CN115486227A - A method of cultivating with straw mulching strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing - Google Patents

Abstract

A straw-covered strip shallow-depth loosening and harrowing tillage method to solve the problem of large amount of ground breaking, high power consumption, low operation efficiency, poor straw-covered no-tillage seeding quality, and slow ground temperature rise in spring in the strip rotary tillage technology covered with corn straw. Problems affecting seedling growth. Methods: 1. Straw mulching: when harvesting, use a corn harvester to harvest and mulch and return the straw to the field; 2. Less-tillage land preparation: put the straw back into a no-tillage belt containing a large amount of straw and a belt to be tilled with a small amount of straw, and then Perform deep loosening and shallow plowing on the treated belt to form a narrow row deep loosening and shallow tillage seeding belt; 3. No-tillage sowing: two rows of corn are planted in the deep loosening and shallow harrowing belt, and the narrow row is deep loosened and shallowed by the grass cleaning wheel of the seeder when sowing. Rake the surface stalks of the seeding belt to clear to both sides of the seedling belt; 4. Field management; 5. Harvesting. The straw can be fully covered by wide strips and deep loosening and shallow harrowing in narrow strips, which can prevent erosion and fertilize the field, protect the soil, increase the ground temperature of the sowing zone, and improve operating efficiency.

Description

A method of cultivating with straw mulching strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing

technical field

The invention relates to an agricultural farming method, in particular to a straw-covered strip deep loosening and shallow harrowing farming method.

Background technique

Corn stalk mulching and returning to the field, no (less) tillage and sowing are modern farming technology systems, which can effectively reduce soil wind and water erosion, improve soil fertility, increase drought resistance and moisture conservation, and achieve soil health conservation and efficient food production. At present, the technical system mainly includes three methods: no-tillage with straw covering and returning to the field, strip tillage with straw covering and returning to the field, and ridge farming with straw covering returning to the field. In the existing technology, there are a large number of straws on the sowing belt that affect the emergence of seedlings, and the crops with low ground temperature in spring grow slowly after straw mulching, and the strip farming with rotary tillage as the main farming method has problems such as excessive soil breaking, slow operation speed, and low efficiency. .

Contents of the invention

The present invention aims to solve the problems of large amount of ground breaking, high power consumption, low operation efficiency, poor quality of no-tillage sowing with straw covering, and slow ground temperature rise after straw covering in spring, which affects the growth of seedlings in the existing strip rotary tillage technology. To solve the problem, a method of cultivating with deep loosening and shallow harrowing in straw covering strips is provided.

A method for cultivating straw-covered strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing, the method is realized through the following steps:

Step 1. Straw mulching: when the corn is harvested in autumn, the corn harvester is used to harvest, and the harvested straw is evenly covered on the ground and returned to the field;

Step 2. Less-tillage land preparation: use the straw returning device to carry out straw returning on the land covered with straw to form a no-tillage belt covered with straw and a belt to be tilled with a small amount of straw, and perform deep loosening and shallow harrowing on the belt to be tilled Operation, deep loosening and shallow harrowing operation is to mix the straw evenly in the soil layer of the shallow harrowing sowing belt, and the splashed soil will press the straw covering the no-tillage belt to form strips distributed in wide and narrow rows. Covered no-tillage belt, narrow row of deeply loosened and shallow harrowed sowing belt, covered no-tilled belt contains 70% to 100% straw, deep loosened and shallow harrowed sown belt contains 0-30% straw, covered no-tilled belt width is 55 cm ~ 90 cm, the width of the deep loosening and shallow rake seeding belt is 40 cm ~ 65 cm, the depth of deep loosening is 20 cm ~ 30 cm, and the depth of shallow raking is 2 cm ~ 10 cm;

Step 3. No-tillage sowing: When the soil temperature is stable above 10°C, use a no-tillage seeder to sow. When sowing, the grass cleaning wheel on the no-tillage seeder will clean the surface straw of the narrow rows of deep loose and shallow harrow seeding belts to the seedlings. Two rows of corn are planted on both sides of the belt, and the distance between the two rows of corn is 40 cm to 50 cm;

Step 4, field management: After the seedlings are established, the conventional field management methods are used to control and manage diseases, insect pests and weeds;

Step 5. Harvesting: After the corn is mature in autumn, harvest it with a harvester.

Further, the straw harvested in the first step may or may not be stubbled.

Further, in the step 1, the broken length of the harvested stalks is 5 cm to 30 cm, and the stalks are evenly sprinkled.

Further, the harvested stalks in the step 1 may be standing stalks.

Further, in the step 2, subsoiling can be carried out at the same time during the shallow harrowing operation for the ridge-cropping plot or soil compaction plot, the depth of soil subsoiling is 20 cm to 30 cm, and the width of subsoiling is 5 cm to 10 cm .

Further, in the second step, the less-tillage land preparation operation can be carried out after the autumn harvest and before freezing, or after the land is thawed by 3 cm to 7 cm in spring and before sowing, or it can be carried out simultaneously with sowing.

Further, in the step 3, fertilization can be carried out at the same time of sowing. Fertilizer application can be carried out in the form of one-time application during sowing, or the method of applying base fertilizer or base fertilizer + mouth fertilizer + topdressing at seedling stage when sowing.

Further, the method also includes step 6, alternation of seasons: in the second year, the straw is returned to the original sowing belt to form a straw-covered area, and the covering no-tillage belt and the deep-loose and shallow-harrowing sowing belt are replaced successively every year.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. Straw mulching with deep loosening and shallow harrowing tillage method, through a large amount of straw covering in wide strips and a small amount of shallow harrowing in narrow strips, the full amount can be returned to the field, which can prevent erosion and fertilize the field, protect the soil, increase the ground temperature of the sowing belt, and improve operating efficiency. Cost saving; it effectively solves the problems of large amount of ground breaking, low operation efficiency and large amount of straw affecting seedling emergence, and slow ground temperature rise after straw mulching affects seedling growth in spring. It is an efficient straw mulching returning technology.

2. In the method of the present invention, a large amount of straw is covered and returned to the field, a small amount of straw is returned to the field with a shallow rake, and moderately less soil is broken. Compared with the traditional farming method of leaving the straw out of the field and forming ridges by rotary tillage used by farmers, this method can effectively reduce soil wind erosion and water erosion, store water and preserve moisture, and return straw to the field can increase soil organic matter and trace elements and other nutrients, fertilize soil.

3. Straw-covered strip deep loosening and shallow harrowing tillage method. The straw-covered plots are crushed or partially returned. 70-100% of the straw strips are covered and 0-30% of the straw strips are mixed. Compared with straw mulching and no-tillage, straw mulching and strip plowing, straw mulching and ridge farming, and less and no-tillage farming methods, this method of straw mulching and mixed returning can reduce the When sowing, the straw dragging heap affects the quality of the sowing, prevents the seeds from falling on the straw cover and affects the germination of the seeds, and can increase the ground temperature to promote the growth of seedlings. Combined with the use of the grass wheel when sowing, the dry soil mixed with some straws is cleaned to two sides of the seedling belt. On the side, it can effectively solve the problem that the full amount or a large amount of straw mulch returning to the field affects the quality of sowing and seedling emergence.

4. When the method of the present invention is shallowly raking, the splashed soil falls to the straw covering belt, which can prevent the straw from fluttering with the wind and promote the straw to rot and return to the field; this method implements the operation of deep loosening and shallow raking in the sowing belt, and the width of the shallow raking does not exceed the local conventional planting row spacing , The depth does not exceed 7 cm, which achieves moderately less soil breaking, effectively reducing soil disturbance and protecting soil by rotary tillage and other soil breaking methods, and the shallow rake operation speed is fast, consumes less power, high efficiency, low operating cost, and significant economic benefits.

5. The method of the present invention simultaneously completes the plowing and land preparation process of straw returning, deep loosening and shallow harrowing, and shallow soil covering, and has high operation efficiency, good sowing and seedling emergence, and has broad application value.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of forming the covered no-tillage zone A and the deep loosening and shallow harrowing sowing zone B after the straw-covered plots are returned to the rows in step 2, and the narrow row is loosened and shallowly harrowed.

detailed description

Specific embodiment one: illustrate this embodiment in conjunction with Fig. 1, this embodiment is realized through the following steps:

Step 1. Straw mulching: when the corn is harvested in autumn, the corn harvester is used to harvest, and the harvested straw is evenly covered on the ground and returned to the field;

Step 2. Less-tillage land preparation: use the straw returning device to carry out straw returning on the land covered with straw to form a no-tillage belt covered with straw and a belt to be tilled with a small amount of straw, and perform deep loosening and shallow harrowing on the belt to be tilled Operation, deep loosening and shallow harrowing operation is to mix the straw evenly in the soil layer of the shallow harrowing sowing belt, and the splashed soil will press the straw covering the no-tillage belt to form strips distributed in wide and narrow rows. Covering no-tillage zone A, narrow behavior deeply loosening and shallow harrowing sowing zone B, covering no-tillage zone A containing 70% to 100% straw, deep loosening and shallow harrowing sowing zone B containing 0% to 30% straw, covering no-tillage zone A The width of the seeding belt B is 55 cm to 90 cm, the width of deep loosening and shallow harrowing is 40 cm to 65 cm, the depth of deep loosening is 20 cm to 30 cm, and the depth of shallow raking is 2 cm to 10 cm;

Step 3. No-tillage sowing: When the soil temperature reaches 10°C or higher, use a no-tillage seeder to sow. When sowing, the grass cleaning wheel on the no-tillage seeder will clean up the straw on the surface of the narrow-row deep-loose and shallow-harrow sowing belt B. Plant two rows of corn on both sides of the seedling belt, and plant two rows of corn in the center. The distance between the two rows of corn is 40 cm to 50 cm to ensure that the seeds cannot fall on the straw, but on the wet soil of the ditch;

Step 4. Field management: After the seedlings are established, the conventional field management methods are used to control and manage diseases, insect pests and weeds; conventional field management methods include the application of herbicides for chemical pre-emergence or post-emergence weeding, and the use of seed coating technology or insecticides, fungicides, And various biological control methods to prevent and control the main diseases and insect pests of corn, use growth regulators to prevent lodging, promote growth, and promote early maturity operations, scientifically and balanced fertilization, use seeders with fertilization devices or special seedling topdressing machines for fertilization Operation;

Step 5. Harvesting: After the corn is mature in autumn, harvest it with a harvester.

The harvested stalks in the step 1 may or may not be stubbled. When it is necessary to leave stubble, the cutting table of the harvester should be properly raised during harvesting, and the straw returning machine should be raised to keep 15 cm to 30 cm high root stubble to fix the soil.

The length of the harvested stalks in the step 1 is 5 cm to 30 cm, and the stalks are evenly sprinkled to avoid piles.

The stalks harvested in the first step can be standing stalks (that is, not crushed). When the corn is harvested in autumn, the stalk returning mechanism of the corn combine harvester is closed, and the corn harvester is used to harvest only the ears of corn.

In the second step, subsoiling can be carried out at the same time during the shallow harrowing operation on the ridge-cropped plot or the compacted soil plot. The soil subsoiling depth is 20 cm to 30 cm, and the subsoiling width is 5 cm to 10 cm.

In the second step, the less-tillage land preparation operation can be carried out after the autumn harvest and before freezing, or after the land is thawed by 3 cm to 7 cm in spring and before planting, or it can be carried out simultaneously with planting.

In said step 3, fertilization can be carried out at the same time of sowing, and fertilizer application can be carried out in the form of one-time application during sowing, or the method of applying base fertilizer or base fertilizer + mouth fertilizer + topdressing at seedling stage when sowing.

The method also includes step 6, alternation of seasons: in the second year, the straw is returned to the position of the original sowing belt to form a straw-covered area, and the no-tillage belt A and the deep-loosening and shallow-harrowing belt B are replaced sequentially every year. That is, the mulched no-tillage zone A in the first year is the deep-loose shallow-harrow sowing zone B in the second year, and the deep-loose shallow-harrow sown zone B in the first year is the mulch-free zone A in the second year.

The application example of the inventive method:

Example 1

Step 1. Straw mulching: When harvesting, the cutting table of the harvester should be raised appropriately, and the straw returning machine should be raised to keep 15 cm to 30 cm of high stubble for soil consolidation; the rest of the straw should be broken to a length of 5 cm to 30 cm and evenly sprinkled;

Step 2, less tillage after harvesting and land preparation before sowing: 1), use the straw returning device to return the plots covered with straw to form a no-tillage zone covered with about 80% straw and a land to be tilled containing about 20% straw The width of the no-tillage zone is 80 centimeters, and the width of the zone to be tilled is 50 centimeters; 2), carry out deep loosening and shallow raking operations on the zone to be tilled by disc harrow blades and subsoiling cutters, and the depth of the shallow rake soil layer is 5 centimeters, Mix the straw evenly in the soil layer of the sowing belt with shallow raking; 3), the soil splashed during shallow raking will press the straw covering the no-tillage belt, forming a wide row of covering no-tillage belt A and a narrow row of deep loose shallow rake sowing belt B's wide and narrow row interval distribution;

Step 3. No-tillage sowing: When the soil temperature is stable above 10°C, use the grass-cleaning wheel of the heavy-duty no-tillage seeder to clean the surface straw with a little soil in the deep-loose shallow harrow sowing belt B to both sides of the seedling belt. Seeds are sown on the wet soil, two rows of corn are planted with deep loosening and shallow harrowing sowing belt B; base fertilizer is applied once when sowing, and the fertilizer is N, P, K (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), and its content is respectively 15:15: 15 compound fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer applied is 120 catties/mu;

Step 4, field management: After the seedlings are established, the conventional field management methods are used to control and manage diseases, insect pests and weeds;

Step 5. Harvesting: After the corn is mature in autumn, harvest it with a harvester.

By adopting the method of deep loosening and shallow harrowing in the above steps 1 to 5, the soil preparation speed can reach 10 km/h, which is 50% to 80% higher than that of the straw-covered strip rotary tillage method, and the fuel consumption per unit area is reduced by 35%. . Compared with conventional tillage, the soil temperature during sowing increased by 1.8°C, the soil moisture content increased by 4.8 percentage points compared with conventional tillage, and increased by 1.2 percentage points compared with straw-covered strip rotary tillage, and the seedling emergence time was the same as straw-covered strip rotary tillage and conventional tillage , The emergence rate reached 95.5%, the same as the strip rotary tillage, 4.5 percentage points higher than the conventional tillage.

Example 2

Step 1. Straw mulching: When harvesting, close the straw return processing part of the corn combine harvester, and use the corn harvester to harvest only the ears of corn. After harvesting, the corn stalks are in the standing state of the whole stalk or part of the whole stalk;

Step 2: After harvesting, perform less tillage and land preparation before sowing: 1) Use straw crushing and returning deep loosening and shallow harrowing combined with soil preparation machine to pick up, crush and return the standing or partially dumped whole poles to form straws containing more than 85% straw Covered no-tillage strip and subsoiled tillage strip containing about 15% straw, the width of the no-tillage strip is 75 cm, and the width of the tillage strip is 55 cm; Carry out the operation of deep loosening and shallow raking, wherein the depth of deep loosening is 30 cm, and the depth of shallow raking soil layer is 7 cm, and the straw is evenly mixed in the sowing belt soil layer of shallow raking; 3), the soil splashed during shallow raking will cover the The stalks in the tillage belt are pressed down to form a wide-row and narrow-row interval distribution of the no-tillage zone A covered by wide rows and the sowing zone B with deep loosening and shallow harrowing in narrow rows;

Step 3. No-tillage sowing: When the soil temperature is stable above 10°C, use the grass-cleaning wheel of the heavy-duty no-tillage seeder to clean the surface straw with a little soil in the deep-loose shallow harrow sowing belt B to both sides of the seedling belt. Seeds are sown on the wet soil, two rows of corn are planted with deep loosening and shallow harrowing sowing belt B; base fertilizer is applied once when sowing, and the fertilizer is N, P, K (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), and its content is respectively 15:15: 15 compound fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer applied is 120 catties/mu;

Step 4, field management: After the seedlings are established, the conventional field management methods are used to control and manage diseases, insect pests and weeds;

Step 5. Harvesting: After the corn is mature in autumn, harvest it with a harvester.

Using the above steps 1 to 5 straw-covered strip deep loosening and shallow-harrow tillage method, the soil preparation speed can reach 10 km/h, which is 50% to 70% higher than the straw-covered strip rotary tillage method, and the fuel consumption per unit area is reduced by 25%. . Compared with conventional tillage, the soil temperature during sowing increased by 1.7°C, the soil moisture content increased by 4.5 percentage points compared with conventional tillage, and increased by 1.5 percentage points compared with straw-covered strip rotary tillage, and the emergence time was the same as that of straw-covered strip rotary tillage and conventional tillage. , The emergence rate reached 96.5%, which is the same as that of strip rotary tillage and 4.8 percentage points higher than that of conventional tillage.

Claims (8)

1. A kind of stalk-covered strip deep-loose shallow harrow tillage method, is characterized in that: described method is realized by following steps: Step 1. Straw mulching: when the corn is harvested in autumn, the corn harvester is used to harvest, and the harvested straw is evenly covered on the ground and returned to the field; Step 2. Less-tillage land preparation: use the straw returning device to carry out straw returning on the land covered with straw to form a no-tillage belt covered with straw and a belt to be tilled with a small amount of straw, and perform deep loosening and shallow harrowing on the belt to be tilled Operation, deep loosening and shallow harrowing operation is to mix the straw evenly in the soil layer of the shallow harrowing sowing belt, and the splashed soil will press the straw covering the no-tillage belt to form strips distributed in wide and narrow rows. Covered no-tillage belt (A), narrow behavior deeply loosened and shallow harrowed sowing belt (B), covered no-tilled belt (A) contains 70% to 100% straw, deep loosened and shallow harrowed sown belt (B) contains 0 to 30% The width of the covering no-tillage belt (A) is 55 cm to 90 cm, the width of the deep loosening and shallow rake seeding belt (B) is 40 cm to 65 cm, the depth of deep loosening is 20 cm to 30 cm, and the depth of shallow raking 2 cm to 10 cm; Step 3, No-tillage sowing: When the soil temperature reaches above 10°C, use a no-tillage seeder to sow. When sowing, the grass cleaning wheel on the no-tillage seeder will loosen the surface straw of the seeding belt (B) in narrow rows Clean up to both sides of the seedling belt, and plant two rows of corn in the center, the distance between the two rows of corn is 40 cm to 50 cm; Step 4, field management: After the seedlings are established, the conventional field management methods are used to control and manage diseases, insect pests and weeds; Step 5. Harvesting: After the corn is mature in autumn, harvest it with a harvester. 2 . The method for cultivating straw-covered strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing according to claim 1 , characterized in that: in the first step, the harvested straw may or may not remain stubble. 3 . The method for cultivating straw-covered strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing according to claim 1 , characterized in that: in the first step, the harvested straws have a broken length of 5 cm to 30 cm and are evenly sprinkled. 4 . The method for cultivating straw-covered strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing according to claim 1 , characterized in that: the harvested straws in the first step can be standing stalks. 5. A method of cultivating straw-covered strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing according to claim 1, characterized in that: in said step 2, when performing shallow harrowing operations on ridge-cropped plots or soil-hardened plots, the method can be carried out simultaneously Subsoiling, the soil subsoiling depth is 20 cm to 30 cm, and the subsoiling width is 5 cm to 10 cm. 6. A method of cultivating straw-covered strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing according to claim 1, characterized in that: in said step 2, the less-tillage land preparation operation can be carried out after the autumn harvest and before freezing, or after the autumn harvest In spring, the ground is thawed by 3 cm to 7 cm before sowing, or it can be carried out at the same time as sowing. 7. A method of cultivating straw-covered strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 3, fertilization can be carried out while sowing, and the fertilizer can be applied in one time when sowing, You can also choose to apply base fertilizer or base fertilizer + mouth fertilizer + topdressing at the seedling stage when sowing. 8. A method of cultivating straw-covered strips with deep loosening and shallow harrowing according to claim 1, characterized in that: the method also includes step 6, alternation of seasons: in the second year, the straw is returned to the original sowing belt The location forms a straw-covered area, and the covered no-tillage zone (A) and the deep-loose and shallow-harrow sowing zone (B) are replaced in turn every year.

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