RU2576867C1 - Method for use of nitrogen leguminous crops for supplementary feeding of perennial grasses on sod-podzol soil of central non-black soil zone - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to plant growing. Method involves seeding of legume grasses seeds, for instance, clover, and taking care of crops. At that, after deep processing on sod-podzol sandy soils in spring, sowing is performed of annual leguminous plants by using them as cover crops, and of perennial grasses as cross sowing. Moreover, after achievement of mowing ripeness, accumulation of root residues of cover crops in soil takes place, and then crops are harvested for green fodder.

EFFECT: method allows to create high-yielding plant formation of perennial grasses, and produce high yield of green mass of perennial grasses with considerable accumulation of nutritional components.

1 cl, 4 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, specifically to methods for growing crops, and in particular for feeding perennial herbs in combination with annual herbs.

A known method of cultivating herbs, including tape sowing grass in the turf and care for crops, sowing is carried out in a mechanically destroyed turf, and care is carried out by periodically mowing the natural vegetation and fertilizing the grass with fertilizers, while mowing the natural vegetation in the ribbons is carried out at a cutting height not lower than the height of the seeded grasses, and between the ribbons - at the cutting height below the height of the seeded grass, but not higher than 8 cm (Copyright certificate SU No. 1713465, class A01B 79/02, A01G 1/00 of 02.23.1992).

However, its disadvantage is that the improved grass stand obtained for fertilizers between the ribbons has to be mowed even before its maturity, which leads to the loss of green mass. In addition, surface top dressing of mowed natural vegetation of grasses leads to high capital costs, while it is difficult to take into account the cutting height of grasses of certain sizes, since the cultivated field is not always uniform in its soil structure, and this affects the growth and growth of vegetation, i.e. insufficiently reliable and long-term feeding of perennial herbs occurs. Therefore, the total green mass yield of perennial grasses remains unbalanced in terms of nutrients, in particular for sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils with nitrogen and other nutrients, and these crops form a low year-long forage crop yield.

It should be noted that the use of this method of growing perennial grasses is not effective enough on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soils of the Central Non-Black Earth Region, which is associated with the structure of soils.

A known method, including the seeding of fodder crops in the grass of winter cereals (Bechius P.P. Intensification of field feed production. - M., Agropromizdat, 1989, p. 83), and also the accumulation of basic nutrients in the roots of some annual crops (Dukhanin A. A. Increasing the productivity of sandy soils of the Non-chernozem zone. - Tula, 1968, pp. 68-70).

However, these methods are ineffective and do not allow to create a good herbage of perennial grasses with the desired ratio of components, i.e. after sowing, legumes do not have a significant effect on increasing yields as forage harvested with grass. In addition, with this method of replanting in spring, the field surface is disturbed and grass grass is thinned out.

The effectiveness of the crop industry depends on the intensification of technological processes in order to most fully satisfy biologically cultivated crops in specific soil and climatic conditions. Therefore, cover crops with a legume component can provide an increase in the productivity of grass rotation (annual grasses with sowing of perennial grasses - perennial grasses three years of use).

Thus, the possibility of using perennial grasses (in particular, clover with timothy) for nitrogen of annual leguminous plants (narrow-leaved lupins, fodder beans and their mixtures with triticale) for autumn-spring nitrogen feeding of perennial grasses by applying them as cover crops becomes an urgent problem. The content of assimilable forms of nitrogen and other nutrients in the soil due to the mineralization of root-crop residues is increasing.

In the scientific literature, recommendations for top dressing with mineral nitrogen of 30 ... 45 kg / ha are not rare. However, in modern conditions, at high prices for mineral fertilizers, this is an expensive undertaking. Moreover, it is not always successful: in some cases, mineral nitrogen enters dry land and does not participate in plant nutrition, in others it is washed out by precipitation. Especially autumn stocks of nitrogen in the arable layer are washed away by autumn and spring melt water. Hence, in early spring due to temperature conditions and waterlogging of the soil, the processes of biological mobilization of soil nitrogen are greatly weakened or even absent.

This is especially true for sod-podzolic sandy-loamy soils, where it is necessary to use nitrogen nutrition in the soil during the growing period in spring to develop green masses of grasses, in particular perennial ones.

A known method of cultivating herbs, including strip sowing seeds of legumes, such as clover, in a mechanically destroyed turf fertilizer, with cutting, parallel to future strips of cracks at equal distances from each other, and the distance between the cracks is a multiple of the distance between the axes of the strips, and care for crops , during the first sowing, the axis of the strips are located at a distance from the slots equal to half the row spacing, and when re-sowing after the expiration of the production period of clover longevity, to prevent “clover ia "the axis of the strips is moved relative to the slots by a distance equal to the row spacing (patent RU No. 2220524, class A01B 79/01, A01G 1/00 dated 01/10/2004).

However, its disadvantage is that these crops form a low, unstable over the years crop yield, not balanced by nutrients for animals, in particular, feeding perennial grasses with nitrogen for the development of grasses in autumn and spring, forming their biomass during the growing season, an increase in the development of the root system of perennial herbs and the accumulation of nutrients in it.

Considering that for certain zones, and in particular for the Central Non-Black Earth Territory, feeding of perennial grasses becomes an urgent problem on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soil, an increase due to the mineralization of root-crop residues of the content of assimilated forms of nitrogen in the soil and other nutrients also contributes to better wintering and optimizing the development of herbs in the spring. The duration of cover crops can be traced for three years using perennial herbs. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the total yield of perennial grasses, the accumulation of root-crop residues, the content of nutrition elements (NPK) in them, and the more developed root system of perennial grasses should be included here.

The claimed invention is aimed at solving the following problem: improving the conditions of growth and development of plants, as well as increasing productivity by maximizing the use of nutrient elements of cover crops with the processes of mineralization of their root-crop residues, i.e. creation of a more developed root system of perennial herbs and increased accumulation of nutrients in them.

In accordance with the proposed method, after spring deep cultivation on soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soils, sowing of annual leguminous plants is carried out by using them as cover crops, and sowing of perennial grasses is done cross-over, and after the mowing ripeness of cover crops in the soil, root-crop residues accumulate, and then they are harvested for green feed. Moreover, this effect allows to intensify the mineralization process of their root-crop residues, and also creates a more developed root system of perennial grasses and an increased accumulation of nutrients in them. Along with this, these crops are well opposed to overwintering and the formation of a crop of perennial grasses associated with improving the nitrogen nutrition of crops.

At the same time, in comparison with the known technical solutions, soil fertility is optimized and growth is accelerated at the lowest cost and means, which affects the development indicators of the green mass of perennial grasses.

Example.

For the non-chernozem zone, sowing of clover with timothy grass, grain crops (triticale) and plants - donors of biological nitrogen (narrow-leafed lupine, fodder beans, vetch with oats, lupine with triticale, beans with triticale) are used as cover crops.

For sowing, zoned varieties were used: a mixture of VIK-7 clover (70% + 70%) with a cover of triticale spring Ulyana (100%), narrow-leaved lupine Crystal (100%), Penza 16 beans (100%) and a mixture of oat Anastasia with vetch Lgovskaya (50% + 50%), lupine with triticale (75% + 75%), beans with triticale (75% + 75%). Cover crops were cultivated as annual grasses. The value of the experimental plot was 13.2 m ² , repeatability 3-fold.

Perennial grasses and coverslips were sown cross: first cover crops, then perennial grasses. Agricultural technology in experience is generally accepted for the Vladimir region. The experiments were carried out in the first decade of May.

From the data given in table 1, it can be seen that during the mowing ripeness of cover crops under their influence, an increase in the accumulation in the soil of root-crop residues (roots) and nutrients in them was noted; legumes and their mixtures with cereals contributed to an increase in nitrogen residues by 15 ... 27 kg / ha (34-67%), 6-13 kg / ha of phosphorus and 13-19 kg / ha of potassium.

From the data given in table 2, it is seen that root-crop residues with priority accumulation of nitrogen contributed to an increase in the content of its mobile forms of nitrogen in the soil in the soil under perennial grasses.

From the data given in table 3 it can be seen that triticale as a cover crop did not affect the nitrogen content in the soil, legumes in their pure form and in combination with cereals contributed to the improvement of nitrogen nutrition of clover with timothy grass in autumn and spring, which positively affected the formation of mowing harvest, i.e. the influence of cover crops on the yield of mixed crops of clover with timothy (average data for 2 bookmarks of the experiment).

From these tables it follows that cover crops with a legume component contributed to the growth of the yield of perennial herbs. In the first and second years of use, a higher yield was achieved according to the variant with lupine, which is associated with a well-developed root system of this crop in sub-arable horizons, which, when mineralized, provides perennial grasses with additional nutrients.

From the data given in table 4 it follows that the effect of the positive effect of cover crops is associated with the processes of their root-crop residues and the more developed under their influence root system of perennial grasses, i.e. the influence of cover crops on the development of the root system (wet weight) and the content of mobile nitrogen under perennial grasses.

Thus, lupine and its combination with triticale influenced the accumulation of root-crop residues and the removal of nutrients by them: weight gain was 94 c / ha (36%) and 82 c / ha (32%), additional accumulation of nutrients was 109 kg / ha (39%) and 86 kg / ha (31%).

Increasing the accumulation of root mass and the content of nutrients in it, cover crops with a legume component not only contributed to the growth of productivity of perennial herbs, but also had a positive effect on soil fertility.

The economic efficiency of the use of cover crops, based on the total productivity of perennial herbs over 4 years and cover crops, was taken into account in feed units. So, the increase in the yield of green mass was 48 ... 51 ha ke (26-27%), the cost of increasing the crop 38400-40800 rubles / ha; conditionally net income reached an average of 7517-8175 rubles per hectare of crop rotation per year. Therefore, with a deficiency of fertilizers, the proposed method can be used to increase the productivity of herbs. Perennial forage crops provide an opportunity to get a good mowing of highly nutritious fodder mass. Along with this, such crops well resist wintering and form a crop of perennial grasses associated with improving the nitrogen nutrition of crops.

A characteristic feature for the cultivation of perennial grasses (clover with timothy grass) can be used on light soils of the non-chernozem zone under the cover of annual grasses with a legume component. Thus, the method allows to improve the nitrogen nutrition of the root system of perennial herbs and increase their mass, reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers for their nutrition and the risk of environmental pollution by them.

The method can be widely used on light soils of the non-chernozem zone of the country and primarily in farms on small areas and give a high economic effect.

Claims (1)

A method of using legume nitrogen to feed perennial grasses on sod-podzolic soils of the Central Non-Black Earth Region, including sowing leguminous grass seeds, for example clover, sowing care, characterized in that after spring deep cultivation on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils annual sowing is carried out by their use as cover crops, and sowing of perennial grasses - cross-over, and after the ripening ripeness of cover crops in the soil there is an accumulation of root-crop residues s, and then carry out their cleaning for green fodder.