RU2282337C1 - Method of dressing perennial grass layer for early fallow in grain fallow grass crop rotation system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, energy saving processes for cultivation of fodder crops under insufficient moistening conditions.

SUBSTANCE: method involves turning soil layer once per rotation on raising of field from sown grasses; combining plowing performed with turning of sod layer with application of organic fertilizers and plowing-in of green manure crops, with plants of precursor crop being used as green manure crops, which are laid onto furrow bottom; during following rotation years, performing presowing surface mellowing in order to provide for desired seed embedding depth; according to first version, performing mellowing process in the form of slitting to 0.40-0.45 m depth during late autumn period, with strip spacing making 1.4-2.8 m; in early spring period, providing continuous mellowing of top layer to 0.25-0.27 m depth in direction transverse to slitting direction; upon growing of perennial sown grasses and frost resistant weeds, providing dressing of layer by disking to 0.12-0.16 m depth; performing additional disking process at 10-14 days interval for complete mechanical killing of plantation and keeping of stubble and root remains in top layer; carrying out leveling of relief by covering top layer; after sowing process, terminating cycle by post-sowing covering process; according to second version, performing volumetric mellowing during long-lasting winter thaws to 0.5-0.6 m depth with spacing during passages making 2-3 m; during early spring period, performing dressing of perennial grasses layer by disking to 0.12-0.16 m depth at 10-12 days interval for killing weed plants and stubble remains; according to third version, during autumn, performing moldboard-free flat cultivation of soil to 0.16-0.18 m depth by means of cultivators-flat hoes; dressing top root layer to 0.12-0.16 m depth; during early spring, destructing top layer crumbs by means of needle-type and/or disk-type working tools.

EFFECT: increased efficiency in restoration of soil fertility, accumulation of moisture and mineral feeding in root layer, and elimination of wind erosion of soil.

4 cl, 15 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to energy-saving technologies for the cultivation of feed crops in conditions of insufficient moisture (for example, the Northern Caspian in the southeast of the European part of the Russian Federation).

There is also known a method of tillage, including loosening of arable and subsurface horizons, in which, in order to improve the quality of processing by reducing the variegation of soil fertility, loosening of the subsurface horizon is performed in the horizontal plane (SU, copyright certificate No. 1459617 A1 M. cl. ⁴ A 01 B 49 / 02, 13/12. Method of soil cultivation / N.G. Starovoitov (USSR) - Application No. 3874375 / 30-63; Stated March 21, 1985; Publ. 02.23.1989, Bull. No. 7).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem we are solving include the unsatisfactory quality of the formation, large energy consumption and an unacceptably large amount of erosion-hazardous particles. The latter is unacceptable for the Caspian lowland, where the foci of dust storms are most dangerously developed.

In addition to the described methods, there is known a method of retaining moisture and restoring soil structure, including the destruction of the soil crust surface by mechanical cultivation, in which, in order to increase moisture in the fertile soil layer and improve its structure, the soil crust surface is destroyed by introducing a working body into the soil from above to form on the soil surface hollows and tubercles of the herringbone type, from below the hollows a humus emulsion is fed into the soil under pressure with the formation of a layer of it (SU, copyright certificate No. 1491362 A1 M class ⁴ A 01 B 79/02. A method of maintaining moisture and restoring soil structure / A.Kh. Zimagulov and MG Gatin (USSR) .- Application No. 4271525 / 30-15; Stated 06/29/1987; Publ. 07/07/1989, Bull. No. 25).

The disadvantages of the described method include unsatisfactory crumbling of the upper layer and the need for high energy consumption.

There is a method of deep plowing the soil on the slopes, including a two-layer treatment with a turnover of the upper layer, in which the upper layer is plowed to a different depth, stepwise with increasing thickness of the upper adjacent layers in depth towards the rise, in which, in order to reduce moisture loss in the plowed layer, processing the lower layer is also carried out by plowing, and the layers of the upper and lower layers are interchanged, and the thickness of adjacent layers of the layer is increased in the direction of lowering the slope, so that the total processing depth remains constant the upper and lower strata are laid on the lower ones with an offset so that they overlap the joints of the lower strata (SU, copyright certificate No. 1454275 A1 M class ⁴ A 01 B 79/00. Method of deep plowing of the soil on the slopes / A.S. Shkvira, V .A.Dubrovin, L.K. Litvinyuk et al. (USSR) Application No. 4059984 / 30-15; Declared April 22, 1986; Publish. January 30, 1989, Bull. No. 4).

The disadvantages of the described method include high energy consumption and a high degree of erosion hazardous particles.

The closest analogue to the claimed object relates to a method of tillage, which includes turning the soil once in rotation when lifting the field from under sown grasses with the simultaneous application of organic fertilizers and green manure to the bottom of the furrow and pre-sowing loosening of the soil in the remaining years of rotation, in which increase productivity and increase the fertile layer loosening the surface soil layer is carried out at an annually increasing depth so that before the next sowing in the rotation of perennial grasses the depth of the field Lenia was equal to the thickness of the wrapped layer, and re-start of plowing in a second crop rotation is carried out to a depth greater than the depth of the previous plowing (SU, Inventor's Certificate №1463152 A1 M. cl. ⁴ A 01 B 79/00. A method for soil treatment / VA .Sakun, I.P. Makarov, O.A. Sizov (USSR) Application No. 4123192 / 30-15; Stated 06/30/1986; Publ. 07.03.1989, Bull. No. 9).

Despite the similarity of the problem being solved, the described method does not provide high-quality cutting of the upper sod layer of the soil as an early steam in a grain-grass and grass rotation. The disadvantages of the described method also include high energy consumption, poor quality of root residues, a large number of erosion-hazardous soil particles.

The essence of the claimed invention

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to increase the productivity of agrophytocenoses by restoring microbiological activity and photosynthesis in a grain-grass and grass rotation.

The technical result is an increase in the yield of cereal crops and their sanitation of the root habitat of the upper soil layer.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cutting a layer of perennial grasses for early steam in a system of grain and grass crop rotations, including turning the soil layer once into rotation when raising the field from under the sown grasses with the simultaneous application of organic fertilizers and green manure to the bottom of the furrow and pre-sowing surface loosening of the soil in the remaining years of rotation, according to the invention, loosening in the form of slotting is carried out to a depth of 0.40-0.45 m in the late autumn with a step of 1.4-2.8 m between the cracks, and in early spring During this period, the top layer is completely loosened to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m across the direction of slitting, when growing perennial seeded grasses and cold-resistant weeds, the formation is cut by discarding to a depth of 0.12-0.16 m with an interval between cycles of 10. ..14 days, then carry out the alignment by rolling the top layer, sow cereal crops and complete the cycle after sowing rolling.

When performing operations according to the second option, during long winter thaws, “winter windows” carry out volumetric loosening to a depth of 0.5-0.6 m with a step between passes of 2-3 m; in the early spring, a layer of perennial grasses is cut by disking to a depth of 0.12 -0.16 m with an interval of 10-12 days for the destruction of weeds and crop residues, and sowing of cereal crops and post-sowing rolling are carried out in agrotechnical terms after leveling the relief.

When performing the complex of technological operations according to the third option, in the autumn period, non-moldboard flat-cutting tillage is carried out to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m or plowing without a turnover of the formation to a depth of 0.22 - 0.27 m and, following the disking, they carry out cutting of the upper root-saturated layer to a depth of 0.12-0.16 m, in the early spring period, the stakes of the upper layer are destroyed by needle and / or disk working bodies to a depth of 0.05-0.08 m for sowing cereal grasses or cereal crops and after sowing rolling .

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

A method of cutting a layer of perennial grasses under early steam in a system of grain-grass and grass rotations (located in close proximity to cattle farms or summer platforms for fattening dairy cultivation or young growth) involves turning the soil layer once in rotation (after four to five years) when lifting the soil layer from fields from under sown grasses (monoecious - clover, alfalfa, ryegrass, wheatgrass, fescue and multicomponent - in mixed or strip crops). When plowing with a turnover of a layer of unproductive and downed seeded grasses, organic fertilizers are simultaneously applied from adjacent cattle farms (cattle) and siderats are embedded on the bottom of the furrow. In the remaining years of rotation, pre-sowing surface loosening of the soil is carried out to seed the sown seeds, either annual or perennial fodder crops, or phytomeliorant plants for soil rehabilitation.

In the proposed method for obtaining high-quality grain and grass crop rotation before cutting a layer of perennial grasses for early steam, loosening to a depth of 0.40-0.45 m is carried out by slider racks, for example, ЩН-2-140. Slots during slotting are cut in the late autumn with a step of 1.4-2.8 m. The lion's share of natural precipitation in the Lower Volga region falls in the autumn-winter period (see table 1). Through cut slits, precipitation accumulates in the lower soil horizons. These precipitations replenish available soil moisture reserves. In the early spring, when the soil temperature reaches 6 ... 8 ° C, continuous loosening of the upper soil layer to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m is carried out transversely to the direction of slitting. This operation is performed by tractor mounted and semi-mounted plows PLN - 5-35 or PLP - 6-35, equipped with racks of hulls of the SibIME design. During the early spring period, up to 60 ... 80 mm of precipitation falls from summer norms, with which the arable horizon is evenly saturated. When growing perennial seeded grasses and cold-resistant weeds, the cultivating of the green layer is carried out by discing to a depth of 0.12-0.16 m.This operation is performed by an aggregate including a caterpillar tractor of draft class 3 and heavy disc harrow BDT - 3.0 in the direction of continuous loosening.

With prolonged prolonged and cold spring with an interval between cycles of 10-14 days, this therapy is repeated. In order to suppress weeds and ensure a dormant period and complete decomposition of irrigation residues, roots and rhizomes of perennial legume and bluegrass herbs, reorganization, and accumulation of mineral nutrition in the second or last decade of April, grain crops are sown (spring - barley, wheat) as grain fodder. To pull moisture from the lower horizons, level the macro relief of the field and to destroy blocks and soil aggregates, pre-sowing rolling is carried out with either smooth water filling rollers 3 KVG - 1,4 or ring-spur rollers 3 KKS-6A.

Post-sowing rolling completes the field work cycle in the field of the described crop rotation.

The meteorological conditions for conducting effectiveness studies are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the soil density on a grain-grass and grass rotation when processing as described above (the first option) and, as a comparison base, a two-track formation of heavy disc harrows of the BDT - 3.0 family on spring crops barley varieties South and winter wheat varieties Donshchina. The presented difference in soil density over the layers of the root horizon ensures soil absorption of precipitation, aeration and heat supply in the early spring. The dynamics of the total moisture supply in the meter layer under crops of spring barley and winter wheat is shown in Tables 3 and 4. The photosynthetic activity of spring barley plants of the Yuzhny and winter wheat varieties of Donshchina when cutting the upper layers according to the claimed method and in two tracks with heavy disc harrows BDT - 3 , 0 are presented in tables 5 and 6. The effectiveness of the proposed method is obvious.

The described method contributes to the vital activity of microorganisms that contribute to the decomposition of plant and root residues and restoration of soil fertility. Special experience confirms the latter (see table 7).

Used machine technological operations in the proposed method allow the growing season of winter wheat varieties Donshchina and spring barley varieties South (see table 8). Elements of the structure of the harvest of spring barley of the Yuzhny variety and winter wheat of the Donshchina variety are described in Tables 9 and 10. The barley plants growing in the experimental plot with cutting the formation in two traces of the DBT - 3.0 harrow had a height of 0.55 m, and in the plot with processing according to the first embodiment of the claimed method is 0.63 m. Table 11 presents the yield of grain of barley South and wheat Donshchina on the compared options.

Table 12 shows the bioenergetic efficiency of cutting a layer of sod of perennial grasses in a grain-grass and grass rotation when processing according to the technology described above. As a comparison base, a deposit (control), plowing with a turn of the formation by plow-plow plows to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m and a two-track section with the complete destruction of large blocks with stakes larger than 0.15-20 m are proposed. The nature of the change in biological productivity in the crops of winter wheat Donshchina and spring barley South is shown in table 13. The table shows the productivity of winter wheat and spring barley according to the harvesting season 2004. The above research results (see table 14) confirm the effectiveness of processing methods in the upper sod layer when preparing the soil as an early steam.

The described method can significantly reduce the erosion hazard on downed pastures (see table 15).

The method of cutting a layer of perennial grasses for early steam in the system of grain-grass and grass rotations according to the second variant differs from the above in that during long winter thaws, "winter windows" carry out volumetric cultivation to a depth of 0.5-0.6 m. This operation is carried out by mounted cultivators of PH models - 60 B or RN - 80 A in an aggregate with tractors of draft class 5. The width of the loosening zone on the field surface is 0.8-1.3 m. The step between passages is 2-3 m. These zones intercept thawed water as in winter and in the early spring. At this time, as a rule, an intense drain of melt water and water erosion of the soil occur. In the early spring, a layer of perennial grasses is cut by discarding to a depth of 0.12-0.16 m. Machine operation is performed with a heavy disc harrow BDT - 3.0. With an interval in cycles of 10-12 days, this operation is repeated to destroy the cold-resistant weed vegetation and crop residues. After leveling the relief of the field, sowing of cereal crops is carried out for this zone in the established agrotechnical terms, ensuring the occupation of the field with a sanitizing crop. Post-sowing rolling is performed to create contact between the sown seeds of cereal ears and soil. This operation is usually conducted ring-spur rollers 3 KKSH - 6 A.

For a quantitative assessment of the described technology, we present the results of field studies performed on the fields of the ONO OPH "Lower Volga" GNU Prikaspiysky Research Institute of Arid Agriculture. Location ONO OPKH "Lower Volga" most fully characterizes the conditions of the Northern Caspian. Climatic conditions are shown by us in table 1. The difference in soil density during its processing on grain-grass and grass rotation according to the described (for brevity of description, the second option) method and after plowing with a turnover of the formation is visible in layers of soil horizons. The dynamics of stocks of available soil moisture during soil cultivation according to the claimed method (second option) and the comparison base (plowing with formation turnover) are presented in tables 3 and 4.

The claimed method provides the growth rate of plants of both spring barley of the Yuzhny variety and winter wheat of the Donshchina variety (see the results in Tables 5 and 6).

The correctness of the direction is proved by the results of studies in Table 7. The increasing biological activity of light chestnut soils under barley and wheat crops testifies to the proposed technology for cutting a layer of perennial grasses in a feed crop rotation. Cutting the soil layer according to the second option, compared with plowing with plows PLN - 5-35, changes the structure of the crop (for example, spring barley and winter wheat). The data are presented in tables 9 and 10. The yield of the mentioned crops is shown in table 11. The bioenergy efficiency of the methods for cutting the strata and the nature of the change in the yield of green mass are shown as numerical data in tables 12 and 13. The increase in grain yield of 0.2 t / ha shows the feasibility of soil treatment by a set of technological operations when cutting the reservoir according to the second option (see table 14). A qualitative change in the structure of the treated strata under crops of spring barley and winter wheat is evidenced by data on the reduction of erosion-hazardous soil particles both on the surface and in the layers of the root horizon (see Table 15).

The method of cutting a layer of perennial grasses for early steam in a system of grain-grass and grass crop rotations according to the third option provides for moldless flat-cutting soil cultivation with KPG 2-150 and KPP T-9 plane cutters to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m. Depending on the initial density and hardness of the soil, this the operation is carried out as plowing without a turnover of the formation to a depth of 0.22-0.27 m. Following the track of the caterpillar tractors, they carry out the cutting of the upper root-saturated formation to a depth of 0.12-0.16 m with heavy disk harrows of the BDT family - 3.0. In the autumn-winter period, moisture accumulation occurs in the 0-0.3 m layer. Due to low temperatures, stakes and blocks are destroyed. Precipitation enters the space between the clods of soil and blocks and is retained in them in the form of snow and ice. In this case, the destruction of root bonds in soil aggregates occurs. In the early spring, the lumps of the upper layer are destroyed by needle working bodies (SBIG disks - 2.8) and / or disk working bodies of the LDH - 5 disk cultivator to a depth of 0.05-0.08 m for sowing cereal grasses or cereal crops. After sowing, they are driven by ring-spur rollers 3 KKSh - 6A.

When performing the method according to the third embodiment, the experiments were carried out in weather conditions described in table 1. The change in soil density in a grain-grass crop rotation after treatment is shown in table 2. As a control, a grain-grass crop rotation deposit was adopted. The dynamics of the total moisture supply in a meter layer of soil under barley and wheat crops is shown in Tables 3 and 4, and their photosynthetic activity is shown in Tables 5 and 6. The change in the activity of microorganisms depending on the soil treatment is presented in Table 7. Elements of the structure of the spring barley crop South and winter wheat varieties Donschina varieties are shown by us in Tables 9 and 10, and their productivity is shown in Table 11. The bioenergy efficiency of the methods for cutting the strata is described by the data shown in Table 12. The nature of the change in green yields hydrochloric mass of barley and wheat is shown in Table 13. Economical treatment effect is shown in Table 14. The environmental situation in the processing Zernin for remediation of soil cultivation of barley and winter wheat is shown in Table 15.

Thus, the data presented in favor of the claimed methods of cutting a layer of perennial grasses for early steam in the system of grain-grass and grass rotations.

Table 1
Meteorological conditions for research (for example, 2003/2004 agricultural year) Indicators 2003 year 2004 year Medium months months annual IX X X XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX-VIII Monthly average temperature, ° С 16,0 10.9 2.2 -1.2 -3.6 -2.2 4.3 9.9 16.6 21.0 22.5 25.1 10.1 The temperature deviation from the mean annual norm, ° C -0.3 +2.6 +1.8 +4.1 -5.6 -6.2 +5.3 +1.2 -0.1 -0.5 -1.8 +2.3 -0.8 Precipitation, mm 15.0 55.1 21.0 7.0 29.6 41.0 34.1 22.6 9.7 37.3 54.9 16.6 343.9 Deviation of precipitation from mean annual norm, mm -8.0 +35.1 +1.0 -16.0 +11.6 +23.0 +16.1 +4.6 -20.3 -11.3 +28.9 -2.4 +84.0 Relative humidity% 56 71 89 88 89 84 76 64 58 58 62 49 70.3 The number of days with a relative humidity of 30% or less - - - - - - 3 6 12 9 8 19 57

table 2
The density of the soil in the grain-grass and grass rotation after cutting a layer of perennial grasses (as of May 24, 2004), g / cm ³ The list of technological operations during cutting on crops of spring barley cultivar South on winter wheat crops of the Donshchina variety layer soil layers, cm soil layers, cm 0-10 10-20 20-30 0-10 10-20 20-30 In the first embodiment of the claimed method 1.37 1.42 1.41 1.36 1.41 1.36 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.32 1.37 1.34 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 1.38 1.46 1.42 1.44 1,50 1.44 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 1,50 1,52 1.46 1,52 1,52 1.46 Plowing with turnover of the plow with plow plows PLN - 5-35 1.48 1.40 1.42 1.33 1.51 1.42 Deposit (control) 1,57 1,56 1.51 1.49 1,52 1.43

Table 3.
Dynamics of the total moisture supply in a meter soil layer under crops of spring barley according to 2004, mm Experiment Options Date and month of soil sampling 03.17-25.05 03/17 04/20 05/06 25.05 Initial stock of total moisture Total moisture Precipitation Moisture balance Total moisture Precipitation Moisture balance * Total moisture Precipitation Moisture balance * Moisture balance In the first embodiment of the claimed method 203.4 191.3 41.5

159.4 2.9

153.4 6.9

-61.5 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 190.6 183.4 41.5

167.2 2.9

151.8 6.9

-79.6 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 178.5 179.5 41.5

154.9 2.9

146.3 6.9

-83.5 Two-track formation of the heavy disc harrow of the BDT family - 3.0 156.0 172.3 41.5

147.4 2.9

135.8 6.9

-71.5 Plowing with turnover of the plow with plow plows PLN - 5-35 171.0 164.2 41.5

136.1 2.9

92.0 6.9

-130.3 Deposit (control) 142.7 131.2 41.5

126.6 2.9

89.3 6.9

-140.2

Table 4.
Dynamics of the total reserve in soil moisture in a meter layer of soil under winter wheat crops Donschina according to 2004, mm Experiment Options Date and month of soil sampling 03/17 04/20 05/06 25.05 03.17-25.05 Initial stock of total moisture Total moisture Precipitation Moisture balance * Total moisture Precipitation Moisture balance * Total moisture Precipitation Moisture balance * Moisture balance In the first embodiment of the claimed method 181.5 162.5 41.5

118.6 2.9

98.5 6.9

-106.7 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 177.3 151.6 41.5

117.3 2.9

92.6 6.9

-120.3 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 176.2 134.8 41.5

109.9 2.9

84.1 6.9

-134.1 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 158.6 144.8 41.5

138.5 2.9

101,4 6.9

-126.1 Plowing with a turn of a layer ploughshare PLN - 5-35 148.5 148.5 41.5

115.8 2.9

85.9 6.9

-134.1 Deposit (control) 132.4 138.1 41.5

106,2 2.9

80.2 6.9

-147 ^* ) Precipitation: in the numerator - mm; in the denominator is%.

Table 5.
Photosynthetic activity of Yuzhny spring barley (according to 2004 data) Experiment Options Observation period 05.05 25.05 Leaf area, thousand m ² / t. Net photosynthesis productivity, g / m ² / day Daily gains in dry biomass kg / ha Leaf area, thousand m ² / ha Net photosynthesis productivity, g / m ² / day Daily gains in dry biomass kg / ha In the first embodiment of the claimed method 1.82 12.16 8.9 21,13 7.4 70,2 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 1.81 10,2 8.4 19.42 7.2 68,4 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 1.75 7.0 5.7 18.50 6.5 65.7 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 1.72 9.3 8.0 16,42 6.0 54.0 Plowing with turnover of the plow with plow plows PLN - 5-35 1,63 7.0 5.7 16.64 6.8 62.3 Deposit (control) 1,58 6.3 4.7 12.61 5.1 48.7

Table 6.
Photosynthetic activity of winter wheat in the Don region (according to 2004 data) Experiment Options Observation period 25.05 06.06 Leaf area m ² / ha Net photosynthesis productivity, g / m ² / day Daily gains in dry biomass, kg / ha Leaf area m ² / ha Net photosynthesis productivity, g / m ² / day Daily gains in dry biomass, kg / ha In the first embodiment of the claimed method 9.87 27.1 164 8.09 18.7 115 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 9.12 26.2 158 7.57 18.1 112 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 8.56 24.9 148 6.41 14.3 one hundred Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 5.71 14.6 73 5.52 10.3 92 Plowing with a turnover of a layer plow plows PLN - 5-35 7.92 22.0 134 6.61 17.8 111 Deposit (control) 6.15 18.7 127 5.96 16,4 102

Table 7.
Biological activity of light chestnut soils (on the example of GUP OPKH "Leninsky" GNU PNIIAZ September 2003) Experiment Options The initial mass of linen to the bookmark experience The mass of linen after laying the experience Web loss,% In the first embodiment of the claimed method 4.21 3.68 12.58 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 4.15 3.75 9.61 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 3.62 3.23 10.87 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 4.18 3.79 9.32 Plowing with a turnover of a layer plow plows PLN - 5-35 3.72 3.29 11.63 Deposit (control) 4.05 3.86 4.72

Table 8.
The characteristic of the interphase periods of cereal crops depending on the method of cutting the sod of perennial grasses in the grain-grass and grass rotation Interphase Spring barley, grade South Winter wheat, grade Donshchina period Cutting the turf according to the first embodiment Deposit (control) Cutting turf according to the second option Deposit (control) Days Precipitation, mm Temperature ° C Days Precipitation, mm Temperature ° C Days Precipitation, mm Temperature ° C Days Precipitation, mm Temperature ° C Sowing - seedlings 7 10.9 8.5 7 10.9 8.5 12 2,4 14.5 fourteen 3.6 14.7 Sprouting tillering 16 2.9 14.1 eighteen 2.9 14.1 17 1,2 14.8 19 1.7 15.8 Tillering exit to the tube eleven 3.6 15.1 fourteen 3.6 15.1 196 181.2 10.0 213 217.4 12.6 Heading Ears eighteen 9.3 17.6 21 9.3 17.6 26 6.5 14,4 27 8.3 17.1 Ripening ripening 35 51.3 20.9 38 51.3 20.9 40 40.6 22.0 44 46,4 23.0 Sowing-ripening 87 79.8 17.7 98 79.8 17.7 291 259.8 17.5 317 277.4 18.1

Table 9
Elements of the structure of the harvest of spring barley South, depending on the methods of cutting a layer of turf in a grain-grass-crop rotation Experiment Options Plant height, m The number of productive stems pcs / m ² Spike length mm The number of grains in the ear, pcs Mass of 1000 grains, g In the first embodiment of the claimed method 0.63 241 79 22 49.8 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 0.59 238 78 21 49.1 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 0.57 236 74 twenty 48,2 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 0.55 218 71 17 46.7 Plowing with turnover of the plow with plow plows PLN - 5-35 0.61 246 80 twenty 49.4 Deposit (control) 0.53 171 69 19 43,4 NDS _0.5

Table 10.
Elements of the structure of the winter wheat crop of the Donshchina variety, depending on the methods of cutting the turf layer in the grain-grass and grass rotation Experiment Options Plant height, m The number of productive stems, pcs / m ² Spike length mm The number of grains in the ear, pcs. Mass of 1000 grains, g In the first embodiment of the claimed method 0.61 251 74 36 37,2 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 0.59 247 71 34 36 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 0.54 238 69 33 34.8 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 0.60 200 65 thirty 30.1 Plowing with a turnover of a layer plow plows PLN - 5-35 0.56 276 64 33 35,2 Deposit (control) 0.49 193 59 29th 30,0 NDS _0.5

Table 11.
Crop yields according to the harvest season of 2004, depending on the method of cutting the turf layer in the grain-grass and grass rotation, t / ha Experiment Options Winter wheat, grade Donshchina Spring barley, grade South In the first embodiment of the claimed method 1.32 1.17 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 1.21 0.93 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 0.99 0.80 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 0.78 0.80 Plowing with a turnover of a layer plow plows PLN - 5-35 1,02 0.79 Deposit (control) 0.73 0.65 NDS _0.5 0.11 0.14

Table 12.
Bioenergy efficiency method of cutting a layer of sod of perennial grasses in a grain-grass-grass rotation Experiment Options Winter wheat Southern barley Profitability,% Energy Costs, MJ / ha Energy intensity of production of 100 kg of grain, MJ Energy efficiency factor for phytomass Profitability,% Energy Costs, MJ / ha Energy intensity of production of 100 kg of grain, MJ Energy efficiency factor for phytomass In the first embodiment of the claimed method 119.6 17003.4 17380.9 2.24 113.4 17558.4 20856.4 2.26 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 118.7 16584.7 16412.4 2.22 102.5 16427.4 20,422.7 2.15 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 115.0 15627.9 15886.4 2.15 97.6 15627.9 19534.9 2.00 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 122.8 9515.3 12,199.1 1.81 86.6 9515.3 17300,5 1.3 Plowing with a turnover of a layer plow plows PLN - 5-35 116.5 10334.5 10132.7 3.22 98.5 10334.5 13081.6 2.6 Deposit (control) 96.3 9870.4 9274.5 1.74 84.2 9870.6 12013.7 1,08 NDS _0.5

Table 13.
The nature of the change in the yield of green mass and absolutely dry matter of winter wheat of the Yuzhny variety, depending on the type of cutting of the sod of perennial grasses in a grain-grass-grass crop rotation Experiment Options Winter wheat Spring barley South 05.05 06.06 05.05 25.05   green mass, g / m ² Absolutely dry matter, g / m ² green mass, g / m ² Absolutely dry matter, g / m ² green mass, g / m ² absolutely dry matter, g / m ² green mass, g / m ² Absolutely dry matter, g / m ² In the first embodiment of the claimed method 372.5 111.4 1277.4 503.2 60,2 8.73 701.4 143.4 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 370.4 108.6 1215.4 481.7 58.4 8.71 693.4 142.1 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 356.9 105.3 1066,4 471.9 53,2 8.6 676.8 140.0 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 347.0 104.4 803.6 333.3 53,2 8.6 676.8 140.0 Plowing with turnover of the plow with plow plows PLN - 5-35 368.1 104.7 1066,4 471.9 53.6 8.6 657.2 133.2 Deposit (control) 313.4 17.4 993.6 387.5 51,2 7.7 603.5 122,4 NDS _0.5 3.71 0.38 27.4 46.5 0.57 0.42 22.6 12.48

Table 14.
Cost-effectiveness of technologies for cutting a layer of perennial grasses in a grain-grass-grass crop rotation during rehabilitation by winter wheat and barley Experiment Options Winter wheat Spring barley Productivity, t / ha Cost, thousand rubles Revenue from sales, thousand rubles Net income, thousand rubles Profitability% Productivity t / ha Cost, thousand rubles Sales revenue thousand rubles Net income, thousand rubles Profitability,% In the first embodiment of the claimed method 1.21 2713 4920 193.7 76.21 1.14 2098 3415 803 46.5 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 1,08 2615 5270 190.1 74.24 0.90 2148 3220 786 42.5 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 0.99 2570 4455 1885 73.35 0.80 2027 2800 773 38.8 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 0.78 2025 3510 1485 73.33 0.55 1394 19.25 531 38.7 Plowing with turnover of the plow with plow plows PLN - 5-35 1,02 2648 4590 11942 73.33 0.79 2002 2765 763 38.6 Deposit (control) 0.96 2415 3920 1213.4 67.45 0.68 1970 1714 492 34.1

Table 15.
The amount of erosion-hazardous soil particles under the layer in the crops of spring barley and winter wheat, depending on the method of cutting the layer of perennial grasses in the grain-grass and grass rotation,% Experiment Options Spring barley s. South Winter wheat s. Don on the surface horizons, m on the surface horizons, m fields 0-0.1 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3 fields 0-0.1 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3 In the first embodiment of the claimed method 12.47 9.47 7.42 6.27 14.84 12.11 10.52 6.73 In the second embodiment of the claimed method 13.46 10.93 11.82 5.67 17.78 14.73 13.28 6.41 In the third embodiment of the claimed method 15.47 12.84 10.12 4.8 19.13 15.16 13.46 7.78 Two-track formation with heavy disc harrows of the BDT family - 3.0 18.73 14.36 10.37 8.71 20,42 17.21 16.33 8.92 Plowing with turnover of the plow with plow plows PLN - 5-35 16.36 14.12 7.94 9.73 18.36 14.35 12.17 10.74 Deposit (control) 26.45 13.24 6.27 4.21 24.77 20.81 18.15 14.13

Claims (3)

1. A method of cutting a layer of perennial grasses for early steam in a system of grain-grass and grass rotations, including turning the soil layer once into rotation when raising the field from under sown grasses with the simultaneous application of organic fertilizers and green manure to the bottom of the furrow and presowing surface loosening of the soil in the remaining years of rotation , characterized in that the loosening in the form of slotting is carried out to a depth of 0.40-0.45 m in the late autumn with a step of 1.4-2.8 m between the cracks, and in the early spring period, continuous loosening of the upper layer is carried out at a depth well, 0.25-0.27 m across the direction of slitting, when growing perennial seeded grasses and cold-resistant weeds, the reservoir is cut by discarding to a depth of 0.12-0.16 m with an interval of 10-14 days, then alignment is performed by rolling the top layer, sowing cereal crops and complete the cycle after sowing rolling. 2. A method of cutting a layer of perennial grasses for early steam in a system of grain-grass and grass rotations, including turning the soil layer once into rotation when raising the field from under sown grasses with the simultaneous introduction of organic fertilizers and green manure to the bottom of the furrow and pre-sowing surface loosening of the soil in the remaining years of rotation , characterized in that during long winter thaws of the "window" carry out volumetric loosening to a depth of 0.5-0.6 m with a step between passes of 2-3 m, in the early spring period, the formation of the perennial reservoir disking to a depth of 0.12-0.16 m with an interval between cycles of 10-12 days for the destruction of weeds and crop residues and agro-technical terms after equalizing relief are sowing cereal and posleposevnoe compacting. 3. A method of cutting a layer of perennial grasses under early steam in a system of grain-grass and grass rotations, including turning the soil layer once into rotation when raising the field from under sown grasses with simultaneous application of organic fertilizers and green manure to the bottom of the furrow, and presowing surface loosening of the soil in other years rotation, characterized in that in the autumn they conduct non-moldboard flat-cutting tillage to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m or plowing without turning the formation to a depth of 0.22-0.27 m and follow, followed by disking the upper root-saturated layer to a depth of 0.12-0.16 m, in the early spring period, lumps of the upper layer are destroyed by needle and / or disk working bodies to a depth of 0.05-0.08 m for sowing cereal grasses or cereal crops and their post-sowing rolling.