RU2438294C2 - Method of growing own-rooted planting stocks of grapes at drip irrigation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely, to viticulture. The method includes preparing the ground for planting the cuttings, preparing cuttings from ripe vine, putting cuttings for long term storage, planting the cuttings, vegetative irrigation, fertilising with macro- and microelements and protection plants from agricultural pests and diseases. In this case, after harvesting the predecessor on the designated area no later than the last decade of August, the deep loosening topsoil and subsoil of the horizon to a depth of 0.40-0.45 m is carried out. In the last decade of September wide ridges between the technological ruts are formed out of the topsoil. In each wide ridge along the technological ruts a group of ditches of triangular profile is made, before onset of autumn frosts the ridges are sheltered with translucent film and their edges are powdered with soil in the technological ruts. In the spring at warming a soil layer of 0.15-0.20 m in each ridge to a temperature of +12-15°C the ridges are flattened giving them a trapezoidal shape in cross-section. On the flattened surface of each ridge two flexible irrigation pipelines of drip irrigation system are placed, the ridges are covered with black light-proof film, and its edges are powdered with soil in the technological ruts. After supply of irrigation water along the irrigation pipeline with a spacing of 0.10-0.12 m the shortened cuttings with 2-3 buds are planted to form row spacing of 0.70±0.02 m.

EFFECT: method provides increased output of standard planting stocks at a limited number of cuttings of promising varieties of grape.

3 cl, 5 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to viticulture, and can be used in growing seedlings of new and promising grape varieties on an industrial scale.

A known method of growing seedlings, including the preparation of film containers, filling containers with a substrate, planting grafted plants on maple rootstocks, in which, in order to reduce labor costs for fragmentation of rootstock, film packages are used in the form of cylinders in the form of cylinders, filling containers with a substrate is carried out at 2/3 of the height and plants are planted so that the grafting site is 5-6 cm below the top edge of the container, which is pulled around the rootstock of the planted plant below a month inoculation and fixed and a holder; containers are made of lightproof black or black and white film (A.S. No. 1791969, A1, A01G 1/00. A method of growing seedlings V.M. Kolesnik. // V.M. Kolesnik. Publish. 04.10.1995. Bull. No. 10).

The disadvantages of the described method include the high cost of manual labor.

A known method of growing grapes from cuttings, including directed cultivation of shoots on the uterine bushes, harvesting cuttings, processing their basal ends with physiologically active substances and rooting, in which the simultaneous preparation of cuttings for rooting and fruiting is carried out on the uterine bushes in the phase of swelling of the eyes, while before they swellings carry out ringing and an upper cut on the shoots, and the place of the upper cut is established after determining the zone of maximum fruiting by microscopy oi or germination of the eyes, adjusting it so that the two upper eyes enter this zone; to increase the number of cuttings obtained for rooting, ringing is done in several shoots if the fruiting rate of the two upper eyes is 1.0 or more (Patent No. 2189730, C2, A01G 17/00. Method for growing grapes. // P.P. Radchevsky Published on September 27, 2002).

The disadvantages of the described method of growing grapes from cuttings in relation to the problem to be solved - increasing root formation activity when growing grape seedlings - include a large spread in the development of seedlings due to the lack of a root system in the lower part of the handle, despite a number of promising technological operations in the technology of cultivating grapes: rooting , banding and top cut shoots.

A known method of growing winter seedlings of grapes in open ground from an autumn vine, including planting cuttings and covering them with an earthen mound, in which cuttings are harvested and soaked for at least one day in a solution containing water, potassium permanganate and fungicide in a ratio of 9, respectively. 0: 0.4: 0.6 parts, prepare a substrate consisting of 9 parts of soil, 0.9 parts of fine straw or sawdust, and 0.1 parts of nitrogen fertilizer, lay it on the bottom of the trench with air space left in the trench less than 10 cm, cuttings are planted in the autumn at an angle of 40-50 °, they cover the trench with boards or sheet slate, a mound of soil is poured on top with a height of 20-30 cm and covered with a layer of straw or sawdust with a height of at least 25 cm (Patent No. 2240679, C1, A01G 17/02, Method for growing winter grape seedlings in open ground from an autumn vine. // VV Kravtsov, AV Kravtsov, ON Belitskaya, AS Belitsky. Publish. 11/27/2004).

The disadvantages of the described method for growing grape seedlings in open ground from an autumn vine, despite the similarity of the technological problem solved by the authors, is the low efficiency of growing grape seedlings; this is due to the fact that when the length of the cuttings is 40 ... 60 cm, which is placed in a ditch with a depth of 0.6 ... 0.8 m, the upper buds move in growth without root formation. The stalk, as a rule, dies.

A known method of growing root grape seedlings, including preparing the soil for planting cuttings, harvesting cuttings from a mature vine, planting cuttings for long-term storage, planting cuttings, irrigating vegetation, top dressing with macro- and microelements, and protecting seedlings from agricultural pests and diseases (see book P .E. Tsekhmistrenko. Grapes. - Ed. 3rd. - Volgograd: Lower Volga Book Publishing House, 1966. - p.166-174).

The disadvantages of the described method, taken as the closest analogue, include the high cost of manual labor and a large number of non-standard seedlings.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to increase the root-forming activity during the cultivation of root grape seedlings.

The technical result is an increase in the yield of standard seedlings with a limited number of cuttings of promising grape varieties.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing root grape seedlings, which includes preparing the soil for planting cuttings from ripened vines, laying cuttings for long-term storage, planting cuttings, vegetative irrigation, top dressing with macro- and microelements and protecting seedlings from agricultural pests and diseases , according to the invention, after harvesting the predecessor in the designated area no later than the last ten days of August, deep plowing of the arable layer and about a horizon to a depth of 0.4 ... 0.45 m, in the last ten days of September, wide ridges are formed in the form of a convex cylindrical surface between the tramlines, while groups of triangular profile ditches are cut along each tram along the tramline in order to increase the crest surface area for maximum absorption of solar energy by them, before the onset of autumn frosts, each wide ridge is covered with a translucent film with dusting its edges with soil in the technological ruts, in the spring when the soil is heated a layer of 0.15 ... 0.20 m in each ridge to a temperature of + 12 ... 15 ° C, each wide ridge is leveled (flattened) to give it a trapezoidal cross-section, two flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip irrigation system are laid on the leveled surface of each ridge, covered the crest with a lightproof film and sprinkle its edges with soil, after supplying irrigation water along each pipeline in increments of 0.10 ... 0.12 m, shortened cuttings with two to three buds are planted in two rows with a row spacing of 0.7 ± 0.02 m.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the cross section of the arable layer and the subsoil horizon after loosening by the uprights of a deep-ripper, for example, a mounted slotter ЩН-2-140, to a depth of 0.45 ± 0.03.

Figure 2 shows the cross section of a wide ridge between tramlines after cutting a group of ditches of a triangular profile.

Figure 3 is the same after covering with a translucent film.

Figure 4 shows the cross section of a wide ridge after giving it a trapezoidal shape in the section, laying flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip irrigation system and covering the entire surface of the formed ridge with a lightproof film.

Figure 5 is the same after planting cuttings in the formed ridges.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

After harvesting the predecessor in the designated place under the grape nursery, the whole complex of agrotechnical methods is carried out, aimed at leveling the site, destroying one- and perennial weeds by means of chemical tillage.

A method of growing root grape seedlings includes preparing the soil for planting cuttings, harvesting cuttings from a mature vine, planting cuttings for long-term storage, planting cuttings, vegetative irrigation, top dressing with macro- and micronutrients, and protecting seedlings from agricultural pests and diseases.

After harvesting the predecessor in the designated area no later than the last ten days of August, deep plowing of the arable layer 1 and the arable horizon 2 to a depth of 0.4 ... 0.45 m is carried out, destroying the compacted plow sole 3 (Fig. 1). This operation is carried out by mounted cultivators with racks 4. The SchN-2-140 sowing machine can be used as an implement in aggregate with tractors of draft class 3 (T-150, T150K, DT-75M, VT-100, VT-150, etc.) . When Donetsk barley is selected as the precursor for spring months, July, August and September are used in this case for aeration of the treated layer and biological maturation of the arable layer 1. Lumps of soil are destroyed to agronomically valuable fractions even on heavy clay soils.

In the last decade of September from the arable layer 1 form wide ridges 5 between the tramlines 6 (figure 2). The step T between the tramlines 6 is 1.5 m. The width of the wide ridge 5 is 1.15 ... 1.20 m. The height of the ridge 5 is 0.20 ... 0.25 m. A group is cut along each tram 5 along the tramlines 6 ditches 7, 8, 9 and 10 of a triangular profile. Each wide ridge 5 prior to cutting a group of ditches 7, 8, 9 and 10 give a convex cylindrical surface (see figure 2), and you can also give either a flat surface or in the form of a gable ridge.

Before the onset of autumn frosts, each wide ridge 5 is covered with a translucent film 12 (figure 3). The edges 13 and 14 of the film 12 are sprinkled with soil rollers 15 and 16. The film 12 is laid on tops 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21, formed after cutting ditches of a triangular profile. The peaks 17-21 prevent sagging of the translucent film 12 over the ditches 7-10. Precipitation during the late autumn and winter periods in the form of rain, snow, hoarfrost, drizzle and fog rolls off the surface of the film 12 into the tramlines 6. Under the film 12, the arable layer 1 and the ridges themselves between the ditches 7, 8, 9, 10 remain air-dry and not caking.

With a width T (FIG. 2) of the tramline 6 equal to 1.5 m, the arc length of the cylindrical surface 11 of the cross section of the wide ridge 5 will be about 1.29 m. After making the ditches 7, 8, 9 and 10 on the wide ridge 5, shown in figure 2, the perimeter of the profile of this ridge with the same track T = 1.5 m will be 2.95 m. Thus, the surface of the ridge 5 after making ditches 7-10 increases in (2.95: 1.29) = 2.28 times. When the ridges 5 are oriented in the north-south direction in the spring, when positive air temperatures increase, the enlarged surface of the ridges 5 under the film 12 warms up to the entire depth in the first ten days of April. After reaching the soil temperature in the layer of 0.15 ... 0.20 m in each ridge 5 between the ditches 7, 8, 9 and 10 to a value of + 12 ... 15 ° C, the translucent film is removed and rolled into rolls. Each wide ridge 5 with ditches 7-10 is flattened (leveled) and trapezoidal in shape (section 4).

On the leveled surface 22 (FIG. 5) of each ridge 23, two flexible irrigation pipes 24 of the drip irrigation system are laid. Each crest 23 is covered with a lightproof black film 25. The edges of the film 26 and 27 are sprinkled with a layer of soil 28 in the tramlines 6.

In the ridges 23, covered with a black film 25, thermal energy is accumulated and the soil layer is heated to a depth of 0.40 ... 0.45 m.

After water is supplied to the irrigation pipelines 24 of the drip irrigation system, the soil of the ridge 23 is moistened. Along each irrigation pipeline 24 with a pitch of 0.10 ... 0.12 m, shortened cuttings 29 with two to three buds are planted. In this way, two rows of grape seedlings are formed with a row spacing of 0.70 ± 0.02 m. Planting cuttings 29 between irrigation pipelines 24 allows these pipelines to be easily removed and rolled into bobbins before digging seedlings.

The need for grape seedlings for macro and micronutrient fertilizers is met by supplying them with irrigation water through a drip irrigation system.

Irrigation norms are established on the basis of maintaining moisture in the soil layer of 0-0.3 m at the level of 70-75% HB.

When the topsoil is warmed above + 40 ° C, the black opaque film is removed, dividing it lengthwise into three strips. For aeration and water permeability of the upper soil layer after 2-3 weeks, it is loosened with fertilizer knives of the cultivator-plant feeder KRN-5.6 to a depth of 0.16 ... 0.18 m in the aisles of 0.7 m

After removal of the black opaque film, weed vegetation is destroyed mechanically.

In the last decade of September - the first decade of October, excavation of root grape seedlings is carried out. Saplings are sorted and tied in bundles of 50 pieces. Seedlings packed for long-term storage are laid in winter roads or cellars with an air temperature not exceeding 5 ° С.

The effectiveness of the claimed method for growing root seedlings of grapes of promising varieties in the Lower Volga region is presented by comparative data in the table.

Table The effectiveness of the technology of cultivating root seedlings of promising grape varieties (by averaged 2007-2009) No. p / p Name of indicator Units rev. Technology basic proposed one Tillage depth m 0.55-0.65 0.40-0.45 2 Soil temperature in the planting layer during the planting period ° C 6-8 15-18 3 Cutting time (date) - 05.15-21.05 04.16-21.04 four Cutting Length m 0.57-0.69 0.18-0.26 5 The number of kidneys on the handle PC. 6-9 2-3 6 The number of days after the appearance of the first leaf until the vines are fully ripened days 128-133 160-162 7 The length of the ripened vine m 0.23-0.50 1.26-1.41 8 The number of buds on the vine PC. 5-6 14-18 9 The diameter of the vine near the cuttings mm 3-5 8-12 10 The number of rooted cuttings from each batch of 100 pieces PC. 50-53 93-96 eleven Landing step m 0.20-0.24 0.10-0.12 12 Row spacing m 0.7 0.7 13 Number of seedlings per hectare PC. 65,000 110000

Claims (3)

1. A method of growing root grape seedlings, including preparing the soil for planting cuttings, harvesting cuttings from a mature vine, planting cuttings for long-term storage, planting cuttings, vegetative irrigation, top dressing with macro- and microelements and protecting seedlings from agricultural pests and diseases, characterized in that after harvesting the predecessor in the designated area no later than the last ten days of August, deep plowing of the arable layer and the arable horizon to a depth of 0.40-0.45 m is carried out, in the last In September, wide ridges between the tramlines are formed from the arable layer, while in each wide ridge along the tramlines a group of triangular profile ditches is cut, before the onset of autumn frosts, each wide crest is covered with a translucent film with dusting its edges in the tramlines with soil, in the spring when the soil is heated in a layer of 0.15-0.20 m in each ridge to a temperature of + 12-15 ° C, each wide ridge is flattened with a trapezoidal shape in section, on a flat surface of each two flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip irrigation system are laid, cover the ridges with a black opaque film and sprinkle its edges in the tramlines with soil, after supplying irrigation water along the irrigation pipelines in increments of 0.10-0.12 m, shortened cuttings with 2-3 buds are planted with the formation of an aisle of 0.70 ± 0.02 m 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that each wide ridge prior to cutting a group of longitudinal ditches of a triangular profile gives a convex cylindrical surface. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the grapevine cuttings during planting are placed inside the space between the flexible irrigation pipes.

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