RU2511752C2 - Method of growing herbs for green fodder and seeds on sod-podzol sandy loam soil of central non-black earth area - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method includes the cultivation of cereal crops and perennial grasses, fertilization and care for crops. At that in spring after plowing in the period of agronomic "ripeness of soil" it is levelled and compacted with smooth water-ballast rollers. Then the mixture composition of herbage is formed, which grows naturally on sod-podzol sandy loam soils, by planting during May the seed mixture at a dose of 100 kg/ha and introduction to the mixture of triticale with the seeding rate of 50% of the dose of the seed mixture. The depth of seed placement is 5 cm, the inter-row spacing - 15 cm, and the harvesting is carried out with the full maturation of grass and grains.

EFFECT: method enables to optimize the parameters of soil fertility and accelerate the development of green mass of grass and grains on sod-podzol sandy loam soils.

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, specifically to methods of growing crops, and in particular to increase the starting nutrition of perennial grasses cultivated in mixed crops on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils.

A known method of cultivating annual winter cereal crops on green fodder, including tillage and autumn sowing, before the autumn sowing of winter cereals, spring sowing of perennial fodder crops is carried out, their cultivation and harvesting, while perennial fodder crops are selected with a high protein content and matching on the second year of life with winter cereals in terms of spring regrowth, growth intensity, the onset of mowing ripeness phases, and then they carry out joint cultivation of annual winter cereals with many summer fodder crops and for harvesting green fodder (Patent RU №2081534, Cl. A01V 79/00, 1997).

The disadvantage of this method is that in the autumn a mixture is sown consisting of high-protein perennial forage crops, which increases the costs of sowing seeds. In addition, sowing of perennial fodder crops must be carried out in the second year of life with winter crops and when selecting new fields, fertility changes and the weediness of crops increases, which reduces the yield.

A known method of selecting complementary crops for mixed crops, including the joint germination of seeds used for sowing crops in a thermostat, and obtaining data on the nature of the interaction of plants of various species and varieties, as a criterion for assessing allelopathic mutual influence and complementarity of plants, the degree of change in the growth rate of seed crops is used with the joint germination of both components according to the total percentage reduction in the length of seedlings and roots with the release of three degrees of suppression of force the bean culture compared with its one-component germination: strong (over 50%), medium (50-25%) and weak (less than 25%), on the basis of which, in proportion to the degree of suppression, the seeding rate of the second component is reduced (Patent RU No. 2306687, cl A01C 1/02, 2007).

This method, as said, largely depends on the proportional seeding rate of the second component, and depends on the interaction of plants, manifested in suppressing the growth and development of one species by another with a sufficient level of moisture - these are regions of the forest zone, the Far East, which is difficult to apply in the conditions of the Central Non-black soil. Moreover, when using this technology of crop selection for mixed crops for green fodder and seeds, the yield of green grass masses and grain yield are not high enough.

In the scientific literature, there are often recommendations for the use of starting norms of nitrogen fertilizers for cereal legumes - 20 ... 30 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha, designed for plant nutrition before the start of symbiotic fixation of air nitrogen.

It should be noted that if nodules are formed, then the starting nitrogen delays their appearance for 6 ... 10 days, until the introduced nitrogen is used by plants and secured by soil. When it ends, and there are no nodules yet, nitrogen is not fixed, growth depression sets in, which sometimes persists until the end of the growing season. The crop is increasing, i.e. the conclusion is that sometimes they are even harmful in this form.

Therefore, for the practice of cultivation of legumes it is very important to predict and control the supply of plants with symbiotic fixed nitrogen in the air. Hence, if any factor has unfavorable parameters (soil acidity is higher than optimal, the soil is poor in phosphorus, potassium, there are no suitable fertilizers, etc.), air nitrogen will be poorly fixed or will not be absorbed at all.

This is especially true for sod-podzolic sandy-loamy soils, where it is necessary to expand growth in the initial period on the development indicators of green mass of grasses and even more grain.

Closest to the technical nature of the present invention is a method of harvesting haylage in a package of mixed cereal-leguminous crops in the conditions of the permafrost zone, including mowing green mass in the stage of full ripeness of grain, storing, in the conditions of the permafrost zone of the North, fodder crops are selected, while using mixed cereal-leguminous crops, sowing is carried out in 3 terms: 3 decade of May, 2 decade of June, 1 decade of July, harvesting is carried out in the phase of milk ripeness in cereals and the formation of beans in legumes, and hay harvested according to the technology of harvesting feed in rolls (Patent RU No. 2376867, class A23K 3/02, 2009).

This technology of growing grain crops and perennial grasses improves the conditions for their growth and grain production when used in the limited climatic conditions of the North. However, when using this technology of growing grasses and grains, the yield of green masses of grasses and grain production are not high enough on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils of the Central Non-Black Earth Region, which is associated with the structure of soils.

The effectiveness of the crop industry depends on the intensification of technological processes in order to most fully satisfy biologically cultivated crops in specific soil and climatic conditions. Therefore, the study of interspecific and intraspecific mixtures will allow us to offer production the most productive and technological cultivation of grain crops in mixed crops with perennial grasses.

An example should be noted that according to scientists (Smelov SP Biological principles of meadow farming - M .: OGIZ - agricultural land. - 1947, - p.14) “In the practice of meadow culture, we have long been accustomed to distinguish legumes from their longevity: plants with small longevity (red clover, French ryegrass, timothy grass, etc.) and large longevity (meadow bluegrass, befootless bonfire, creeping wheatgrass, etc. ”).

The differences between individual cultures in the demands on providing mobile phosphorus are primarily due to the different structure of the root system and the activity of exudate secretion. For example, lupine yellow has a core system that goes under the arable layer of soil, while in other plants the roots are in the arable layer. Hence their main difference is that acid-tolerant cultures secrete more exudates through the root system than neutral soil cultures. Therefore, the technology for growing perennial herbs may be optimal for each crop and their mixtures.

It should be borne in mind that for individual zones, and in particular for the Central Non-Black Earth Territory, productivity is limited by the duration of the frost-free period and the sum of active temperatures for this period. When choosing perennial herbs, it is necessary to take into account their multi-focusing and longevity, especially when compiling herbal mixtures.

In nature, external conditions are constantly changing, so plants can influence each other by releasing special chemicals into the soil and into the air, which in very small quantities exert a depressing effect on neighboring plants.

The claimed invention is aimed at solving the following problem: increasing the yield of herbs and grain, i.e. the creation of a highly productive grass stand and even more grain on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils in starting nutrition during the spring-summer regrowth while sowing a mixture of perennial and annual herbs with triticale with a seeding rate of 50% of the dose of the seed mixture, which allows this combination to achieve an effect that cannot be obtained by using each feature individually. Moreover, this effect makes it possible to intensify the process of the content of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in the soil, and this affects the overwintering and the formation of a crop of perennial grasses associated with an improvement in the nitrogen nutrition of crops.

At the same time, in comparison with the known technical solutions, the soil fertility parameters are optimized with minimal labor and funds and growth is accelerated on the development indicators of green grass masses and even more grain on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils.

To achieve the technical result of the method of growing herbs for green fodder and seeds on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils of the Central Non-Black Soil region, including growing crops and perennial grasses, fertilizing, caring for crops, in the spring after plowing during agronomic "ripeness of the soil" carry out its alignment and rolling with smooth water filling rollers, then the composition of the mixture of grass stand naturally growing on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils is formed by sowing the mixture during May and seeds at a dose of 100 kg / ha and introducing into the mixture of triticale with a seeding rate of 50% of the dose of the mixture of seeds, while the depth of seed placement is 5 cm, the row spacing is 15 cm, and the harvesting is carried out when the grass and grain are fully ripened.

A characteristic feature on such soils is their high resistance to adverse environmental conditions, reliable wintering and leveling of growth in the crop before clean sowing, not only in the first year of using herbs, but also in the second. Among the priority crops are annual lupins and fodder beans.

Thus, the problem, in terms of the composition of the seed mixture, is solved by adding triticale with a seeding rate of 50% of the dose of the seed mixture to the clover with timothy, vetch with oats, lupine, and beans.

The introduction of the estimated doses of grass mixtures and triticale for the planned yield between the rows reduces the amount of triticale and allows to a certain extent to abandon mineral fertilizers, which reduces the cost of production.

The same ratio in the grass mixture and assortment must be adhered to in further crops, in the care of the grass stand, according to the norms for the use of perennial herbs, 4 years.

Claims (1)

A method of growing herbs for green food and seeds on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Central Non-Black Earth Region, including growing crops and perennial grasses, applying fertilizers, caring for crops, characterized in that in the spring after plowing during agronomic "ripeness of the soil" they are leveled and rolling in with smooth water-filling rollers, then the composition of the mixture of grass stand, naturally growing on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils, is formed by sowing a mixture of seeds at a dose of 100 kg / ha during May and introducing triticale mixture with a seeding rate of 50% of the dose seed mixture, the depth of seeding - 5 cm between rows - 15 cm, and the cleaning is carried out with the full maturation of grasses and grains.