RU2374816C2 - Method for cultivation of winter cereal crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method consists in the fact that in spring winter cereal crop is sown together with spring cereal crop. Besides seeds of winter crop with their lower share in mixture with seeds of spring crop are embedded into compacted bed of furrows formed by compactors. Total norm of winter and spring crops seeds sowing is left within the limits of established norm for grain crop.

EFFECT: use of invention makes it possible to improve productivity of grain crops without application of fertilisers and chemical substances for protection of plants and to reduce demand for seeds.

4 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods for the cultivation of plants and may find application in agriculture.

Known two-line tape sowing of agricultural grain crops, providing for the possibility of simultaneous sowing of spring and winter crops, when winter crops are sown in extended spaces between spring tapes / 1 /. In autumn, spring crops are cut, and the remaining winter crops go into winter. Autumn pruning of winter plants during harvesting strengthens their root system and lays an additional number of buds for future stems. Thus, it is possible to obtain two crops with one sowing.

We add that the winter culture, occupying the spaces between the seedlings of spring crops, is involved in shading the soil and seedlings of weeds, but due to a lag in development, it does not take away additional resources of sunlight and nutrition from plants of spring crops due to extended gaps.

But when using sowing machines designed for ordinary ordinary sowing with a row spacing of 15 cm, for example, such a sowing pattern is far from optimal for both crops, in particular, because the row spacing is too wide for winter crops, which causes a decrease in the field area, used by plants for nutrition, and can lead to an unacceptable decrease in productivity.

The experience of spring sub-cover crops of winter rye / 2 / is known, with the placement of the latter in pairs together with spring culture. Winter rye, seeded in spring with a seeder with disk openers for spring crops, across the rows of the latter, like perennial grasses, is the first summer under the canopy of normally developing and yielding spring crops (wheat, spring rye, oats and barley). Rye gouges and gives a full harvest for the next year.

In addition, spring under-cover crops help to clear weeds from fields because rye in spring crops wins better and grows friendlier after overwintering. Especially unfavorable conditions for weeds are created on crops of spring crops with sowed rye. In the spring of next year, under-winter winter rye gives a quick and friendly regrowth, noticeably ahead of stubble and ordinary sowing rye in this regard. Spring vernal rye crops are produced after the end of spring sowing in the least stressful period and ripen 7-12 days earlier than conventional steam crops. The best norm for sowing rye turned out to be the norm of 100 kg of seeds of the first class, which is half the norm of sowing the cover crop (wheat or barley), that is, 1.5 average norms are sown (for the Irkutsk region). To obtain high yields of rye when harvesting spring crops, high stubble (20-25 cm) is left for greater snow accumulation, using early spring top dressing with nitrogen fertilizers.

However, the cross-sowing used here needs a second pass of the sowing unit across the field (with doubling the consumption of fuel and lubricants and other relevant resources and direct costs). And obtaining high yields is linked to the use of chemical fertilizers, which requires additional resources (and costs) and, in addition, questions arise about the environmental cleanliness of grain production.

A known method of cultivating winter wheat / 3 /, including its sowing and harvesting. In order to improve the conditions for wintering, wheat sowing is carried out in spring together with spring grain crops. The latter is harvested in the usual terms at a high cut with the stubble remaining 20-30 cm high, and winter wheat the next year.

Winter wheat sowing here is preceded by pre-sowing tillage and spring wheat sowing as a cover crop. On the same day, across the rows of spring wheat, seeds of winter wheat are sown and this mixture is grown according to the usual technology of mixed crops. In the usual terms for the zone, spring wheat is harvested at a high cut, top-dressing of winter wheat is carried out, and left under winter protection under high stubble. After overwintering, winter wheat crops are re-fed with mineral fertilizers and harrowed. This culture is removed at the usual time. This ensures that high yields of winter wheat are obtained even after a snowy winter, and the cost of primary and pre-sowing tillage is reduced (in the rotation link: clean steam - spring wheat plus winter wheat - plowing and pre-sowing is done once every three years, and in the link crop rotation: pure steam - winter wheat - spring wheat - twice every three years).

Note that here, due to the need for a second pass of the sowing unit for the implementation of cross-sowing, the consumption of fuel and lubricants and other relevant resources (and direct costs) is doubled. In addition, sowing seeds of winter wheat on the same day can complicate the production situation in this already busy period of the sowing campaign. And obtaining high yields is also linked to the use of fertilizers, which requires the expenditure of appropriate resources, there are doubts about the environmental cleanliness of grain products.

The technical result to which the claimed invention is directed is to exclude the second pass of the sowing unit across the field, with the possibility of obtaining high yields of grain crops without the use of fertilizers and chemical plant protection products and reducing the need for seeds.

To achieve the specified technical result in the method of cultivating winter crops, including spring sowing together with spring crops and harvesting the latter in the usual time, and winter crops for the next year, sowing winter and spring crops is carried out in one pass of the sowing unit. In this case, the seeds of winter culture in a mixture with the seeds of integumentary spring culture are sealed on a compacted bed of furrows formed by rollers. Moreover, the general seeding rate of seeds of winter and spring crops is left within the limits established in the zone for a separate grain crop. And when harvesting spring straw, they scatter or leave a stalk after towing.

The claimed technical result is achieved, in particular, when, after rollers grouped into a battery, by means of keeled openers or curved tubular tips of the vas deferens, mounted on a leash pivotally connected to the frame so that the lower edge of the openers coincides with the lower edge of the integral profile of the furrows, the bottom at the furrows is aligned and compact the bed for seeds, on which the seeds are sown, and sprinkled with loose soil, removed from the lower edge of the furrows or from the crests of the furrows (loops) and the lower edge.

In addition, the technical result is significantly improved if a compacted bed is formed on a soil layer with undisturbed capillarity after presowing treatment to a depth of 5-6 cm.

At present, it is really possible to do without a second pass of the sowing unit across the field, if you use a new generation of seed sowing machines and plant the seeds of cereal grains in the soil on a compacted bed of furrows in accordance with the depth of the tillering unit. Then sowing of winter crops and spring grain crops can be carried out simultaneously with a mixture of seeds in one furrow with a general seeding rate within the limits established in the zone for individual crops, and for the prevention of yield loss due to possible spring-summer drought, given a uniform, but also smaller Seeding in the soil compared to conventional seeders with disc coulters, use post-sowing rolling. The inevitable decrease in plant density on the sown field surface is compensated by an increase in the bushiness of plants in both winter and spring crops. And to increase yields without fertilizers and chemical plant protection products, when harvesting spring crops at a high cut, straw can be scattered in the fields or left stalked after stripping reapers, returning nitrogen and building up humus, and save corresponding additional resources.

When removing loose soil scree in the furrows after the rollers, the coulters level and compact the bed for seeds, bringing the seeds closer to soil moisture. And the possibility of moving the coulters relative to the position of the battery of furrow-forming rollers in space provided by the hinged connection of the lead to the frame allows you to clearly track the integral profile of the furrows along the lower edge, facilitating high-quality leveling and compaction of the seed bed regardless of the field topography. As a result, the degree of uniformity of seed placement along the seeding depth increases, which, combined with an increase in the humidity of the bottom of the furrow during compaction, brings the seeds closer to optimal conditions for friendly seedlings and high field germination, when the cereal germ is supplied with plenty of air through the upper loosened soil layer - soil moisture, prerequisites are created for the subsequent increase in bushiness of plants.

After pre-sowing treatment to a depth of 5-6 cm (according to Ovsinsky) on a layer of untreated soil with undisturbed capillarity at the bottom of the furrows, a bed of compacted soil with a newly formed capillarity is formed after the rollers. Access of soil moisture to seeds is facilitated.

Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of a variant of the sowing device for sowing machines, side view;

Figure 2 is the same, view along arrow A.

The sowing device contains, in particular, a frame 1 (Fig. 1) with rollers 2 mounted on it with an axis of rotation 3. Seed tubes 4 and seed guides 5 are located behind the roller rollers 2 in the form of coulters of a simplified design - curved tubular tips of the seed tubes fixed to the transverse beam 6 of the leash 7, pivotally connected to the frame 1 (or directly with the frame of the sowing machine). The depth of the coulters is regulated by loads.

The sowing machine may include one or more of these sowing devices.

An example implementation of the method.

On a seeder equipped with roller sowing devices (Figure 1, Figure 2), with two bins separately for seeds of winter and spring crops, the sowing shafts (and sowing machines) are set, for example, 1/3 and 2/3 respectively installed in the zone seeding rates. Then, in a steam field prepared for sowing, simultaneous sowing, for example, winter rye and spring wheat, is performed.

When the sowing machine moves, the rollers 2 form grooves with a compacted bed for seeds. Openers 5 clean and level the bottom of the furrows with crumbling soil. Under the influence of the surface of the lower part of the coulters 5, the soil particles move from top to bottom and the bottom at the furrows is additionally compacted. On this compacted bed, the coulters 5 lay a mixture of seeds of winter and spring crops, supplied by the vas deferens 4, and sprinkle the seeds with a small layer of loose soil, removed in the process of leveling the bottom from the lower edge of the furrows. At the same time, the coulters 5 self-center along the lower edge of the furrows, which is ensured by the possibility of their relative movement when the position of the axis 3 with the rollers 2 in space changes due to the topography of the field (see Figure 2).

If there is a threat of spring-summer drought, the seeds are additionally sprinkled with loose soil using chain plumes, then rolled in with ring-spur rollers, for example. And when harvesting spring crops at a high cut, the straw is scattered without chopping.

The end of the example.

With this sowing, the mixed seedlings of spring wheat and winter rye, for example, in the early stages of development are little distinguishable from seedlings of spring wheat alone with an equal plant density, providing the same level of shading of the soil and seedlings of weeds. When spring rivals reach the stalking stage, winter rye, lagging behind in development, spreads over the surface of the soil, shading the soil, and is able to suppress weed seedlings without herbicides, without competing with spring wheat in the struggle for sunlight. And the latter has additional opportunities to increase bushiness and compensate for the reduced density of its plants when sowing seeds of winter and spring crops in one furrow, to obtain a full-fledged spring crop. Winter crops sown in spring are characterized by increased bushiness and allow a lower density of plants in the furrow (and a decrease in the proportion of its seeds in the mixture) than spring crops, which allows a corresponding increase in the proportion of seeds of spring culture in the mixture, creating prerequisites for increasing the yield of the latter.

Thus, during spring sowing of winter crops and planting seeds of winter crops mixed with seeds of spring crops (formed in the vas deferens) on a compacted bed of furrows formed by rollers and the general seeding rate within the established area for individual crops, additional nutritional resources of spring crops arise due to the lag of winter crop plants in development, contributing to increased bushiness of spring crops, shortening the ripening time and increasing their resistance to lodging and grain quality. A decrease in the proportion of seeds of winter crops at the same time contributes to an increase in the yield of spring crops without prejudice to winter crops, which is due to the long time for the development of winter crop plants during spring sowing. Winter crops of spring sowing under the protection of high stubble and scattered straw or stalk after harvesting winters better, especially being resistant to lodging.

When cultivating grain according to the claimed method, the yield of spring wheat (determined by sheaf samples) in 2005 exceeded 30 centners per hectare, or 10-15 percent, compared to conventional sowing with a disk seeder, on the experimental field of the Turnaevsky SPK Bolotnensky District, Novosibirsk Region openers, and next year the yield of winter rye in the same field reached almost 40 centners per hectare (with a ratio of seeds of spring and winter crops in the mixture - 2: 1).

This confirms the fundamental possibility of obtaining, with one pass of the sowing unit, about 70 centners of winter and spring crops without the use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection products and sowing seeds within the limits established for one grain crop, with a smaller proportion of seeds of winter crops. In this case, a serial SZP-3.6 seeder with rollers was used, adapted for the claimed method of cultivating grain crops.

The proposed method, in comparison, for example, with those using cross-sowing of winter crops, is capable of producing ecologically clean grain products sold in “civilized” countries of the West at a much higher price, which becomes relevant when the country joins the WTO, and the need for fuel and lubricants (and other resources ) for sowing work is reduced by 2, and in seeds - by 1.5 times.

Information sources

1. Slashchinin Yu.I. Reasonable farming or How to make “good” land good. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "DUMA", 2004, c.l29-134.

2. Barnakov N.V. Spring subcrop crops of winter rye. Abstract of dissertation. - Omsk: Educational cartolithography of the Omsk Agricultural Institute. S.M. Kirova, 1953.

3. USSR copyright certificate No. 683664, cl. A01C, A1, published 05.09.79. Bulletin No. 33.

Claims (4)

1. A method of cultivating winter crops, including spring sowing together with spring crops during the formation of a mixture of seeds in the vas deferens, characterized in that the seeds of winter crops with a smaller proportion of them in the mixture with seeds of spring crops within the established seeding rate for the grain close up on a sealed bed of furrows formed by rollers. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that after the rollers are grouped into a battery by means of keeled openers or curved tubular tips of the seed tubes mounted on a leash pivotally connected to the frame so that the lower edge of the openers coincides with the lower edge of the integral profile of the furrows, the bottom is aligned grooves and compact the bed for seeds, on which the seeds are sown, and sprinkled with loose soil removed from the lower edge of the furrows, or with crests of the furrows with plumes and the lower edge. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when harvesting spring straws, they scatter or leave a stalk after towing. 4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the compacted bed is formed on a soil layer with undisturbed capillarity after presowing treatment to a depth of 5-6 cm

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