RU2583064C2 - Method of sowing cereal crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of sowing crops consists in that crop sowing is carried out with row spacing of 15…20 cm in two bands with increased sowing rate through band or row with reduced sowing rate of seeds of same culture.

EFFECT: invention accelerates maturation of crops, increases stability of resistance to lodging; crop capacity and quality of grain.

4 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods of cultivating crops and may find application in agriculture.

A known method of sowing I.E. Ovsinsky / 1 /, based on a farming system with self-regulation of plants when sowing according to the principle of "densely empty": "... plants in order to produce a large crop must grow very dense, and from the sides have free space ..." / 1, p. 164 /. In such crops, plants are forced to engage in intraspecific struggle, while having an abundance of light and nutrition at the same time. Crops of grain were conducted to a depth of about 5 cm with tapes about 30 cm wide on the moist base of the capillary layer of the soil, alternating them with unseeded strips of the same width (Figure 1). At the same time, sowing was carried out in a row-wise manner, with six rows in each ribbon. Shoots were treated with horse weeds 2-3 times until the grains on the sown tapes grow up and darken in the un sown strip, which, in turn, allows us to suppress the growth of weeds and is equivalent to the effect of harrowing.

This method of sowing then (at the end of the 19th century) ensured the germination of seeds without rain on the 6th day, the accelerated development of grain by 2 weeks and an increase in yield up to two times. However, in modern conditions, the implementation of this method by modern technical means is difficult, in particular, due to damage to seedlings when passing heavy equipment. But this method gives an idea of the optimal width of the sowed and non-sowed stripes for the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" and the need for special measures to suppress weeds on the stripes not sown with grain crops.

There is a method of sowing crops through a strip with approximately equal in width (20-25 cm) sown and non-sown strips / 2 / and a device for its implementation (RF patent No. 2204891). The soil in the sown strip is loosened over the entire width to the depth of sowing and at the same time the seeds are spread randomly on the prepared bed. The top layer of loosened soil is shifted to an unseeding strip. The remaining seed-covering, loosened soil is leveled and compacted, providing a thickness of 2.5-3.5 cm of the soil layer above the seeds to form a single tillering node, which helps, in particular, to strengthen the root system and increase productivity. Laying the harvested, driest soil layer from the sowing strip to the sowing strip in the form of a ridge allows you to get additional moisture, which rolls from the ridge to the sowing strip and favorably affects the development of grain. Weeds, covered with an additional layer of dry earth and not receiving atmospheric moisture, do not germinate for a long time, and grain crops during tillering darken the non-sowing strip, creating the effect of harrowing.

Production verification of the method was carried out in 2003-2004. over an area of 11 thousand hectares and showed an increase in wheat productivity by 50 ... 100 percent.

However, practitioners sometimes note germination of weeds on an un sown strip (on some soils after rains) and a significant decrease in yield increase (relative to the declared). In addition, weed germination occurs when the width of the sowing strip is narrowed, which requires careful adjustment of a special seeder (or modernized SZP-3.6) and a high culture of pre-sowing soil preparation. But this method of sowing grain showed the possibility of the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" with a doubling of yield with strip sowing and strip width (20-25 cm, or 22.5 cm - the average value), less than I. Ovsinsky (30 cm, not more than 32 cm / 1 /), if you use techniques with the effect equivalent to harrowing unseeded stripes.

There is a method of cross-band sowing of spring and winter crops in a strip of approximately the same width (18-22 cm) for each crop and the distance between the strips of one culture 23-27 cm / 3 /, implemented, in particular, on serial SKP-2 seeders-cultivators , 1 (Omichka), SZS-2.8 and SZS-4.2 (Niva). And the problem of weed suppression in the bands not sown with spring culture is solvable, since these bands occupy winter crops, for example, rye, sown simultaneously with spring crops. At the same time, weeds are fully blacked out with winter crops, creating a harrowing effect, and there is no need for additional cultivation of crops, while maintaining the effect of "densely empty" for spring crops.

However, winter crops in conditions of lack of moisture and soil fertility can reduce the yield of spring crops. In addition, on irregular fields, or when sowing after cultivation, an unacceptable decrease in field germination is sometimes noted due to exceeding a predetermined seed placement depth, which is associated with rigid coulter attachment to the Omichki frame.

Closest to the claimed method is the joint sowing of grain spring crops and winter crops / 4 /, implemented, in particular, on seeders with independent suspension of coulters of the SZP-3.6 and SZ-3.6 class, for example, when replacing part of the row coulters (ordinary ) seeding on coulters with a seeding band width of at least 5 cm and observing the conditions for the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty". Sowing of spring and winter crops is carried out, in particular, with an aisle of 15 ... 20 cm in 2 strips with seeds of the same culture or a mixture of seeds of crops through one strip or row with seeds of winter crops. The width of the strip is not more than half the row spacing, and the gap between the strips is not more than 10 cm.

However, replanting winter crops can lead to an unacceptable decrease in spring grain yields (with a lack of moisture and soil fertility).

The technical result, to which the claimed invention is directed, consists in the effective technical implementation of the cultivation of spring and winter grains using row-sowing machines equipped with working bodies for sowing in the strip for sowing crops, ensuring that the sowing crop displays the effect of "densely empty", increase yields and reduce costs per unit of output.

To achieve the technical result when cultivating crops with a row spacing of 15 ... 20 cm, sowing of spring crops (or winter crops) is carried out in 2 strips with an increased seed rate of one crop (with the same width of strips and the gap between them in pairs, as in / 4 /) through a single strip or row with a reduced seed rate of the same crop.

In addition, during the technical implementation of the method of sowing with the seeders SZ-3.6 (SZP-3.6) and SUZT-4 with a coulter sowing strip width of at least 5 cm from the grain shaft, sowing is carried out in strips with an increased seeding rate, and in strips and rows with reduced seeding rate - from fertilizer shaft.

The drawings show:

Figure 1 - scheme of sowing I.E. Ovsinsky;

Figure 2 is an example of a scheme for sowing one culture in two lanes 1 through lane 2 with the same crop, but with a lower seeding rate;

Figure 3 is an example of a scheme for sowing one culture in two lanes 1 through row 3 with the same crop, but with a lower seeding rate.

When sowing the proposed method, the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" the greater, the greater the ratio of the increased sowing rate of strips 1 to the lowered seeding rate of seeds of strips 2 or rows 3 (within the specified general seeding rate). However, a decrease in the sowing rate is limited by weed soil (and other soil characteristics), the ability of the sowing crop to counteract them, the design features of the sowing machine, and many other factors. Optimum values for seeding rates can be determined empirically, taking into account local conditions.

When sowing one crop in lane 1 (with an increase in the sowing rate) through row 3 (with a decrease in the sowing rate of the same crop) by a sowing machine with a 15 cm row spacing and a 5 cm seedband, for example (a modernized seeder of the SZ-3.6 class or SZP-3.6 with the replacement of part (2/3) of double-row opener coulters with single-disc coulters / 4 /) the gap between the pairs of "densely sowed" strips Ln = 25 cm (see Figure 2). Moreover, the width of the sown space (a pair of strips) Lz = 20 cm, i.e. more (and closer to the width of the sown strip in the Ovsinsky method / 1 /) than the method for Omichka / 3 / with a practical narrowing of this to 15 cm.

With a row spacing (1 m) of 16.5 cm and a sowing strip width (1p) of 5 cm of a single-disk-anchor opener of the SUZT-4 seeder designed by the Technical Center Laishevo (Republic of Tatarstan), for example, we get Lн = 28 cm, Lз = 21, 5 cm

An example of the method

On the modernized seeder SZP-3.6 with openers with a sowing width of 5 cm and a row spacing of 15 cm / 4.5 / grain sowing machines corresponding to the "densely sowing" strips 1 (Figure 3), the selection of gears of the gearbox, the working length of the sowing coils are adjusted in the usual manner, for example, to sow 4/3 of a given normal sowing rate of a grain crop. On the windows of the grain sowing apparatus corresponding to the "rare-sown" rows 3 (Figure 3), plugs are installed. For these rows 3 open valves of fertilizer coils, configured, for example, to sow 2/3 of the seeding rate. The bunker is loaded with seeds, for example spring wheat, and sowing is carried out in the usual time for spring.

After the emergence of seedlings with the release of cereals to the stalking stage (in the proposed method), the plants of densely sown strip 1, due to increased intraspecific competition, rapidly develop the nutrition and sunlight resources at intervals, striving to close the stalk with plants of the rare seed row 3, inhibiting seedlings weed in between. When heading and ripening, the grains in the “densely sown” lanes 1 use additional resources of sunlight and nutrition in the spaces with the “rarely sown” rows 3 with the manifestation of the effect of “densely empty” and a corresponding increase in yield (without fertilizers), and the resistance of the grain stand to lodging.

Example 2 of the method

On the seeder SUZT-4, the windows of grain sowing apparatuses corresponding to the "rare-sown" strips 2 (Figure 2) are closed with plugs and the gate valves of the corresponding apparatuses sowing the tuks are opened. The sowing units are set up in the usual way, for example, to 4/3 of the sowing rate - in “densely sown” strip 1 (grain devices), and 1/2 of the sowing rate of the crop - in “rarely sowed” strip 2 (fertilizer sowing devices). The seeds of a grain crop, for example winter rye, are loaded into the bunker and sowing is carried out in the usual time for autumn.

With the exit to the stalking stage, grains in the “densely sown” bands 1 (FIG. 2) are able to obscure (and inhibit) rare seedlings of weeds in the spaces between the strips and, further, in the “rarely sown” bands 2 (after closure of the stalk). When earing and ripening, plants of "densely sown" stripes 1 use the share of light and nutrition resources of "rarely sown" stripes 2, respectively, increases productivity (without fertilizers) and grain quality, resistance of the grain stand to lodging, and the maturation of breads is accelerated. With this sowing, a substantial manifestation of the “densely empty” effect is achievable, and the need for seeds is reduced.

Thus, the claimed method of cultivating crops when sowing in 2 strips with an increased sowing rate in one lane or in a row with a reduced sowing rate of seeds of the same crop provides an opportunity to increase productivity, providing favorable conditions for the accelerated growth and maturation of not only spring, but also winter cereal, reduced need for seeds.

With this sowing in “densely sown” and “rare-sown” strips (or rows) with seeds of the same grain seeders with independent coulter suspension with the manifestation of the “densely empty” effect, the grain yield, resistance of lodging to lodging are increased, the maturation of bread is accelerated. As a result, costs per unit of production are reduced, and the profitability of grain production is increased. And all this is possible without the use of fertilizers (and other chemicals), which corresponds to the concept of organic farming.

The effectiveness of the technical implementation of the claimed method is achieved by the relative simplicity of technical solutions, for example, when the adjustment of a serial sowing machine for the claimed method of sowing is carried out by replacing part (2/3) of the row coulters with row seeding / 4 /. Moreover, it is only necessary that the machine has at least two separate sowing shafts.

Certain elements of the technology incorporated in the claimed method were tested at several farms in the Novosibirsk Region and showed good results, reducing weediness of fields and increasing the resistance of bread to lodging, in particular, and the possibility of increasing the yield of spring wheat, for example, up to 1.5 times.

The proposed method is able to ensure the production of environmentally friendly (organic) grain products sold in "civilized" countries at many times higher prices, which becomes relevant when the country joins the WTO and the prospect of exports from Siberia to Southeast Asia.

Information sources

1. Ovsinsky I.E. New farming system. - Kiev, type. S.V. Kulzhenko, 1899.

2. RF patent No. 2235451 C2, cl. 7 A01C 7/00, A01B 79/02, 2004.

3. RF patent No. 237770 C2, cl. 7 A01G 1/00, АВВ 79/02, 2009.

4. RF patent No. 2446658 C2, cl. 7 A01C 7/00, A01B 79/02, 2012 (prototype).

5. Recommendations for the modernization of grain fertilizer seeders of the SZ-3.6 family of SZP-3.6 for performing strip sowing of agricultural crops. “Laishevo Technical Center” RT, GNU VIM, RAAS, Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. Kazan, 2008.

Claims (4)

1. The method of sowing cereals with a row spacing of 15 ... 20 cm, characterized in that the sowing of spring crops or winter crops is carried out in 2 strips with an increased seed rate of one crop through a strip or row with a reduced seed rate of the same culture. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sowing in strips with a high seeding rate is carried out from the grain shaft of the sowing machine, and sowing in strips or rows with a low seeding rate is carried out from the fertilizer shaft. 3. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the sowing is carried out with modernized seeders of the SZ-3.6 (SZP-3.6) class with single-disk-anchor openers with a seed band width of at least 5 cm and openers for row seeding or unit of these machines. 4. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the sowing is carried out with a seeder SUZT-4 or an aggregate of these machines.

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