RU2446658C2 - Method and device for organic cultivating of crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used for sowing crops. The method consists in the fact that spring and winter sowing of crops are carried out with spacing of 9…12 cm and 15 … 20 cm respectively with 2 or 3 bands with the seeds of one culture, or a mixture of seed crops, in one or two bands or one or two rigs of seeds of winter crops, or unsown. Sowing is carried out with bands width of no more than half of the aisle, and with an interval of not more than 10 cm between the bands. The device for planting crops contains a box for seeding material with two compartments, and two shafts with sowing machines, general lead-in devices, working bodies connected by the seed-tubes. The working bodies are installed on leashes, pivotally attached to the frame and spring-loaded to the soil. The openers for seeding in the band of width of not more than half of the spacing between rows are set with spacing of 9, 10, 11, 12 with a band of not less than 2 cm, or 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 cm with a band respectively of at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 cm. The openers for seeding in the band are grouped respectively for 2 or 3 in 1 or 2 openers for drill seeding.

EFFECT: use of the invention enables to reduce the debris of fields without herbicides, to accelerate ripening of bread crops, to increase resistance of spikes to drowning, crop yield and grain quality.

7 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods of cultivating crops and may find application in agriculture.

There is a known method of sowing I.E. Ovsinsky / 1 /, based on a farming system with self-regulation of plants when sowing according to the principle of "densely empty": "... plants in order to produce a large crop must grow very dense, and from the sides have free space ... "/ 1, p.164 /. In such crops, plants are forced to engage in intraspecific struggle, while having an abundance of light and nutrition at the same time. Crops of grain were conducted to a depth of about 5 cm with tapes about 30 cm wide on the moist base of the capillary layer of the soil, alternating them with unseeded strips of the same width (Fig. 1). At the same time, sowing was carried out in a row-wise fashion with six rows in each ribbon. Shoots were treated with horse weeds 2-3 times until the grains on the sown tapes grow up and darken in the un sown strip, which, in turn, allows us to suppress the growth of weeds and is equivalent to the effect of harrowing.

This method of sowing then ensured (at the end of the 19th century) the germination of seeds without rain on the 6th day, the accelerated development of grain by 2 weeks and an increase in yield up to two times.

However, in modern conditions, the implementation of this method by modern technical means is difficult due to damage to seedlings during the passage of heavy equipment and changes in standards. For example, the row-spacing even with narrow-row sowing is greater than that of I.E. Ovsinsky (7.5 cm instead of 6 cm). But this method gives an idea, in particular, about the optimum for the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" the width of the sowed and non-sowed crops strips and the need for special measures to suppress weeds in the strips not sown with grain crops.

There is a method of sowing crops through a strip at approximately equal but width (20-25 cm) sown and non-sown strips / 2 / and a device for its implementation (RF patent No. 2204891). The soil in the sown strip is loosened over the entire width to the depth of sowing and at the same time the seeds are spread randomly on the prepared bed. The top layer of loosened soil is shifted to an unseeding strip. The remaining seed covering, loosened soil is leveled and compacted.

Laying the harvested, driest soil layer from the sowing strip to the sowing strip in the form of a ridge allows you to get additional moisture, which rolls from the ridge to the sowing strip and favorably affects the development of grain. Weeds, covered with an additional layer of dry earth and not receiving atmospheric moisture, do not germinate for a long time, and grain crops during tillering darken the non-sowing strip, creating the effect of harrowing. A production check of the method was carried out back in 2002 on 3500 ha and showed good results.

However, practitioners sometimes note the germination of weeds on an un sown strip (on some soils after rains) and a significant decrease in yield increase (relative to the declared). In addition, weed germination also occurs when the width of the sowing strip is narrowed, which requires careful adjustment of the seeder and a high pre-sowing culture.

But this method of sowing cereals showed the possibility of the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" with a doubling of yield with strip sowing and a strip width (20-25 cm) less than I. Ovsinsky, if you use techniques with the effect equivalent to harrowing sown stripes.

A known method of cross-band sowing of spring and winter crops (figure 2) in a strip of approximately the same width (18-22 cm) for each crop / 3 /, implemented, in particular, on serial seeders-cultivators SKP-2.1 ("Omichka "), SZS-2.8 and SZS-4.2 (Niva). And the problem of weed control in the non-sowed stripes is resolved, since these bands are occupied by winter crops, such as rye, sown simultaneously with spring crops. At the same time, weeds are completely blacked out with winter crops, creating a harrowing effect, and there is no need for additional processing of crops while maintaining the effect of "densely empty" for spring crops. Moreover, the effect of narrowing the sowing band of spring crops even to 15 cm on productivity has not yet been noticed.

However, when sowing after cultivation, for example, an unacceptable decrease in field germination is sometimes noted due to exceeding a predetermined seed placement depth in areas of the field treated before sowing with a reduced soil density, which is associated with a rigid coulter attachment with the Omichki frame and a significant change in the arrow angle of attack paws when immersing the front wheel of the seeder in excessively loose soil.

Therefore, for sowing after cultivation, coulters mounted on the suspension with the ability to track the field topography are more suitable.

A known option is the modernization of the sowing device of the seeder type SZ-3.6 and SZP-3.6 based on the replacement of conventional double-disc coulters for row seeding with single-disc coulters with a sowing strip of 3 ... 4 cm / 4 /. Single-disk-anchor coulters combine the advantages of both disk and anchor working bodies. Their ability to cut into the soil more easily, to maintain a predetermined seed placement depth allows sowing to be carried out at an earlier date - immediately after harrowing (to close moisture), excluding the cultivation operation from the technology. Seeds are placed in moist soil on a compacted bed. The coulters also work well on sowing winter crops. A modernization of the seeder on the farm with the purchase of a ready-made repair kit costs only about 30 ... 40 thousand rubles. (in 2008 prices).

However, the width of the sowing strip of 3 ... 4 cm of such coulters with a row spacing (1 m) of 15 cm is insufficient (see figure 3), since in this case the gap between the strips (1pr) will be 11 ... 12 cm, which is beyond the row spacing limit for narrow-row sowing (not more than 10 cm, see GOST 16265-89), and can result in a loss in seedling quality. Therefore, the interval 1pr should be limited to 10 cm. In addition, the width of the seeding strip (1p) of about 1 cm is characteristic, in particular, for ordinary sowing. This means that a strip with a width of more than 1 cm is necessary, and according to the conditions of soil cultivation by the working bodies, no more than half of the row spacing (1 m / 2). It seems problematic to achieve a sowing band width of 10 cm for single-disc-anchor coulters, for example, effectively used on a large scale with a sowing band width of up to 2.5 cm and 3 ... 4 cm / 4 /. Similar openers are also known with a sowing strip of 5 ... 6 cm.

The aim of the claimed invention is to improve the quality of grain cultivation in the selection of patterns of inter-strip placement of seeds of spring and winter crops over the field area, providing the most favorable conditions for crop growth, including weed control, compliance with the conditions for the manifestation of the effect of "dense-empty" on the basis of narrow-band sowing with the possibility of effective technical implementation.

The technical result to which the claimed invention is directed is to implement the cultivation of spring and winter crops using serial row-row sowing machines equipped with working bodies for narrow-band sowing for stray crops, while reducing weed crop weed, increasing the resistance of the stand to lodging, and grain yields and grain quality while reducing costs per unit of production without the use of fertilizers and other chemicals.

To achieve the specified technical result when cultivating crops, sowing spring and winter crops is carried out with a row spacing of 9 ... 12 cm or 15 ... 20 cm in 3 (or 2) strips, respectively, with the seeds of one crop (or a mixture of seeds of crops), after 2 (or one ) strips or rows with seeds of winter crops (or unseeded).

The width of the strips is not more than half the row spacing with an interval of not more than 10 cm between the strips.

In addition, under the cover of winter crops, sowing of winter grain crops is carried out during harrowing, for example, with the modernized seeder SZ-3.6 or SZP-3.6 with one-disk-anchor openers with a sowing band width of up to 2.5 cm, and when harvesting grain the crop is embedded in the soil with a disk harrow along with crop residues. Moreover, grain sowing is carried out, for example, with the SZP-3.6 or SZ-3.6 seeder with single-disk-anchor openers with a sowing band width of 5 ... 6 cm and double-disc openers for ordinary sowing.

To implement the method of cultivation, a sowing device with seed containers for two compartments and a shaft with sowing devices, common supply devices connected by the seed tubes by working bodies on levers pivotally attached to the frame and spring-loaded to the soil is proposed.

At the same time, the coulters for narrow-band seeding with a strip of not more than half the row spacing are installed with row spacings of 9, 10, 11, 12 (with a band of at least 2 cm) or 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 cm (with a band of at least 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9, 10 cm) and are grouped respectively by 3 (or 2) through 2 (or one) openers for row seeding.

The drawings show:

Figure 1 - scheme of sowing I.E. Ovsinsky;

Figure 2 is an example of a scheme for strip sowing of spring 1 and winter 2 crops;

Figure 3 is an example of a narrow-band sowing scheme for spring 1 culture (in two lanes) and winter 2 crops (in one lane, or row);

Figure 4 is an example of a narrow-band sowing scheme for winter 2 crops in two lanes (with an empty lane 3);

Figure 5 is an example of a narrow-band sowing scheme for spring culture 1 (in three lanes) and winter culture 2 (in two lanes, or rows);

6 is an example of a narrow-band sowing scheme for spring 1 and winter 2 crops with a maximum row spacing.

When the coulter sowing width is less than half of the row-spacing, in practice, seed placement schemes over the sowing area have a different width of the space sown by the spring (cover) culture and not sown, different from those shown in the drawings.

In this case, the ratios and limitations are valid:

- with three-way sowing of seeds of spring (cover) culture (row spacing 9 ... 12 cm), the width of the space sown by the cover crop, Lz = 2 * 1m + 1p, the width of the non-sown (cover culture) space Ln = 3 * 1m-1p, and the sum of the spaces L3 + Ln = 5 * 1m and not more than 60 cm (according to I.E. Ovsinsky, see / 1 /, with an equal width of sowed and non-sown spaces - about 30 cm);

- when two-lane seeding (row spacing 15 ... 20 cm) Lz = 1m + 1p, Ln = 2 * 1m-1p, and Lz + Ln = 3 * 1m and not less than 45 cm (see / 2 /, with an equal width of spaces ( 20-25 cm).

With a row spacing of 15 cm and a sowing width of 5 ... 6 cm of a single-disk-anchor coulter, for example, we get L3 = 20 ... 21 cm, Ln = 24 ... 25 cm. And with other row-spacings and three-lane, and two-lane sowing of the cover crop, a narrowing of the sown area Lz However, at the same time, the conditions for the manifestation of the “thick-empty” effect are always observed (Ln not more than 30 cm, the sum of L3 + Ln within 45 ... 60 cm, and a narrowing of L3, even up to 15 cm, will not significantly affect the results).

To implement the method on a sowing device of a seeder of the SZ-3.6 or SZP-3.6 family type, for example, the coulters are replaced (in pairs) with single-disk coulters with a strip of 5 ... 6 cm, leaving one double-disc coulter between pairs of new ones, the rest seeder modernization operations in accordance with Recommendations / 4 /, with replacement of rods and springs by reinforced (on leashes with single-disc-anchor openers), in particular. Moreover, the coulters are fixed sequentially on either a short or a long leash (in two rows, as usual). Another option is the modernization of the sowing device of the seeder, when all coulters are replaced with single-disc coulters with a strip of 5 ... 6 cm.

An example of the method

On the seeder SZ-3,6 with single-disk-anchor coulters with a sowing strip of 5 ... 6 cm, the windows of grain sowing machines corresponding to the rows (or strips) sown with winter crops (Fig. 3, see 2) are closed with shutters. Similarly, they shut off the sowing valves for fertilizer sowing devices for strips sown with spring culture (Fig. 3, see 1). All sowing devices by the selection of gears of the gearbox, the working length of the sowing coils or the position of fixation of the valves are adjusted in the usual manner, for example, to 2/3 of the sowing rate of spring crops and 1/3 of the sowing rate of winter crops (taking into account the disconnection of part of the sowing devices). The grain compartment of the hopper is loaded with seeds of spring crops, for example, wheat. Winter rye seeds, for example, are loaded into the fertilizer compartment and sown in the usual spring sowing season.

End of example 1.

After the emergence of seedlings and later in the early stages of their development, strips with various crops are able to provide normal shading of the soil and seedlings of weeds. With the release of spring to the stalking stage, winter crops, lagging behind in development, spread along the surface of the soil and are able to suppress seedlings of weeds without herbicides in the intervals between spring strips. At the same time, additional resources of sunlight and partly nutrition arise for earning and ripening of spring trees, contributing to the manifestation of the “thick-empty” effect with a corresponding increase in yield (without fertilizers) and the resistance of the stand to lodging. And when harvesting spring straw, they chop and scatter. Then, during the autumn cultivation with a disk harrow (with the provocation of weeds), the greens of winter crops are planted in the soil as siderate along with crop residues, supporting soil fertility by accelerating their nitrification.

Example 2 of the method

On the seeder SZP-3,6 with single-disk-anchor coulters with a sowing strip of 5 ... 6 cm, the windows of grain sowing machines corresponding to the rows (or strips) sown with winter crops (Fig. 3, see 2) are closed with shutters. The sowing devices are set up in the usual manner, for example, to 2/3 of the sowing rate of spring crops and 1/3 of the sowing rate of winter crops (taking into account the disconnection of part of the sowing devices). The grain compartment of the hopper is loaded with seeds of spring crops, for example, wheat. Winter wheat seeds, for example, are loaded into the fertilizer compartment and sown in the usual spring sowing season.

End of example 2.

After sowing, the mixed seedlings of spring and winter wheat, for example, in the early stages of development are slightly different from the seedlings of the spring culture alone. When spring crops reach the stalking stage, the winter culture, lagging behind in development, spreads over the surface, obscuring the soil on the strips and spaces between them, and is able to suppress weed seedlings without herbicides, without competing with spring crops in the struggle for sunlight. The selection of additional nutrition from the soil by relatively rare plants of winter crops can be compensated by shading of the soil and the corresponding distribution of the root system of plants of various crops in the soil. At the same time, additional resources of sunlight and partly nutrition arise for earning and ripening of spring trees, contributing to the manifestation of the “thick-empty” effect with a corresponding increase in yield (without fertilizers) and the stability of the bread stand to lodging, accelerating the maturation of bread. And when harvesting spring crops on a high cut, the straw is scattered without chopping or left stalked after combing the headers.

The following year, winter wheat with good rooting over an extended growing season (from spring itself), overwintered under the protection of high stubble (or stalk), is characterized by increased bushiness and the ability to accelerate development ahead of the weeds covered with straw and stubble at intervals of only 9 ... 10 cm between the strips with shoots of winter crops - until the stalk closes. At the same time, there are no conditions for the manifestation of the “thick-empty” effect, but you can fully count on getting a second crop (with one basic soil preparation and one sowing, with corresponding resource savings).

Example 3 of the method

On the seeder SZ-3.6 with single-disk-anchor coulters with a sowing strip of 5 ... 6 cm, the windows of the grain sowing machines corresponding to unseeding rows (or strips) (Fig. 4, see 3) are closed with shutters. All grain devices are adjusted in the usual manner to 2/3 of the sowing rate of winter crops (or higher). The bunker is loaded with winter wheat seeds, for example, and sown in the usual autumn time.

End of example 3.

The next year, under the cover of winter crops across seedlings, during the harrowing dates, winter crops are sown (wheat or rye), for example, with the same modernized SZ-3.6 seeder, but when the bed cleaners are replaced with a strip width of up to 2.5 cm / 4 /. The seeding rate is selected taking into account the results of wintering of winter crops, for example, 1/3 of the usual. With the emergence of a cover crop at the stalking stage, plants of a seeded crop, lagging behind in development, spread on the surface of the soil and are able to suppress weed seedlings without herbicides in a space free of cover plants. At the same time, additional resources of sunlight arise for earning and ripening of integumentary winter crops, contributing to the manifestation of the “thick-empty” effect with a corresponding increase in yield (and the resistance of the stand to lodging). And when harvesting, straw is crushed and scattered. During the autumn cultivation of the field with disk harrow, the greens of winter crops (spring undersowing under cover) are planted in the soil as siderate along with crop residues to maintain soil fertility by accelerating nitrification.

Thus, the claimed method of cultivating crops on the basis of the proposed patterns of inter-strip placement of seeds of spring and winter crops with narrow-band sowing and stabilization of the depth of seed placement with independent suspension of coulters with tracking of the field topography provides the opportunity to improve the quality of cultivation of grain, providing favorable conditions for growing crops, including suppression weeds and maintaining the fertility of the fields, as well as effective technical implementation.

This is achieved by using for sowing a different class of serial sowing machines, namely row mechanical machines, for example, of the SZ-3.6 (SZP-3.6) family type, equipped with working bodies for narrow-band sowing, single-plate-anchor coulters, in particular. Clogging of joint and mixed crops by weeds decreases, which are suppressed by plants of winter crops sown with spring crops, or under cover. The conditions for the manifestation of the “thick-empty” effect are provided - the resistance of the stand to lodging is increased, grain yield and grain quality are accelerated, the maturation of bread is accelerated. Bushiness of winter crops increases with a reduced seeding rate. With mixed sowing of spring and winter crops, it remains possible to obtain two crops with one soil preparation (and one sowing). The fertility of the fields is supported by accelerating the nitrification of crop residues when planting winter crops in the soil as green manure after harvesting. As a result, costs per unit of production are reduced, and the profitability of grain production is increased. And all this without the use of fertilizers and other chemicals, which corresponds to the concept of organic farming.

The effectiveness of the technical implementation of the claimed method is achieved by the relative simplicity of the claimed device, for example, when modernization of a serial sowing machine is carried out by replacing not all, but only parts (from 3/5 to 2/3) of the row coulters with narrow coulters when installed on one and the same leads, with a significant reduction in costs (almost up to one and a half times: the modernization of SZP-3.6 (SZ-3.6), for example, will require almost 20 ... 27 thousand rubles, instead of 30 ... 40 thousand rubles / 4 / - in 2008 prices).

Certain elements of the technology inherent in the claimed method and device were tested at several farms in the Novosibirsk region and showed good results, reducing weediness of fields and increasing the resistance of bread to lodging, in particular, and the possibility of increasing the yield of spring wheat when co-sown with winter rye to 1, 5 times.

The proposed method and device is able to ensure the production of environmentally friendly (organic) grain products sold in "civilized" countries at many times higher prices, which becomes relevant when the country joins the WTO and the prospect of exports from Siberia to Southeast Asia.

Information sources

1.Ovsinsky I.E. New farming system. - Kiev, type. S.V. Kulzhenko, 1899.

2. RF patent No. 2235451 C2, Cl. 7 A01C 7/00, A01 B 79/02, 2004.

3. RF patent No. 237770 C2, Cl. 7 A01G 1/00, A01 B 79/02, 2009.

4. Recommendations for the modernization of grain fertilizer seeders of the SZ-3.6 and SZP-3.6 family for performing strip sowing of agricultural crops. “Laishevo Technical Center” RT, GNU VIM, RAAS, Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. Kazan, 2008.

Claims (7)

1. A method of cultivating crops, in which the sowing of spring and winter crops is carried out with a row spacing of 9 ... 12 cm and 15 ... 20 cm, respectively, in 2 or 3 strips with seeds of one crop, or a mixture of seeds of crops through one or 2 strips or one or two row with seeds of winter culture or un sown, and the width of the strips is not more than half the row spacing, and the gap between the strips is not more than 10 cm. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein under the cover of winter crops at the time of harrowing, winter crops are sown. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein after harvesting the grain, the winter crop is planted in the soil with a disk harrow along with crop residues. 4. The method according to claim 2, in which winter crops are sowed with a SZ-3.6 seeder with a single-disk-anchor coulters with a seedband width of up to 2.5 cm. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein sowing with the SZP-3.6 or SZ-3.6 seeder is carried out with single-disk-anchor coulters with a sowing band width of 5 ... 6 cm and double-disc coulters for row seeding. 6. A device for sowing grain crops, containing a box for sowing material in two compartments and a shaft with sowing devices and common feeding devices, working bodies connected by seed ducts, on leashes pivotally attached to the frame and in which the coulters for sowing in a strip of width no more than half of the row spacing is installed with a row spacing of 9, 10, 11, 12 with a strip of at least 2 cm or 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 cm with a strip of at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 cm, respectively and grouped respectively in 2 or 3 through one or two openers but for ordinary seeding. 7. The device according to claim 6, in which, with a row spacing of 15 cm, single-disk-anchor coulters with a sowing strip of 5 ... 6 cm and double-disc coulters for row seeding are installed.

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