RU2572304C2 - Method of cultivation of grain crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. In the method the soil is loosened to a depth of sowing. The broadcast sowing of spring and winter crops is carried out in a band with increased seeding rate of the seeds of one culture in every second band with a reduced rate of seeding of the seeds of the same culture within the specified total rate of sowing seeds. And the gap between the same bands is L_r≥22.5 cm, where L_r=2xl_i-I_b; l_i is inter-row spacing, cm; I_b is the band width of sowing of a coulter, cm.

EFFECT: method enables to increase the yield and quality of grain.

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Description

The invention relates to methods of cultivating crops and may find application in agriculture.

A known method of sowing I.E. Ovsinsky / 1 /, based on a self-regulating farming system when sowing according to the principle of "densely empty": "... plants in order to produce a large crop must grow very dense, and from the sides have free space ..." / 1, .164 /. In such crops, plants are forced to engage in intraspecific struggle, while having an abundance of light and nutrition at the same time. Crops of grain were conducted to a depth of about 5 cm with tapes about 30 cm wide on the moist base of the capillary layer of the soil, alternating them with unseeded strips of the same width (Fig. 1). At the same time, sowing was carried out in a row-wise manner, with six rows in each ribbon. Shoots were treated with horse weeds 2-3 times until the grains on the sown tapes grow up and darken in the un sown strip, which, in turn, allows us to suppress the growth of weeds and is equivalent to the effect of harrowing.

This method of sowing then (at the end of the 19th century) ensured the germination of seeds without rain on the 6th day, the accelerated development of grain by 2 weeks and an increase in yield up to two times. However, in modern conditions, the implementation of this method by modern technical means is difficult, in particular, due to damage to seedlings when passing heavy equipment. But this method gives an idea of the optimal width of the sowed and non-sowed stripes for the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" and the need for special measures to suppress weeds on the stripes not sown with grain crops.

There is a method of sowing crops through a strip with approximately equal in width (20-25 cm) sown and non-sown strips / 2 / and a device for its implementation (RF patent No. 2204891). The soil in the sown strip is loosened over the entire width to the depth of sowing and at the same time the seeds are spread randomly on the prepared bed. The top layer of loosened soil is shifted to an unseeding strip. The remaining seed-covering, loosened soil is leveled and compacted, providing a thickness of 2.5-3.5 cm of the soil layer above the seeds to form a single tillering node, which helps, in particular, to strengthen the root system and increase productivity. Laying the harvested, driest soil layer from the sowing strip to the sowing strip in the form of a ridge allows you to get additional moisture, which rolls from the ridge to the sowing strip and favorably affects the development of grain. Weeds, covered with an additional layer of dry earth and not receiving atmospheric moisture, do not germinate for a long time, and grain crops during tillering darken the non-sowing strip, creating the effect of harrowing. Production verification of the method was carried out in 2003-2004. over an area of 11 thousand hectares and showed an increase in wheat productivity by 50 ... 100 percent.

However, practitioners sometimes note germination of weeds on an un sown strip (on some soils after rains) and a significant decrease in yield increase (relative to the declared). In addition, weed germination occurs when the width of the sowing strip is narrowed, which requires careful adjustment of a special seeder (or modernized SZP-3.6) and a high culture of pre-sowing soil preparation. But this method of sowing grain showed the possibility of the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" with a doubling of yield with strip sowing and strip width (20-25 cm or 22.5 cm - the average value) less than I. Ovsinsky (30 cm, not more than 32 cm / 1 /), if you use techniques with the effect equivalent to harrowing unseeded stripes. Moreover, the effect of narrowing the seeding band even up to 15 cm on productivity has not yet been noticed.

Closest to the claimed method through strip sowing of spring and winter crops (figure 2) in a strip of approximately the same width (18-22 cm) for each crop and with a distance between the strips of one culture 23-27 cm / 3 /, implemented, in particular , on serial seeders-cultivators SKP-2.1 (Omichka), SZS-2.8 and SZS-4.2 (Niva). And the problem of weed suppression in the bands not sown with spring culture is solvable, since these bands occupy winter crops, for example, rye, sown simultaneously with spring crops. At the same time, weeds are fully blacked out with winter crops, creating a harrowing effect, and there is no need for additional cultivation of crops, while maintaining the effect of "densely empty" for spring crops.

To ensure conditions for the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" the width of the space not sown by the culture is necessary L _n within 22.5-30 cm / 1, 2 /, and L _n = 2 * l _m -l _p , where l _m is the row spacing, l _n is the width of the strip. When the row spacing (l _m ) 22.8 cm and the width of the sowing strip (l _p ) 18-20 cm swept coulter "Omichki", for example, we get L _n = 26-28 cm

However, at present, for many designs of tillage sowing raspberries (for the spread sowing of cereals), a large row spacing is characteristic, determining the amount of space L _n > 30-32 cm.

The technical result, to which the claimed invention is directed, consists in the effective technical implementation of cultivating spring and winter grain machines for loosening the soil and strip sowing with row spacing l _m and sowing width l _p and at 2 * l _m -l _p > 30-32 cm with the provision for the sowing culture manifestations of the effect of "densely empty", increasing yields and reducing costs per unit of output.

To achieve the technical result when cultivating crops with loosening the soil to the depth of sowing over the entire width of the sowing, sowing of spring crops (or winter crops) is carried out with a row spacing l _m and sowing width l _p at 2 * l _m -l _p > = 22, 5 cm in a strip with an increased seed rate of one crop through a strip with a reduced seed rate of the same culture, within the specified total seeding rate.

In addition, during technical implementation, sowing in strips with an increased (or reduced) seeding rate is carried out from individual grain shafts of the sowing machine, or from the grain shaft, sowing is carried out in strips with a higher seeding rate, and in strips with a reduced seeding rate - from a fertilizer shaft. In this case, sowing is carried out, for example, by an Ob-4 or Omichka class tillage machine (SKP-2,1), respectively. And when aggregating these machines in the sowing complex, the increased seeding rate is set alternately on one grain shaft, and on the next machine on another shaft and then in the same order ("Ob-4") or by disconnecting from the grain shaft (by installing plugs on the appropriate windows of grain sowing machines) alternately even, for example, openers of one machine, and the next machine has odd openers and then in the same order, connecting these openers (by opening the corresponding valves of fertilizer devices) to the fertilizer shaft ("Omi ka ").

The drawings show:

Figure 1 - scheme of sowing I.E. Ovsinsky;

Figure 2 is an example of a scheme for sowing one crop in lane 1 through lane 2 with another crop (either non-sown or sown with the same crop, but with a lower seeding rate).

When sowing the proposed method, the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" the greater, the greater the ratio of the increased seeding rate of lanes 1 to the reduced sowing rate of seeds of lanes 2 (within the specified general seeding rate). However, a decrease in the seeding rate is limited by weed soil (and other soil characteristics), the ability of the sowing crop to counteract them, the design features of the sowing machine, and many other factors. And when the value of L _n> 30-32 cm must be considered and the percentage area of the strip outside the 15 cm (half nezasevaemoy strip of Ovsinskomu / 1 /). The optimal values of the seeding rates should be determined empirically, taking into account local conditions.

When sowing one crop in a strip with a high seed rate of 1 through a strip with a low seed rate of 2 with the same crop, the Ob-4 tillage sowing machine, for example (with a row spacing l _m = 36 cm, a sowing width l _p = 20 cm ), the value of L _n = 52 cm, while the width of the gap between the sown strips L _n -l _p = 16 cm and is approximately equal to half of the non-sown stripe at Ovsinsky / 1 /, creating the possibility of the manifestation of the effect of "densely empty" for lanes 1, if eliminate (or weaken) the effect of seedlings in lanes 2 on the assimilation of nutritional resources duck. The latter is quite achievable with a decrease in the seeding rate (for lanes 2).

When sowing one crop in lane 1 (with an increase in the seeding rate) through lane 2 (with a decrease in the sowing rate of the same crop) by a sowing machine with a row spacing of 22.8 cm and a sowing width of 18 cm, for example (SKP-2 seeder-cultivator, 1 (“Omichka”)), the value of L _n = 28 cm. And for small gaps between the sown strips (4.8 cm), seedlings of grain on the strips 1 for the manifestation of the effect of “densely empty” additionally have the ability to use part of the nutritional resources of half the area lanes 2.

Example 1 of the method.

On the Ob-4 tillage sowing machine with arrow-shaped coulters with a sowing width of 18-22 cm and a row spacing of 36 cm / 4 / grain sowing machines corresponding to the "densely sowed" strips 1 (Figure 2), selection of gears of the gearbox, working length of the sowing coils are configured in the usual way, for example, to sow 4/3 of a given normal seeding rate of grain crops. Grain sowing devices on another sowing shaft, corresponding to the "sparsely sown" strips 2 (Figure 2), by reducing the working length of the coils are adjusted, for example, to sow 2/3 of the seeding rate. The bunker is loaded with seeds, for example, spring wheat, and sowing is carried out in the usual time for spring.

End of example 1.

When spreading crops after emergence (and later) in the early stages of their development, shading of the soil and weed emergence at un sown gaps between the strips is not provided. But with the release of grains to tillering and, further, to stalk (in the proposed method), plants of “densely sown” lanes 1, due to increased intraspecific competition, quickly develop nutritional resources and sunlight at intervals, striving to close the stalk with plants of “rarely sown” lanes 2 , inhibiting weed shoots in between the strips. When earning and ripening, grains in the “densely sown” stripes 1 use additional resources of sunlight and nutrition in the spaces with the “rarely sown” stripes 2, with the manifestation of the effect of “densely empty” and a corresponding increase in yield (without fertilizers), and resistance of the stand to lodging.

Example 2 of the method.

On the seeder SKP-2.1 (Omichka), the windows of grain sowing machines corresponding to the "sparsely sown" strips 2 (Figure 2) are closed with plugs and the valves of the corresponding machines sowing the tuks are opened. The sowing units are set up in the usual way, for example, to 4/3 of the sowing rate - in “densely sown” strip 1 (grain devices) and 1/2 of the sowing rate of the crop - in “sparse” strip 2 (fertilizer sowing devices). The seeds of a grain crop, for example winter rye, are loaded into the bunker and sowing is carried out in the usual time for autumn.

End of example 2.

With the exit to the stalking stage, grains in the “densely sown” bands 1 (FIG. 2) are able to obscure (and inhibit) rare seedlings of weeds in the spaces between the strips and, further, in the “rarely sown” bands 2 (after closure of the stalk). When earing and ripening, plants of "densely sown" bands 1 use the share of light and nutrition resources of "rarely sown" bands 2, respectively, the yield (without fertilizers) and grain quality, grain stability, lodging resistance are increased, and the maturation of breads is accelerated. With this sowing, a substantial manifestation of the “densely empty” effect is achievable, and the need for seeds is reduced.

Thus, the claimed method of cultivating crops when sowing in a strip with a high sowing rate through a strip with a low sowing rate of seeds of the same crop provides an opportunity to increase productivity, providing favorable conditions for the accelerated growth and maturation of not only spring, but also winter crops, the need is reduced in the seeds.

This is achieved by strip sowing in “densely sown” and “rare-sown” strips with the seeds of the same grain crop as coulters of combined machines for tillage and strip sowing (“mechanical”) with the manifestation of the effect of “densely empty” and with increased row spacing, typical for most modern designs. Cereal productivity is increasing, bread resistance to lodging, grain aging is accelerating. As a result, costs per unit of production are reduced, and the profitability of grain production is increased. And all this is possible without the use of fertilizers (and other chemicals), which corresponds to the concept of organic farming.

The effectiveness of the technical implementation of the claimed method is achieved by the relative simplicity of technical solutions, for example, when the adjustment of a serial tillage sowing machine for the claimed method of sowing is carried out without modernization by the usual sowing practices for regulating the sowing rate. Moreover, it is only necessary that the machine has at least two separate sowing shafts.

Separate elements of the technology incorporated in the claimed method were tested at several farms in the Novosibirsk Region and showed good results, increasing the resistance of bread to lodging, in particular, and the possibility of increasing the yield of spring wheat, for example, up to 1.5 times.

The proposed method is able to ensure the production of environmentally friendly (organic) grain products sold in "civilized" countries at many times higher prices, which becomes relevant when the country joins the WTO and the prospect of exports from Siberia to Southeast Asia.

Information sources

1. Ovsinsky I.E. New farming system. - Kiev, type. S.V. Kulzhenko, 1899.

2. RF patent No. 2235451 C2, Cl. 7 A01C 7/00, A01B 79/02, 2004.

3. RF patent No. 237770 C2, Cl. 7 A01G 1/00, А01В 79/02, 2009.

4. The rules of the work when processing the soil and sowing grain crops in the Novosibirsk region: Methodological recommendations / RAAS, Sib. Separation. GNU SibIME. - Novosibirsk, 2003 .-- 88 s.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating cereals with loosening the soil to the depth of sowing, in which the spread sowing of spring crops or winter crops is carried out in a strip with an increased seed rate of one crop through a strip with a low seed rate of the same culture within a predetermined total seed rate, and with an interval between identical stripes L _H ≥22.5 cm, where L _H = 2 × l _m -l _p ; l _m - row spacing, cm; l _p - the width of the sowing coulter, see

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