that repeatedly move through the fields during operations for cultivating crops, the soil is compacted to a depth of 0.6–1.0 m. It collapses in its structure and loses its ability to recover [5].

The use of combined machines reduces the harmful effects of wheel engines on the soil, reduces the time of operations, improves the quality of work and labor productivity, reduces production costs [1].

The present invention has the following purposes:

1. Cleaning the arable layer of stones

2. Raking stones into a roll

3. A selection of stones from the roll

4. Soil separation

5. Loading stones into the transport body or into the bunker

6. Preparing the soil for sowing: loosening, leveling

7. Soil rolling

8. Sowing of cereals and other crops

9. Fertilizing soil.

The listed process operations are performed by one machine unit in one pass. The unit has high performance. For example, it is 5 times higher compared to machines that individually perform the above technological operations, production costs are reduced by the same amount, productivity is increased, and most importantly, environmental requirements are met.

Stones are much harder to extract from heavy (hard) and medium soils than from light soils. Moreover, from great depths there is no need to clean them annually. In this connection, and according to crop rotation periodically, the soil for cereals and some crops should be loosened without turning the bed and prepared for sowing, and immediately sow. The proposed unit is designed for such soils, processing which, for example, with a stone-harvesting machine according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2289899, published December 27, 2006, stones are removed from a depth of 5 cm.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that four disc batteries, one row of cultivating paws, a leveling beam, a ring-spur roller are installed on the extension of the frame of the stone-harvesting machine, and a seeder, for example, SZT-3,6A or another, is attached.

Distinctive features of the proposed design from combined agricultural machines and units are the combination in one unit of performing operations of cleaning stones from the soil, pre-sowing tillage, sowing grain and other agricultural crops with fertilizers. In addition, the distinguishing features of some machines for combining pre-sowing tillage, for example from RVK-3.0 and RVK-5.4, is that instead of two rollers and two rows of cultivating paws, only one roller and one row of cultivating paws are placed, and from APK-6, APK-3 and APK-3.9 - in that there are no flat-cutting legs, which in general, in addition to the above listed positive qualities, reduces the metal consumption of the unit.

In figure 1. The proposed unit for stone cleaning, presowing treatment of heavy and medium soils and sowing with fertilizer is schematically depicted.

The proposed unit consists of a stone harvesting machine 1 (not shown), an elongated part of the frame 2, four disk batteries 3, one row of loosening legs 4, a leveling beam 5, a ring-spur roller 6 and a seeder, for example, a SZT-3.6A grain seeder, including positions 7.8 ..., 20. We list them: disc coulters 7; vas deferens 8 and 19; grain sowing apparatus 9; superchargers 10; tedders 11; grain compartment of the box 12; fat section 13; fertilizer metering device 14; tray 15; grass box 16; apparatus for sowing small seeds of herbs 18 and keeled opener 20.

The combined unit of pre-sowing treatment of heavy and medium soils and sowing with fertilizers works as follows.

Before starting work, it is necessary to use the 4 adjustable support wheels of the stone harvesting machine 1 (not shown) to establish the depth of penetration of straight and sickle-shaped teeth. This value depends on the characteristics of the soil (for solid 5 cm).

Adjust the four disk batteries 3 and the number of loosening legs 4 attached to the elongated part 2 of the frame of the stone harvesting machine 1. to the required depth of cultivation. This depth depends on the agrotechnical requirements for sowing a particular crop (for grain and others).

The depth of the working bodies is regulated by turning the axis with the feet fixed. The leveling beam 5 can be moved in height.

Soil compaction is carried out by a ring-spur roller 6. When used for sowing grain fertilizer seeder SZT-3,6A. It works as follows: in the grain compartment 12 of the grain box over the reel apparatus, three-blade superchargers 10 and two-blade agitators 11 rotate, destroying the arches when sowing loose grass seeds.

When sowing seeds of grain crops tedders, blowers must be turned off to avoid damage to the seeds and breakage of the sowing apparatus [1]. Small loose grass seeds are sown from the box 16, equipped with special, reduced in comparison with conventional reel apparatus 18. The grass box is equipped with superchargers 17, so the apparatus 12 can sow medium-flowing grass seeds (granary, fescue). Seeds and fertilizers through the seed tubes 8 are sent to the disk coulters 7. Fertilizers through the trays 15 enter the seed tubes 8. The grass seeds through specially tape seed tubes 19 enter the keeled coulters 20.

Disc coulters 7 are arranged in two rows with row spacings of 15 cm. Leads of keeled coulters that form grooves between rows sown by disc coulters are pivotally attached to the bodies of openers of the rear row. Disc coulters are 6-8 cm deep under the influence of springs, and small keel-shaped coulters close grass seeds to a depth of 2 ... 3 cm. The depth of the keel-shaped coulters can be increased by hanging loads on them. The coulters are raised and lowered using a seeder hydraulic cylinder [1].

The economic efficiency of the proposed unit for stone cleaning, presowing treatment of heavy and medium soils and sowing with fertilizers is as follows:

1) reducing soil compaction by 5 times;

2) increase in productivity by 10-15%;

3) reducing labor costs by 5 times;

4) a decrease in metal consumption by 20%;

5) increasing productivity per machine, performing separately one operation 5 times

6) reduction of fuels and lubricants by 5 times.

Sources

1. Khalansky V.M., Gorbachev I.V. Agricultural machinery [text]: textbooks and teaching aids for university students. V.M. Khalansky, I.V. Gorbachev, M., Kolos Publishing House, 2004, p.96-182.

2. Karpenko A.N., Khalansky V.M. Agricultural machinery [text]: 6th edition revised and supplemented textbooks for university students. A.N. Karpenko, V.M. Khalansky, publishing house "Agropromizdat", 1989, p. 73-145

3. Barefoot E.S. et al. Theory, design and calculation of agricultural machinery [text]: a textbook for universities of agricultural engineering. E.S. Barefoot, O.V. Vernyaev, I.I. Smirnov, E.G. Sultan Shah, M, publishing house "Engineering", 1977, p. 169-223.

4. Vorobyov S.A. and other Agriculture [text]: textbooks and teaching aids for students of higher educational institutions. S.A. Vorobyov, A.N. Kashtanov, A.M. Lykov, I.P. Makarov, edited by S.A. Vorobyov. M, publishing house "Agropromizdat", 1991, S. 271-369.

5. Karapetyan M.A. Improving the efficiency of technological processes by reducing soil compaction by running systems of agricultural tractors [text]: abstract of the dissertation of the doctor of technical sciences, 05.20.01, M.A. Karapetyan, M., 2010, p. 48.

Claims (1)

Combined unit for pre-sowing processing of heavy and medium soils and sowing with fertilizers, including devices for combining pre-sowing soil and sowing with fertilizers, characterized in that the unit consists of a stone-harvesting machine equipped with a frame, on the continuation of which four disk batteries and one a row of cultivating paws, a leveling beam, a ring-spur skating rink and a grain-seeder with a fertilizer sowing device.