RU2609284C2 - Method of no-tillage soil management in spaces between rows of perennial plantings - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture; machine building.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agricultural machine building, in particular to method and device of no-tillage management of fruit crops grassy spaces and formation of rows with mulch cover. Method includes grassing of rows with plant formation by natural growing cover grasses of optimal species composition by means of periodic soil surface acupuncture at depth of up to 50 cm with formation of holes (pores) and mulch cover formation with thickness of up to 15 cm, periodical mowing of grasses with cut vegetation mass grinding and its introduction into soil to restore soil fertility, spring subsurface tillage and autumn cutting at rows slotted strips edges for aeration and tillage on depth of up to 30...40 cm with simultaneous introduction of mineral fertilizers into aeration strips. Grassing allows to create dense mulch cover, preserving moisture in soil in hot season, reducing its compaction, temperature of root zone by 3…5 °C.

EFFECT: increasing soil fertility, reducing its erosion.

8 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the non-plowed maintenance of row-spacing of perennial plantings after planting.

Known methods of cultivating the soil and maintaining perennial plantings: a black steam system, a steam-side system, a sod-humus system, and mixtures thereof.

The black steam system, which includes the main autumn (plowing, cultivation), spring-summer surface (cultivation, harrowing) tillage, is costly and environmentally harmful (compaction and destruction, soil degradation), therefore they refuse such a row maintenance system (Metlitsky Z.A Agrotechnics of fruit crops. 2nd edition. - M .: Kolos, 1973), since constant steam treatment (plowing) leads to mineralization and loss of soil organic matter (death of microorganisms).

The steam-side system provides for sowing green manure in the rows of green crops with their subsequent incorporation into the soil (RU 2029453 C1, 02.27.1995; RU 2239965 C1, 2004). Such a system of row spacing due to the high complexity and costs of sowing and planting green crops in the soil requires replacement.

The sod-humus system provides for the use of naturally growing or sowing cultivated herbs and their periodic (up to 6 times) mowing in the spring-summer months (Buzoverov A.V. Annual grasses are a source of organic substances for garden soils // Horticulture and Viticulture, M., 1998, No. 4, S. 9-10; RU 2381640 C1, 07/31/2010). Such a system (technology), although it can improve soil fertility by introducing plant debris into the soil, does not ensure moisture in the soil, over-compacts the soil, and requires high processing costs (plowing, cultivation, harrowing, sowing). Therefore, such a system must be improved due to rational surface tillage in order to create a dense and uniform mulching layer based on naturally growing grasses adapted to local conditions.

In general, the existing systems (methods) for maintaining soil between rows of perennial plantings are not only costly, but also environmentally harmful, as they contribute to the death of microorganisms, and erosion processes that are inevitable in this way destroy the soil, washing it into water bodies.

Needle discs, which are currently successfully used in row crops and grain crops, in meadow cultivation, and vegetable growing, are increasingly used for surface tillage to a depth of 10 cm, therefore they need to be applied (after refinement) of technological regimes and parameters in perennial plantations.

Known patents and devices for needle harrows SU 1871390, SU 1544207, RU 2158064, RU 2071227, BIG-3 are designed for work in the field, for intensive cultivation, destruction of the soil layer of row crops, while there are drawbacks: poorly copy the microrelief of the soil, t .e. the depth of processing is not constant, the working bodies clog and stick to the soil, and the design of the needles needs to be improved.

The author’s certificate SU 1443832 A1, 12.15.88 “Method for creating a mulching layer” is known, according to which the mulching layer is created by sowing perennial cereal grasses and mowing and vegetative propagation due to mechanical trauma to grass stems for at least two years. This technology of creating a mulching layer requires large material and labor costs (sowing, mowing, trauma to the stems) and therefore has not found application in agriculture, in need of improvement.

Known patent RU 2459399 C1, 01/12/2011, "Method of soil maintenance in the rows of grapes", which provides for the sowing of high-yielding legumes and cereal grass in the rows of the vineyard, mulching with these herbs, standing on the vine without grinding and incorporation into the soil, forming a mulching layer in the rows. This method allows you to create a mulching layer in the vineyards, but it requires a seeder for sowing seeds on an uncultivated field, which is not there. The question of the biological compatibility of tall legumes and cereal herbs with fruit trees and grapes has not been resolved, as a result of which this method of creating a mulching layer in production has not been found.

Close to this invention in technical essence and the achieved technological result is a well-known optimized method of processing and maintaining soil between rows of grapes (patent RU 2238621, 10.27.2004) using seeding triticale and at the same time applying microorganisms and mineral fertilizers, which, although it allows to increase soil fertility , but needs to be improved, since the annual sowing and mechanical incorporation of triticale into the soil (disking) over-compacts the soil, not ensuring the preservation of soil th moisture and artificially introduced microorganisms due to their failure (No in production), and lack of uniformity of conditions for the development of microbiological processes are killed, and therefore this method has not found industrial application.

The closest to this invention in terms of technical nature and technical result achieved (prototype) is patent RU 2397635 C1, 08.27.2010, according to which the soil in the row-spacings of the garden is loosened many times during the growing season, while using both black steam and sod operations humus system (periodic sowing of annual or perennial herbs used as siderates or sods). The black vapor used in the prototype leads to soil degradation, destruction of soil biota, to negative changes in biochemical processes (Egorov EA, Petrov VS, Kuznetsov G.Ya. Ecologization of ampelocenoses by biological methods of organizing agriculture // Scientific and Theoretical Journal “Russian Bulletin of the Russian Federation” Academy of Agricultural Sciences ”, No. 5, 2013), sowing grasses (siderates), followed by their mechanical incorporation into the soil, disking, rolling with smooth water-filling rollers and mowing grass once or twice a season, although volil increase the fertility of the soil between rows of perennial plants by introducing into the soil of crop residues, but the costs (annual crop) does not guarantee the preservation of moisture in the soil, environmentally harmful, therefore needs to be improved.

An analogue of the claimed device for arable soil maintenance in the rows of perennial plantations we take a tool for cultivating the soil in the rows of perennial plantings, including spherical disks placed on the frame by means of racks (SU 1701131 A1, 12/30/1991, number of pages 4, abstract, Fig. 1 ) Spherical disks are used in combination with plane-cutting and chisel paws, which hold the protective zone in the rows due to the contact of the probe (rods, levers) with the tree (bush). This design is complex, insufficiently reliable, has not found practical application and therefore needs to be improved.

The purpose of the invention is the improvement of the sod-humus system for the maintenance of perennial plantings by forming a grass stand of naturally growing ground cover grasses of an optimal species composition by periodically acupuncture with rolling soil, mowing the grass as it grows, grinding the mowed plant mass and incorporating it into the ground, reducing chemical treatments and reducing the number of passes (operations of machine units), which will allow to obtain high-quality products.

In FIG. 1 shows the technological system of row spacing of perennial plantings, in FIG. 1.1 is a diagram of a needle harrow; in FIG. 1.2 - spherical disk with slotted windows; in FIG. 2 presents a structural and technological scheme of working bodies; in FIG. 2.1 - a rotary disk with needle beams; in FIG. 3 shows a cross section of the row spacing of perennial plantings; in FIG. 3.1 is a diagram of a disk harrow for continuous tillage with spherical cut-out disks.

The essence of the invention of the proposed method of arable soil maintenance of row-spacing of perennial plantings consists (Fig. 1) in the formation and maintenance of row-spacing of perennial plantations without plowing, cultivation, harrowing according to the pattern of row-spacing of rows (mulching), aeration, which allows to increase production - commercialization.

Aisles of size A (Fig. 1) include: tinned mulch ridges with a width of B = (45-55%) A with a tramline of C = (40-45%) A, with aeration deep loosening strips adjacent to them on both sides with a width of D = ( 14-16%) A and two halves of mechanically untreated barrel trunks with a width of E = (22-27%) A. By acupuncture method with rotor disks with needle rays, the 9th ridges of B are tinned with natural ground cover herbs, which are mowed with regrowth with grinding and embedding the stubble crop mass in the stubble; the stubble remaining after mowing on the soil and the crushed plant mass embedded in it fertilize the soil, providing grass growth until the next mowing and the formation of a mulching layer.

The aeration deep-loosening strip D is processed (cut) by deep-ripper slithereries in the autumn no later than the end of October, two or three times per season to a depth of 30 ... 40 cm to obtain a lumpy structure with lump size not more than 50 mm and at the same time applying the main doses of mineral fertilizers into aeration strips.

Barrel strips E are treated from weeds, pests and diseases simultaneously with the processing (cutting) of aeration deep-loosening strips D once or twice a year by the method of spraying them with physiologically active solutions.

Working bodies for improving the sod-humus soil maintenance system for inter-row spacing of perennial plants according to the proposed method of arable soil maintenance in the inter-spacing of perennial plantations and the formation of a mulching layer are hung (Fig. 2) on a frame 1 with a link 2 and a supporting (copying) wheel 3, mounted by mechanism 4 at a given height. On the frame 1 (as necessary) the same type of spherical notched discs 5 (hereinafter referred to as discs) are mounted, mounted at a predetermined depth of tillage with an adjusting device 6; a needle harrow 7, including rotor disks 8 (Fig. 2.1) with needle beams 9 made according to the antifriction curve (lagoid) (hereinafter, needles), to form holes (pores) 9a, 9b (Fig. 1) on the surface of ridges B (Fig. 1) and form mulching layer 10; working bodies for forming an aeration strip by slit-hole deep-rippers 11 (Fig. 2) of a T-shape with a stopper 12, a tip-knife 13, a pipe guide 14, a hose 15 and a hopper 16; rotary mower 17 with centrifugal knives 18, stopper 19 and damper 20 for cutting grass 21 at a given height with the formation of stubble 22, into which mowed and shredded plant mass is closed by rotary drum 17. The cutting height is set by the copier 23 and the stopper 19 (Fig. 2).

Prior to the tillage placed in FIG. 1, 2 by row spacers A of the same type of spherical discs 5, deep rippers 11, needle harrow 7 with rotor discs 8 and needles 9 (Fig. 2.1), rotary mower 17 with centrifugal knives 18 must be carried out after the first year after planting perennial plantings in In the month of May, continuous processing of row-spacings A by a diskator along trachoidal curves 24 of spherical notched discs 25 (Fig. 3), where trachoids are visible on the cross-section of row-spacings of perennial plantations, the dimensions of which determining the quality of soil processing you between rows A, depend on the feed rate (V _m ), the size and arrangement of the disks. Disks (bedders) form the ridge B and the near-bar strip E, and the aeration strip D with vertical channels is formed by slit-rippers 11 with a tip-knife 13 installed at an angle of 10 ... 15 ° to the supporting surface (Fig. 1, 2).

The same type of spherical cut-out disks 25 are placed mirrored on separate racks in two rows (Fig. 3.1) with slotted windows 25 (Fig. 1.2) and are installed at an angle to the horizontal and vertical planes and concavity to each other, which allows to reduce their speed during soil cultivation , it is better to crush the soil by pouring it into the windows, reduce the traction resistance of the disc.

Spherical disks 5 (Fig. 1) are individually arranged in two rows for surface treatment of aeration strips D at the rate of three disks per strip.

The needle harrow 7 (Fig. 1, 2) with rotor discs 8 with a diameter of 500-600 mm, needles 9 with a diameter of 9 ... 12 mm, the working parts of which are made according to the antifriction curve (lagoid) with pointed ends 27, are placed on the rotor disc 8 (Fig. . 2; 2.1) and are installed sequentially on square shafts 28, 29 at an equal distance of 15 ... 20 cm from each other, but not more than half of their diameter, with an interaxial distance between rows of not more than one disk diameter, form two batteries 30, 31 ( Fig. 1), based on bearing housings 32, 33 (Fig. 2), which by means of racks 34, 35 due to fl The ends 36, 37, connected by axes 38, move while changing the angle α of the axes of the square shafts 28, 29 with the needles 9 relative to the direction of movement of the unit from 0 to 15 ° (Fig. 1) by changing the gap between the disks.

In FIG. one; Figure 1.1 shows the change in the angle of inclination of a square shaft with needle discs (angle of attack) by an angle α, while it can be seen that the working width at an angle α = 0 is equal to the diameter of the needles, and at an angle α> 0, the working width of one needle-shaped disk 8 increases to a vertical the projection of the tips of the needles on the horizontal plane f, due to which at the same time there is not only a change in the angle of attack, but a decrease in the number of revolutions of the disks 8 (braking), i.e. the axis of the battery 30, 31 with needles 9 installed with a different angle of attack will have different angular rotation speeds ω ₁ and ω ₂ (Fig. 2). At the maximum possible angle of inclination of the axes of the batteries 30, 31 (especially in the ABC zone), more intense pricking by needles 9 of the beds of perennial grasses B takes place, numerous channels (pores) 9a, 9b are formed in the soil (Fig. 1; 3), while the rotation of the needles 9 with different angular velocities ω ₁ and ω ₂ promotes self-cleaning of the working bodies of plant residues and sticking.

The needle harrow 7 with batteries 30, 31 can work in two versions: with horizontal shafts 28, 29 (α = 0), forming holes (pores) 9a in ridges B, and with inclined shafts 28, 29 (α> 0), forming on ridges B, transverse grooves 9b (from folding f values).

The first option is the main one for working on structural (dense) soils, when the formed holes (pores) 9a are not destroyed (stable) for at least 5-7 days.

The second option is designed to work on loose, structureless soils when the holes (pores) 9a are not stable (they swim, they break up immediately after they are cut). On ridges B, inclined at an angle α of the needle discs 8 (f values), grooves 9b are formed (Fig. 1). When the holes (pores) 9a are formed on ridges B simultaneously with the acupuncture of the ridges, the soil rolls in with the bases of the needles of the needle discs 8 (Fig. 2.1).

The uniformity of the deepening of the needles and the structurally set kinematics of the batteries 30, 31 are regulated by the central linkage of the linkage 2 and the speed of the tractor (Fig. 1.2).

Barrel strips E are treated from weeds, pests and diseases during the spraying period, as necessary with nebulizers 39 (Fig. 3) physiologically active solutions. Fruit crops 40 are not processed (isolated).

The method of non-arable soil content in the rows of perennial plantations is carried out as follows: row-spacings (ridges, aeration and trunk lines) after the first year of planting of perennial plants in May are pre-treated with spherical discs to a depth of h ₁ to 17 cm with the formation of a fine-grained structure with the size of soil aggregates ( lumps) from 5 to 50 mm and a soil density of 1.0 ... 1.1 g / cm ³ .

The technological process of processing ridges with acupuncture (Fig. 3) to create a mulching layer (sod) with a thickness of up to h ₂ = 15 cm is as follows: the needles of 9 batteries, rotating at different angular speeds ω ₁ and ω ₂ , form holes (pores) 9a, 9b with a transverse dimension d = 9 ... 12 mm (Fig. 1; 2), a depth of up to 50 mm to stimulate the growth of naturally growing integumentary grasses and create a mulching layer due to two or three treatments in the first year after planting perennial plants with a height of h ₂ to 15 cm.

Holes formed by needles (pores) last until one to two months are completely destroyed, water infiltration improves, moisture evaporation decreases, drying is delayed, and soil aeration improves. In addition, after each passage of the needles, the soil rolls along with the bases of the needles along with the acupuncture, which increases the contact of the soil with the seeds and roots of naturally growing herbs, the seeds of which are always enough in the ground to create a mulching layer, and the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the ridges is significantly reduced, and due to the accumulation of organic substances, the activity of the biocenosis increases, the mass of mulch reaches 20 kg / m ² .

The aeration strip loosens in the fall no later than the end of October, after harvesting, with two-track two-track deep-ripper slit-rippers per season to a depth of h4 = 30 ... 40 cm, a gap is cut close to ridges B (with lump size not more than 50 mm) of rectangular cross section with vertical walls, using the tip of the slit-cutting-ripper, the main dose of mineral fertilizers is applied to the bottom of the slot, while the horizontal roots of the trees (bushes) are trimmed along with the cutting of the slot, after which such roots grow back, go deep into the ground, feed ozdelyvaemoy culture while improving (Melnik AV Formation and pruning intensive plantings of apple // Scientific and industrial magazine "Horticultural News" special edition, Ukraine, Cherkasy region, Usman, 2006).

Grass on ridge B is mowed by a rotary-drum mower with L-shaped hinged knives and shoes that copy the height of the cut, as it grows at a height of at least 7 cm in April-July, up to 5 times per season.

Mowed and at the same time crushed by the mower plant mass (to increase soil fertility under the influence of microorganisms) is sealed by contacting it with soil in the formed stubble left after the passage of the mower, and the fading grass roots serve as additional material for the reproduction of soil fertility (humus).

In the existing methodological recommendations (“Low-cost technology for the production of pome fruit in short-cycle gardens.” - Krasnodar, 2012, SKZNIISiV) for the formation of a mulching layer between rows, it is necessary to carry out (p. 15) 5-7 inter-row treatments, including plowing, sowing green manure crops. In contrast to such recommendations, in the proposed method of arable biologized maintenance of perennial plantations, the formation of a mulching layer is based on natural grasses growing in a specific region (cover crops), the rooting of which on the ridges is formed by acupuncture, the formation of numerous holes (pores) in the ground to stimulate grass growth, the number whose size and size are determined by the design of the needle discs, and on the ridges this creates the ideal background for the development of the root system grasses whose seeds are always abundant in the soil (no need to sow, for example, tertikali), and therefore the earth is mulched reliably, the needles, when rotated, are buried into the soil by 30 ... 50 mm and form holes (pores) with a diameter corresponding to the diameter and kinematics of the needles, carbon dioxide is displaced from the soil (aeration) and replaced with air nitrogen (William Richards, V.L. Hoffman, D.P. Shelton et al. System and methods of rational land use, Export-Import, USA , 1999, 184 pp.).

Naturally growing grasses formed on ridges (integumentary grasses, mulch) increase water infiltration and reduce moisture evaporation from the soil surface, reduce its drying, practically eliminate air and water erosion, and significantly improve the ecology.

The temperature difference between the surface of the soil of the ridges and under the mulch (at the bottom of the ridge) reaches 5 ° C, due to which the water supply of naturally growing herbs is further improved due to atmospheric irrigation.

Spherical disks currently used do not crush the soil well enough, and most importantly, their rotation speed is not regulated. Therefore, it is necessary to replace the used continuous spherical disks with disks with slotted windows, which are a spherically rolling body with windows cut out on its working surface, only the blade remains solid.

The proposed method (compared with the sod-humus system of soil content in the rows of perennial plantings) allows you to create a uniform dense mulching layer in one year instead of five years.

Such a creation of the mulching layer is economical in the consumption of moisture for growing natural herbs, since it is not a significant competitor to cultivated fruit crops, such as apple trees, and the absence of tillage, cultivation, and loosening of the soil contribute to the intensive development of vital organisms - the main indicator of the ecological content of the soil to increase fertility. There is no need to apply fertilizers, the density of the soil decreases to 1.0 g / cm ³ , water and wind erosion are eliminated, which opens up the possibility of providing a more rapid gross profit compared to the existing sod-humus system for cultivating perennial plantations.

The proposed method is characterized in that the mulching layer formed by the needle disks placed on the axes in two rows is created by the acupuncture method, while the distance between the needle disks in the frontal projection along the unit is no more than half the diameter of the needle disk, and the distance between the axes of the disk batteries no more than the diameter of the needle discs.

Production experiments conducted since 2010 in the Svetlogorskoye industrial complex in the Krasnodar Territory on an area of 500 hectares confirm the correctness of the proposed method of arable farming in the rows between the apple orchards.

The proposed method of non-arable soil content in the aisles of perennial plantations differs significantly from the known ones in that the aisles are mulched by naturally growing grasses, which provide microporous soil structure, provide adequate ventilation, moisture preservation in the hot season and soil density of not more than 1.2 g / dm ³ able to withstand the movement of sprayers and other machines when they pass through a continuous mulching layer of plants, practically eliminate air and water erosion of soils, stop x degradation, restore soil fertility, to abandon plowing.

After two to three years of soil maintenance under perennial crops without plowing, the activity of soil microorganisms increases, its physical properties improve.

The consumers of the proposed method can become grape, fruit and diversified farms in the south of Russia. In the future, it is possible to introduce this technology in other regions of Russia, countries of near and far abroad. In total, in the south of Russia there are about 180 specialized grape and fruit farms with a total area of 150 thousand ha, of which 66 farms in the Krasnodar Territory with a total area of 74 thousand ha, in the Stavropol Territory - 49 with a total area of 75 thousand ha, in the Republic of Dagestan - 75 specialized farms with a total area of 19 thousand ha, 15 farms in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.

Claims (8)

1. The method of arable soil maintenance of row-spacing rows of perennial plantings, characterized in that ridges are formed in row-spacings with lumps of up to 50 mm in size with aeration and tree-run strips adjoining them on both sides, ridges are tinned with naturally growing herbs, and a mulching layer with grasses up to 15 in height is created see acupuncture with needle discs with the formation of holes, spring moldless loosening by spherical discs to a depth of 17 cm is carried out to obtain fine-grained soil with aggregates of size 5 ... 50 mm and autumn after harvesting, no later than the end of October, loosening by slime-deep rippers 2-3 times per season to a depth of 30-40 cm to obtain a lumpy structure with lump size not more than 50 mm and at the same time introducing the main doses of mineral fertilizers into aeration strips and near-stem strips are treated from weeds, pests and diseases with physiologically active solutions, while, as the grass grows on the ridges, it is mowed up to 5 times a season by mowing it with a rotary-drum mower with simultaneous mowing hydrochloric plant mass and its embedded by mixing with the soil in the formed stubble remaining after passage of the mower to increase under the action of microorganisms in soil fertility. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the mulching layer is formed by stimulating the growth of naturally growing herbs with needle discs with the formation of needles with a size of 9-12 mm and a depth of 50 mm when entering and leaving the soil. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the mulching layer with a thickness of up to 15 cm is created in one year due to the accumulation of organic substances, and the mass of mulch reaches 20 kg / m ² and the soil density decreases to 1.0 g / cm ³ . 4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that when cutting cracks in the aeration strip, horizontal roots are cut, which, growing back, deepen into the ground, improving the nutrition of the main culture. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at the same time as the acupuncture of the ridges, the soil is rolled by the bases of the needles of the needle discs. 6. A device for arable soil maintenance in the rows of perennial plantings, characterized in that it contains spherical disks hinged as necessary on the frame, mounted by means of racks, mounted at an angle to the horizontal and vertical plane and concavity to each other, a needle harrow, needle disks of which placed in two rows on the axes at an equal distance from each other, but not more than half of their diameter, with an interaxial distance between the rows of not more than one disk diameter and with needles, made nnym of antifriction curve for forming a mulch layer, scarifiers schelerezy-T-shaped with the container and tukoprovodami Fertilizer, rotary drum mower with L-shaped hinge blades and shoes, copiers cutting height. 7. The device according to p. 6, characterized in that the axis of the needle discs are mounted with the ability to change the angle in the horizontal plane, changing the gap between the discs and the angular speed of rotation of the needles. 8. The device according to p. 6, characterized in that the spherical disks are made cut out.

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