RU2081534C1 - Method of growing annual winter grain crops for green fodder - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural technology. SUBSTANCE: according to method, before sowing of winter grain crops, planted is perennial fodder crop which is grown and harvested. In this case, perennial fodder crop coincides with winter grain crops as to periods of spring grow, growing intensity and occurrence of ripeness harvesting phase. In second year of growing, perennial crops and winter grain crops are grown simultaneously. EFFECT: high efficiency.

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of cultivating crops to obtain early highly nutritious feed.

 A known method, including the seeding of forage crops in the grass of winter cereals [1] However, this method is ineffective and does not allow you to create a good mixed grass with the desired ratio of components. With this sowing, the seeds of legumes, cruciferous and other sown crops are poorly embedded in the soil and sprout unevenly, and the seedlings obtained as a result of early growth and rapid growth of winter cereals in the spring are suppressed and significantly thinned. Legumes preserved after sowing do not have a significant effect on increasing yields as forage harvested from grass stands. Moreover, with this method of replanting, due to the high soil moisture in the spring, the field surface is disturbed and the grass of winter cereals is thinned.

 There is also known a method that includes a joint spring sowing of winter cereals with early growing spring winter fodder crops of other families: vetch, rape, rape, etc. [2, 3] However, due to the low winter hardiness of leguminous and cruciferous winter crops, their crops die in the winter-spring period . Therefore, the known method is not acceptable in regions with severe climatic conditions.

 The closest in technical essence to the claimed object is a method of cultivating winter cereals to obtain early green forage in its pure form [4] However, its drawback is that these crops form a low year-old crop of fodder mass that is not balanced by nutrients for animals , in particular protein. In addition, their harvesting time for green fodder is very limited, the crops of these crops are not very high.

 The claimed invention will allow to obtain nutritionally balanced early green fodder and increase the productivity of the feed hectare without additional costs of material and money.

 To achieve the specified technical result and the method of cultivating annual winter cereals on green fodder, including tillage and their autumn sowing, spring sowing of perennial forage crops is carried out their cultivation and harvesting before the autumn sowing of winter cereals, while long-term forage crops are selected with a high protein content and coinciding in the second year of life with winter cereals in terms of spring regrowth, growth intensity, the onset of mowing ripeness phases, and then carry out joint cultivation e annual winter grasses with perennial forage crops and harvesting green fodder.

 The claimed invention differs from the prototype in that before the autumn sowing of annual winter cereals conducts spring sowing of perennial feed crops, their cultivation and harvesting, while perennial feed crops are selected with a high protein content and coinciding with winter cereals according to the timing of spring regrowth, growth rate, onset phases of mowing ripeness, and then carry out joint cultivation of annual winter cereals with perennial feed crops and their harvesting for green fodder.

 Due to the fact that the sowing of annual winter cereals is carried out in the sowing of perennial fodder crops of the first year of life after harvesting, the seeds without traditional soil cultivation are sown in the moist soil layer to the optimum depth, which ensures the emergence of seedlings. In addition, perennial crops grown after mowing, in particular legumes, not only do not inhibit winter cereals, but, on the contrary, improve their nitrogen nutrition this year and second. They protect the seedlings of winter cereals from adverse weather conditions, exclude the possibility of water and wind erosion of the soil, the spread of weeds, and in winter they improve the conditions for wintering of winter crops by retaining snow on crops that have grown by the aftermath of perennial forage crops. When sowing with disk seeders, in root shoots of perennial crops, partial cutting of root offspring and thereby the formation of new shoots are observed, which contribute to increasing yields and improving the quality of mixed grass stand. The selection of crops according to the periods of simultaneous spring growth, growth intensity, the onset of the phases of mowing ripeness and having a high protein content allows avoiding the mutual oppression of plants during the second year and preserves the specified ratio of components in the grass that has a stable and high yield in the first mowing and good lag after mowing grass stands.

 The method is as follows.

 On a spring plowed field in the winter, early spring moisture is closed by harrowing, pre-sowing cultivation and soil rolling. Then sowing of high-protein perennial forage crops is carried out, coinciding in the second year of life with winter crops in terms of spring regrowth, growth intensity and the onset of mowing ripeness phases. As such crops, they use clover, Oriental goat, alfalfa, perennial lupine, dyeing laida, hybrid root sorrel, blackhead, etc. Perennial forage crops are sown according to one species in an ordinary or in mixtures of grass mixtures for two or three components in a separate-row way, pre-selected them by the simultaneous onset of phases of mowing ripeness. During the growing season, crops are cultivated according to the technology adopted for them in the zone. Harvesting is transferred to the phase of ripeness of the grass stand (early flowering), but no later than the optimal time for sowing winter cereals. Then the field is harrowed with a BIG-3 needle harrow, and one-year winter cereals are sown across rows of perennial feed crops. By autumn, winter cereals grow well, and perennial forage crops grow enough and retain snow on the field, which contributes to a good wintering of winter crops. Harrowing of crops is carried out in the spring, and when mowing maturity of grass stands is achieved (winter crops, long-term forage crops, perennial forage crops. Flowering), they are harvested for green forage: the main crop in late May and early June, aftermath in August.

 Example. To obtain early green fodder, balanced in nutrition in the spring after pre-sowing cultivation and soil rolling on April 25, May 10, sowing of a long-term bean culture, depending on the eastern goat's, in particular, is carried out in a wide-row (after 45 cm) method and the rate of 8 kg / ha of germinating seeds to a depth of 1 2 cm. At the same time, two rows of a high-protein fodder crop of Wajda dyeing, coinciding with the goat in terms of the onset of mowing ripeness of grass, are planted in its rows between rows. The seeding rate of weida fruit is 15 kg / ha, the seeding depth is 2-3 cm. Sowing is carried out with serial grain-grass seeders that allow sowing the seeds of two crops at the same time. Field after sowing roll. During the vegetation of plants, as necessary, weed mowing is carried out at the level of the grass stand of perennial forage crops. In the first second decade of August, when perennial fodder crops reach the crop maturity (early flowering), but no later than the optimal sowing season for winter rye, they are harvested by the KSK-100 combine for feed. Then the field across or diagonally sowing harrowed with a BIG-3 needle harrow and immediately across the rows of perennial forage crops sow winter rye 5 million grains per hectare (140 160 kg / ha).

 Sown with serial crops seeders SZP-3.6. Previously, the force of the springs on the rods of the sowing disc coulters is increased, the depth of seeding is 4–6 cm. By autumn, perennial forage crops grow to a height of 15–30 cm and in winter retain snow well on the field. Winter rye leaves in the tillering phase in winter, at a height of 5-8 cm.

 In the spring of next year, at the end of April, the crops are harrowed with the BIG-3 needle harrow. Harvesting green mass is carried out by the KSK-100 combine harvester as mixed grass stand reaches mowing ripeness: winter rye early. earing, perennial feed crops early. flowering. The main mowing is mowed on May 25, June 10, aftermath 5 August 15.

 In order to propose the period of use of green fodder in the early spring, along with winter rye, winter triticale is also used, which forms the mowing mass 6 10 days later than winter rye. To increase productivity and obtain nutritionally balanced feed from its crops, winter triticale according to the proposed method is sown in a mixture in the fall consisting of high-protein perennial feed crops of Eastern goatskin (8 kg / ha) and hybrid feed sorrel (6 kg / ha). The seeding rate of triticale is 5 million germinating grains per hectare (180,200 kg / ha), the depth of seed placement is 4–6 cm. In the spring, mowing of the grass stand of triticale and perennial feed crops is carried out on June 5–18, after August 10–20.

 The proposed method is easily performed by serial agricultural machines in any regions and provides high efficiency of sowing annual cereals to high-protein perennial feed crops (table). Using this method allows for two years to get three crops of fodder mass balanced in nutrients for animals. Moreover, perennial forage crops, having a high dropout rate per year of sowing, grow well after mowing and retain snow on the field in winter, thereby improving the conditions for wintering of winter cereals in winter, and in the spring - supplying them with moisture. In the second year, due to the high dropout rate, perennial forage crops without additional costs for processing and sowing annual fodder crops, after harvesting winter cereals, make it possible to get a good mowing of highly nutritious fodder mass. Along with this, mixed crops well resist the manifestation of water and wind erosion of the soil, weeds. The use of leguminous crops, in particular, Oriental goat, clover, alfalfa, perennial lupine, etc. allows one to improve the nitrogen nutrition and increase in the aboveground mass of winter cereals, reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers for their nutrition and the risk of environmental pollution by them.

Claims (1)

 A method of cultivating annual winter cereal crops on green fodder, including tillage and autumn sowing, characterized in that before the autumn sowing of winter cereals, spring sowing of perennial fodder crops is carried out, their cultivation and harvesting, while perennial feed crops are selected with a high protein content and coinciding in the second year of life with winter cereals in terms of spring regrowth, growth intensity, the onset of mowing ripeness phases, and then they carry out joint cultivation of annual winter crops varnishes with perennial feed crops and their harvesting for green fodder.

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