RU2322782C2 - Method for sowing of cereal crops and apparatus for performing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves providing discontinuous sowing of seeds in rows or strips; according to first version, forming mutually coordinated discontinuities in rows or strips and leaving said discontinuities unsown; according to second version, laying seeds of winter crop on mutually coordinated discontinuities in rows or strips to be sown with spring crop or mixture of spring and winter crop seeds. Apparatus has reservoirs for seeding material with sections for seeds of various kinds of cereal crops. Sowing of seeds of various cereal crops is effectuated using two shafts with seeding units and pairs of coils having common feeding devices connected to seed guides and shanks. For performing discontinuous sowing of seeds in rows or strips, seeding coils are equipped with grooves arranged with intervals between groups of grooves on coil surface. For mutual coordination of discontinuities in rows or strips, openings for coil fixing pins in seeding shaft are arranged along single line. Coils are fixed on shaft in similar manner according to arrangement of groups of grooves and in out-of-phase mode. Shafts are synchronized in out-of-phase mode of arranging group of grooves on seeding coils.

EFFECT: increased lodging resistance of crops, improved yield and quality of grain, and reduced contamination of crops with weeds.

10 cl, 12 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and agricultural machinery, in particular to methods and devices for sowing grain crops.

It is known that the productivity of cereal crops depends on the uniform distribution of seeds over the field area, with which the supply of plants with sunlight, atmospheric and soil nutrition is substantially related, and, ultimately, the effectiveness of the cultivation technologies used and the yield of crops.

The best results are obtained with narrow-row sowing of grain (row spacing 7.5 cm), while ensuring the highest level of uniformity of seed distribution over the area for the ordinary method of sowing / 1 /.

However, narrow-row sowing is difficult in technical implementation, and the sowing machines are not reliable enough.

In second place is cross-sowing, in which the field area used by plants for nutrition increases by almost 25 percent, when compared with ordinary ordinary sowing with a row spacing of 15 cm.

However, cross-sowing requires two passes of the sowing unit across the field (with doubling the consumption of fuel and lubricants and other relevant resources and direct costs).

But the uniform distribution of seeds on the sown area is not the only parameter that determines the productivity of plants depending on their location on the field surface.

Known, for example, is a method of sowing grain crops through a strip with equal width (20-25 cm) sown and non-sown strips / 2 / and a device for its implementation (RF patent No. 2204891). The soil in the sown strip is loosened over the entire width to the depth of sowing and at the same time the seeds are spread randomly on the prepared bed. The top layer of loosened soil is shifted to an unseeding strip. The remaining seed covering, loosened soil is leveled and compacted.

Laying the harvested upper, driest layer of loosened soil from the sown strip to the sowing strip in the form of a ridge allows semi-complementary moisture, which rolls down from the ridge to the sown strip and favorably affects the development of grain. Weeds, covered with an additional layer of dry earth and not receiving atmospheric moisture, do not germinate for a long time, and grain crops during tillering darken the non-sowing strip, creating the effect of harrowing.

However, practices show that with such sowing on some soils, weeds in the unseeded strip nevertheless germinate, and the final results are sometimes inferior to well-known methods of sowing grain crops (and sowing machines).

Consequently, the width of the un sown strip (20-25 cm) is sufficient to increase yield, which is lower, but still too big for the possibility of full shading by grain weeds on un sown stripes.

There is a known method of sowing I.E. Ovsinsky / 3 /, based on a farming system with self-regulation of plants during sowing in accordance with the principle of "thick - empty": "... plants in order to produce a large crop must grow very densely, and with sides to have free space ... "/ 3, p.164 /. In such crops, plants are forced to engage in intraspecific struggle, while having an abundance of light and nutrition at the same time. Sowing of grain is carried out to a depth of about 5 cm in strips about 30 cm wide on the moist base of the capillary layer of the soil, alternating them with unseeded strips of the same width. At the same time, sowing is carried out in a row-like manner, with six rows in each strip. Unplated strips are treated with horse weeds 2-3 times until the crops in the seeded strips grow and darken in the unplanned stripe, which, in turn, inhibits the growth of weeds and is equivalent to the effect of harrowing.

This sowing method then ensured (at the end of the 19th century) seed germination without rain on the 6th day, accelerated grain development by 2 weeks and an increase in yield up to 2 times.

Returning to the placement of seeds over the area, we note that even I.E.Ovsinsky's requirement for uniformity is taken into account (on sown strips), and is supplemented by the need to place near the plants free space of non-sown strips with their light and nutrition resources for a large crop.

However, in modern conditions, the implementation of this method by existing technical means is difficult due to changes in standards. In particular, the width of non-sown stripes (30 cm) due to the shortage of horses and equestrian weeds is already insufficient for mechanized weeding, and the row spacing, even with narrow-row sowing, is one and a half times greater than that of I.E. Ovsinsky (7.5 cm instead of 5 cm).

But now, in principle, a similar sowing scheme is implemented if unseeded strips are formed by mutually coordinated breaks in sown rows or strips. And the problem of suppressing weeds in un sown stripes is quite solvable, for example, if they are occupied by winter crops under spring cover or the width of the un sown stripes is reduced to a value where full weading of the weeds with grain is provided, creating the effect of harrowing, and there is no need for additional processing, and the loss of part of the free at the same time, compensate for the space by mutually coordinated gaps in the sown rows or strips, for example, when sowing by the method of subsoil spreading. This will require the technical implementation of mutually coordinated intermittent operation of the sowing apparatus, other components and parts of the sowing machines.

The closest method of sowing to the claimed one is the method of sowing seeds, including intermittent sowing of seeds in rows with the formation in the rows of coordinated (ordered breaks) gaps (4).

The disadvantage of this method is that the ordering (coordination) of breaks occurs only in a single row and there is no mutual coordination of breaks in the sown rows or strips, which leads to a decrease in productivity, grain quality due to the fact that the crop is suppressed by weeds.

The main task to be solved in the claimed invention is to resolve the contradiction between the need to place seeds over an area that provides the most favorable conditions for the growth of crops and suppresses the growth of weeds, and the possibility of effective technical implementation.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the resistance of bread to lodging, productivity, grain quality, reduce weediness of crops by weeds, while reducing energy intensity and cost of grain production.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that mutually coordinated gaps are formed in the rows sown with the crop and left unseeded, or in the rows sown with spring crops or with a mixture of seeds of spring and winter crops, seeds of winter crops are laid in rows or stripes in mutually coordinated gaps.

In addition, single-line seeding is used in the strips; sowing is carried out in rows in rows with an equal area sown and non-sown, or sown with another culture, spaces.

To implement the method of sowing, a sowing device is proposed containing boxes for sowing material, two shafts with sowing apparatuses of intermittent seeding driven by wheels or rollers, inlet devices, seed tubes and coulters. The sowing devices are equipped with a coil with grooves located on the surface of the coil in groups with intervals between groups, moreover, in the group there are one or more grooves; on the sowing shaft, the holes for the fixing coil pins are located on the same line. The coils are fixed on the shaft equally, in the location of the group of grooves, and in antiphase, while the shafts are synchronized in antiphase of the location of the group of grooves of the seed coils.

In addition, in special cases, the device may contain an additional shaft with continuous seeding devices. The shafts can be switched off individually, and the device can be equipped with roller batteries, and the coulters behind the rollers are grouped on a leash pivotally connected to the battery frame, while the level of the lower edge of the coulters coincides with the lower edge of the integral profile of the furrows. The coulters can be keeled.

In addition, the rollers in the battery can be grouped into two consecutive sections, each with its own axis, and in each section the rollers are spaced apart by the width of two row spacing, while the rear rollers are shifted relative to the front rollers by the row spacing.

Additionally, the vas deferens can be made in the form of flexible elastic tubes with a smooth inner surface, the ends of which are articulated with tubular outputs of the supply devices and the openers of the coulters, with the possibility of translational movement in the joint.

The implementation of the method and device shown in the drawings.

Figure 1-8 presents examples of schemes for laying seeds (plan view);

- figure 9 - examples of the design of the metering coils with grooves, grouped in two and five (end view);

- figure 10 is an example of a device diagram in a universal embodiment;

- figure 11 is an example of the placement of coils on the seed shafts, synchronized in antiphase arrangement of the grooves;

- Fig. 12 is an example of a metering apparatus for intermittent seeding.

The device for implementing the method in a universal embodiment contains, in particular, a box for seed with compartments 1, 2, 3. To the box below are attached sowing units of intermittent sowing 4, 5 and on the side are devices for continuous sowing 6 (with conventional coils and adjustable shutters on output windows). For receiving seeds from sowing devices 4, 5, 6, there are common supply devices 7 connected by the seed tubes 8 to the openers 9.

On the sowing shafts 10, 11 (11), the coils 12, 13 are fixed with pins 14, 15 relative to each other in antiphase at the location of the grooves.

The sowing devices 4, 5 (Fig. 10), to ensure the cleanliness of the intermittent operation, are equipped with a rubber shutter 16 (Fig. 12) attached to the threshold 17 with the help of a steel shutter 18 and a bolt connection 19.

The gear ratios of the drive from the wheels (or rollers) of the sowing machine (not shown in the diagram) provide the required parameters for the intermittent operation of the sowing devices 4, 5 in accordance with the implemented scheme of seed placement, setting the general sowing rate.

Examples of the method of sowing.

External conditions: a dry year is predicted, a field of average weed infestation.

We select seed-laying schemes for mixed sowing and with less blown bread, for example, in Fig. 5 (ordinary sowing) and in Fig. 6 (sowing by the method of subsoil spreading).

1. On the sowing machine with the sowing device (Fig. 10) on the sowing shaft 10 (Fig. 11), the coils 12 of the first pair are fixed with pins 14 in the same manner as shown in Fig. 11. The coils of each subsequent pair are fixed in antiphase to the coils of the previous pair. In exactly the same way, the sowing coils are fixed on the sowing shaft 11. In the compartments 1 and 2 (FIG. 10), seeds of various crops, for example spring wheat and winter rye, are poured into the seed box. To obtain the required overall seeding rate, one selects from the diagram, for example, and sets the required gear ratio of the drive, and the length of the working part of the coils on the shafts 10, 11 is set in accordance with the seed rate for each crop sown simultaneously. The shaft of the sowing apparatus 6 is turned off. When the sowing machine is moving, the rotation of the wheels (or rollers) through the drive gearbox is transmitted to the shafts of the sowing devices 4, 5. At the input of the feeding devices 7, portions of wheat and rye seeds are supplied from the devices 4 and 5 alternately, creating together a continuous flow within the established general seeding rate . Through the vas deferens 8, the seeds enter the coulters 9 and are embedded in the soil in accordance with the scheme of seed placement (Figure 5).

2. On a sowing machine with a device (Fig. 10) equipped with open-coulter coulters for sowing (instead of row coulters) for sowing in accordance with the seed placement scheme (Fig. 6) on sowing shafts 10 and 11 (Fig. 11) the first coils 12 and 13 are fixed with pins 14 and 15 as shown in Fig. 11, and all subsequent coils are fixed in the opposite phase to the previous one. Otherwise, the implementation of the method is similar to the previous description according to claim 1.

During operation of the device, the rubber shutters 16 (Fig. 12) prevent the sowing of seeds during the interruption of the flow of seeds corresponding to the interval between the grooves on the coil. A smooth inner surface of the vas deferens 8 (Figure 10) contributes to the passage of portions of seeds without mixing the seeds of various crops. Moreover, the execution of the vas deferens in the form of flexible elastic tubes with the possibility of translational movement in the joint helps to stabilize the angle of inclination of the vas deferens and, therefore, the constancy of the speed of passage of seeds and uniformity of sowing.

The use of a roller variant of the device for an ordinary method of sowing is caused by the inevitable decrease in the sowing rate for a separate crop with mixed crops (within the general sowing rate) in an ordinary way due to the already increased uneven distribution of seeds over the sowing area / 1 /. The roller sowing machine allows you to compensate for the decrease in the seeding rate for individual crops with increased bushiness of crops. And the proposed arrangement of rollers in two rows (RF patent No. 2267896), one after another, is expedient for the effective implementation of a narrow-row method of sowing grain, which among ordinary methods of sowing is characterized by the best uniformity of seed distribution over the area.

Note that in the seed-laying schemes (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4), the ratio of the area of spaces sown and non-sown (or seeded by another crop) is everywhere one to one (like I.E.Ovsinsky's) and is preserved with decreasing width bands (Figure 5). And in principle, a single-line seed-laying scheme is possible, presented in the variant with mixed sowing of grain crops (Fig. 7), suitable, like a seed-laying scheme for sowing by the method of intra-soil spreading (Fig. 8), in particular, for fields with an increased level of weediness weeds.

Mixed crops of grain crops are able to provide normal shading of the soil and seedlings of weeds between crops. At the same time, additional resources of sunlight and nutrition of spring crops arise due to the lag of winter crop plants in development, contributing to a reduction in ripening time, increasing the resistance of spring crops to lodging (and diseases), yield and grain quality. There is an additional opportunity to regulate the number of plants and productive stems of spring and winter crops in the direction of achieving their optimal ratio and distribution over the sowing area, within the established general seeding rate. And the possibility of obtaining a second crop while sowing spring and winter crops, can significantly reduce the energy intensity and cost of grain production.

Schemes for sowing a single crop, for example in Figs. 1 and 3, can be used for sowing winter crops on weed-free soils. On other soils, it is better to use variant schemes for mixed crops of spring and winter crops.

The proposed method of sowing crops and a device for its implementation have significant differences and novelty. As a result of a systematic analysis of the observed natural processes, the functioning of technical devices and many years of research.

1) Based on the spread of the principle of "thick - empty" by I.E. Ovsinsky in the direction of movement of the sowing unit, a contradiction is resolved between the need to place seeds over the field area, providing the most favorable conditions for the growth of crops and suppress the growth of weeds, and the possibility of effective technical implementation in modern conditions.

2) A method of formation and examples of seed placement schemes in accordance with paragraph 1 are proposed, depending on the condition of the fields and weather forecasts to increase yield and suppress weeds without herbicides and additional processing, significantly enriching the arsenal of agricultural techniques.

3) The basic structural schemes of sowing machines are determined based on the options of the proposed device for the implementation of sowing seeds of grain crops according to claim 2.

4) The options for modernizing serial sowing machines of the existing fleet were determined.

Thus, a new technology has been proposed to increase the productivity of cereal plants by optimizing the use of the sown area, which makes it possible to give the development of energy-exchange processes the most suitable direction and optimize the technological processes of sowing cereals, which will manifest itself in a significant increase in yield and grain quality, lowering the energy intensity and cost of grain production.

Information sources

1. V.A. Mukhin et al. On the influence of the methods of sowing cereal crops on their distribution over the field area // Proceedings of the International scientific-practical conference "Technological and eco-education in the XXI century: Publishing house of NGPU. - Novosibirsk, 2005. - p. 110-126.

2. RF patent No. 2235451 C2, class. 7 A01C 7/00, A01B 79/02, 2004.

3. Ovsinsky I.E. New farming system. - Kiev, type. S.V. Kulzhenko, 1999 (prototype).

4. Patent RU 2240667 C1, 11.27.2004.

Claims (10)

1. A method of sowing crops, including intermittent sowing of seeds, characterized in that mutually coordinated gaps are formed in rows or strips sown with the crop and left unseeded, or in rows or strips sown with spring culture or a mixture of spring and winter seeds in mutually coordinated gaps stack the seeds of winter crops. 2. The method of sowing according to claim 1, characterized in that the sowing is single-line. 3. The method of sowing according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the area of the spaces sown and non-sown, or sown by another crop, or a mixture of seeds of crops are equal. 4. A device for sowing crops, containing containers for seed with compartments for seeds of different types of crops, two shafts with sowing devices and pairs of coils for sowing seeds of different crops with common supply devices connected to the seed ducts and openers, characterized in that for intermittent seeding in a row or strip on the sowing coils, the grooves are located on the surface of the coils with intervals between groups, and in the group one or more grooves, for mutual coordination the breaks in rows or strips on the sowing shaft, the holes for the fixing coils, the pins are located on the same line, while the coils are fixed on the shaft in the same position as the group of grooves, and in antiphase, and the shafts are synchronized in antiphase of the location of the group of grooves of the seed coils. 5. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that it further has a shaft with continuous seeding devices. 6. The device according to any one of claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the shafts are switched off individually. 7. The device according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that it is equipped with batteries of rollers, and the openers behind the rollers are grouped on a leash pivotally connected to the frame of the battery, while the location level of the lower edge of the openers coincides with the lower edge of the integral profile of the furrows. 8. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that the coulters are keeled. 9. The device according to claim 8, characterized in that the rollers in the battery are grouped in two consecutive sections, each with its own axis, and in each section the rollers are spaced apart by the width of two rows, while the rear rollers are shifted relative to the front rollers by the row spacing . 10. The device according to any one of paragraphs.4, 5, 8, 9, characterized in that the vas deferens are made in the form of flexible elastic tubes with a smooth inner surface, the ends of which are articulated with tubular outputs of the supply devices and the openers of the coulters with the possibility of translational movement in the joint.

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