RU2295217C1 - Soya cultivation method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves preliminary sowing winter barley for grain; mulching field with non-grain part; sowing soya 4-6 days before summer solstice with neutral processing of soil; desiccating stem stand on 19-21 September; harvesting grain during period of from 30 September to 10 October.

EFFECT: increased grain yield.

3 dwg, 2 ex

Description

The present invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of cultivating soy.

A known method of soybean cultivation, in which the optimal sowing time is determined by the temperature of the upper soil layer, equal to in the range of 6 ... 22 degrees. For Bulgaria, this is a period of time - April, beginning of May (Soya / S.D. Arabadzhiev, A.Vatashki, K. Goranova, etc.: Translation from Bulgarian E.S. Sigaev. - M .: Kolos, 1981 - p. 96 -102).

A disadvantage of the known method of soybean cultivation is the collection of low yields of soybean grain. This drawback is caused by the fact that the biological potential of the yield of soybean varieties is not used to a large extent, and they also allow significant loss of grain yield by beans on uncut stems when mowing soybean stalk.

Soybean is a crop responsive to soil temperature. Fluctuations in soil temperature in the month of May, especially in the years when frosts occur in May, lead to unprotected seedlings. This causes increased competition between plants in the crop. Plants - "monopolists", which mainly form the grain yield in this field, suppress the lagging plants in the development, which as a result of this give a low yield. Thus, environmental resources are not spent productively.

In addition, in the known method of cultivating soybeans, the flowering phase occurs during the hot season - July, beginning of August. High air temperatures lead to the abortion of a significant part of the flowers of plants and, as a consequence, a decrease in productivity by two times, i.e. up to 18 ... 20 kg / ha. In this case, the fruiting of plants moves to the lower tiers of plants, which complicates the subsequent cutting of plants without loss of beans on uncut stems of plants during harvesting.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result to the proposed method is a method of soybean cultivation, the sowing time at which is determined by stable heating of the seed layer of soil to 12 ... 14 degrees. An indirect indicator of the onset of optimal sowing dates is the emergence of mass seedlings of spring weeds. The calendar dates for soybean sowing, taking into account varietal characteristics and climatic zones, fall on the period of the second half of April - May (Buryakov Yu.P. et al. Soy. Intensive technology. - M.: VO Agropromizdat, 1988. - P.36- 38) is a prototype.

The disadvantage of the method adopted for the prototype is the collection of low yields of soybean grain. This drawback is due to the fact that the biological potential of the yield of varieties is not fully used, and significant losses are allowed by beans when mowing soybean stalks.

In the known method, the shoots of soy plants are laid and grow under conditions of increasing day length. As shown by field studies, this leads to a shortening of internodes and tying up the bulk of inflorescences in the lower tier of plants. This complicates the process of mowing plants during the harvest season. Reapers of combine harvesters, for example, modifications of the Don combine, allow significant losses by beans on uncut stems. The use of cutting devices of low cut (see Zhukov V.Ya., Komarova MK "Combating losses in grain harvesting." - M .: Rosselkhozizdat, 1981 - p.126-127) in the design of harvester headers used for harvesting soybean grain, on the one hand, complicates the design of combines, and on the other hand, does not completely eliminate the loss of beans on uncut stems. In this case, there is a need to reduce the working speed of the harvester, i.e. harvester performance decreases during harvesting.

Soy is a thermophilic plant. It is responsive to soil temperature. Fluctuations in soil temperature in the month of May, especially when in May there is a cooling and even freezing, cause sprouting. This leads to increased competition between plants in the crop. Plants - "monopolists", which mainly form the grain yield in this field, suppress plants that have lagged behind in growth, which as a result give a low yield. Thus, environmental resources are not spent productively.

In addition, in the known method, the flowering phase occurs in the hot season - July, early August, which leads to abortion of a significant part of the flowers of plants and, as a result, a decrease in yield by almost half, i.e. up to 18 ... 20 kg / ha. It also enhances the movement of fruiting in the lower tier of the plant, which complicates the subsequent cutting of plants without loss of beans on uncut stems.

The technical solution to the problem is to obtain a given yield of soybean grain.

The objective is achieved in that in a method of cultivating soybean, including sowing, applying to the soil and plants means for controlling the adaptability and productivity of plants (fertilizers, herbicides, bioactive substances), harvesting grain, according to the invention, winter barley is pre-sown on grain or grain with a non-grain part whose plants are mulched to zero, sowing is carried out 4 ... 6 days before the summer solstice for zero tillage, September 19-21, desiccation of the stalk is carried out, and the grain harvest is harvested from September 30 to October 10 October

Due to the distinctive features of the claimed method, that is, the choice for sowing soybean as a precursor of winter barley for grain or grain, it is possible to sow soybeans in the best possible time. Only winter barley ripens by June 10 ... 15. Mulching the surface of the field increases the moisture content in the soil and air in the soybean stem due to the condensation of moisture from the air, i.e. "atmospheric irrigation", and reduce the rate of evaporation of moisture under the influence of sunlight. In addition, the activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms is activated in the air-soil contact zone, especially when the moisture content in the upper soil layer increases. This enriches the soil and plants with nitrogen, reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers by 2 ... 3 times.

Soybean sowing 4 ... 6 days before the summer solstice, falling on June 21 ... 23, i.e. June 15 ... 17, provides seedlings on June 21 ... 23 and the development of plants in the regime of shortened daylight hours. This leads to an increase in the length of the internodes of soybean plants. The flowering phase shifts during the cooler summer, which improves the fruit set process. In addition, the bulk of the beans is formed in the upper tiers of the plant. This increases the yield and reduces losses when mowing the stalk.

Sowing soybeans with zero tillage ensures the maximum possible moisture retention in the soil when seeding the soil into the soil and in the pre-sowing season, since soil cultivation “with formation rotation” is not applied. In addition, the effect of the presence of winter barley on the stubble field surface and mulching from its non-cereal part is maximally used. The soil structure formed under the influence of the predecessor, i.e. the air permeability and water permeability of the soil does not deteriorate, which is especially important, for example, for the Kuban chernozems, called "heavy".

The desiccation of soybean stalks on one of the days from September 19 to September 21 forcibly ends the process of its vegetation, providing the opportunity to harvest grain in a period of time favorable from the point of view of weather conditions. This reduces grain yield losses during harvesting. In addition, it provides the opportunity for further cultivation of agricultural crops, for example, sowing winter barley or winter wheat for zero tillage or raising chaff. At the same time, growing conditions for crops are improved, for which soy is the precursor, due to improved soil aeration, which is due to the core structure of the root system of soy plants.

Harvesting soybean grain during the period from September 30 to October 10 allows you to harvest before the autumn inclement weather, which will reduce crop losses during the harvesting process. In addition, the field was released on time for planting subsequent winter crops.

The analysis of the properties of the totality of the features of the claimed method and the properties of the totality of the features of the detected prototype and analogues showed that the totality of the features of the claimed method exhibits a new property of the prototype - the harvest of soybean grain in accordance with the planned yield.

Figure 1 schematically shows the timing of the technological operations of the claimed method of cultivating soybeans; figure 2 schematically shows the architectonics of a bush of a dream when cultivated by known methods; figure 3 - the same when cultivating the claimed method.

Examples of specific performance of the proposed method of soybean cultivation.

Example 1. The field intended for soybean sowing in the period from October to February 20 is sown with winter barley. Harvesting barley for grain is carried out in the period from May 10 to May 20. In this case, the non-cereal part of the crop - straw and sex is left on the surface of the harvested field. The straw during the harvesting process is crushed, for example, by choppers of combine harvesters PUN - 5, PKN - 1500, PKN - 1500B, PKN - 1500B-01.

Pre-sowing preparation of the soil consists in treating the surface of the soil of the field with pre-emergence herbicides in soybean, for example Roundup or Pivot, at the rate of 3 l / ha per one arrival.

Presowing treatment of soybean seeds includes treatment with biostimulants. For example, 0.5 l of Bigus and 1.0 l of a solution of microorganisms EM-1MBTS are applied per 1 ton of seeds. It is preferable to apply adsorbents, for example, selicogel to the seeds, based on 80 ... 90 kg of seeds, 1 kg of selicogel is applied.

Soybean sowing is carried out in the period from June 20 to 22 for zero tillage, i.e. without preliminary turnover of the soil layer and the use of plane-cutting working bodies. To do this, use seeders used for sowing in fields with zero or minimal surface treatment on stubble with crop residues, for example, SZK - 4.5 Soyuz seeder or Marlis combined seeder (USA).

When sowing, they maintain a row spacing of 15-18 cm, a sowing rate of 80-90 kg / ha and a seed placement depth of 4-5 cm.

The seedlings are treated with a solution of microorganisms EM-1MBTS with a spread rate of 2 l / ha, Bigus (humate potassium) with a spread rate of 0.5 l / ha and Furolan with a spread rate of 5 l / ha for inducing plant immunoreactions.

September 20, desiccation of leafy mass of soybeans is carried out, forcibly stopping its further vegetation. To do this, Roundup is applied on stalked soybeans at the rate of 3 l / ha.

Harvesting soybean grain is carried out in the period from September 30 to October 10 by direct combining, providing a stubble height within 10-12 cm. For harvesting, for example, combine harvester SK-5M-1 "Niva" or modifications of the combine "Don" are used. The moisture content of the harvested grain is brought to standard condition by forced drying (humidity should not be higher than 14%).

Example 2. The field intended for soybean sowing is sown with winter barley during the period from October to February 20. Harvesting barley for grain, i.e. grain in the stage of milk-wax ripeness used for food is carried out during the period from June 1 to June 15 with a grain combine with gentle threshing mode (reduce the frequency of rotation of the threshing drum). At the same time, the non-cereal part of the crop is crushed and scattered as usual when harvesting grain crops.

Pre-sowing preparation of the soil consists in processing the surface of the soil of the field with pre-emergence herbicides in soybean, for example Roundup or Pivot, at the rate of 3 l / ha in one trace.

In addition, the field surface is treated with a solution of effective microorganisms EM-1MBTS at the rate of 2 l / ha.

Subsequent technological operations are performed as described in example 1.

Using the proposed method of soybean cultivation in comparison with known methods will allow:

- guaranteed to get a higher yield of soybean grain;

- it is more rational to use the area of the field in a crop rotation, receiving, in addition to soybean cultivation, a crop of grain or grain of winter barley;

- soil fertility increases with timely sowing of subsequent winter cult, their productivity increases.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating soybeans, including sowing, applying adaptability and productivity of plants to the soil and plants, harvesting grain, characterized in that winter barley is pre-sown for grain or grain, the grain is mulched in the non-grain part, soybean is sown in 4-6 days before the summer solstice for zero tillage, September 19-21, stalk desiccation is carried out, and the grain harvest is harvested from September 30 to October 10.

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