RU2415560C1 - Method to grow scion-rooted grape seedlings - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention refers to agriculture, namely to vine growing. Method includes preparation of soil for planting of hefts, making hefts out of ripened vine, laying hefts for long-term storage, planting of hefts, vegetation watering, additional fertilising with macro- and microelements and protection of stock from agricultural pests and diseases. Besides, in the last decade of August - in the first decade of September, upper layer is tilled for depth of 0.25 - 0.27 m. In autumn trenches of triangular profile are cut, of "semi-groove - semi-fill" type, along tillage zones. In autumn the trench is covered with light permeable film. In prevernal period the soil from trench berms is displaced to its bottom, and a bed is formed above the trench of trapezoid section. A flexible watering pipeline is laid onto the bed with droppers of trickle irrigation system. The bed with flexible watering pipeline is covered either with light permeable film or with black film. As soil temperature reaches +15…+18°C, shortened hefts with 2-3 buds are planted in the layer of 0.15 - 0.20 m with pitch of 0.12 - 0.15 m in two rows with space between rows of 0.30 - 0.35 m.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to increase yield of standard hefts with limited quantity of hefts from promising brands and brand samples of grape.

5 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to viticulture, and can be used to create seedlings of promising and new varieties and varieties of grapes.

A known method of growing seedlings, including the preparation of film containers, filling containers with a substrate, planting grafted plants on clonal rootstocks, in which, in order to reduce labor costs for the fragmentation of rootstock, film-shaped bags are used as film containers, the containers are filled with a substrate by 2 / 3 heights, and planting is carried out so that the grafting site is 5-6 cm below the upper edge of the container, which is pulled around the rootstock of the planted plant below the n rivets and fix the holder; containers are made of lightproof black or black and white film (SU, copyright certificate No. 1791969 A1. IPC ⁶ A01G 1/00. Method for growing seedlings V.M. Kolesnik / V.M. Kolesnik (USSR). - Application No. 4807751/15 ; claimed 02.04.1990; publ. 04/10/1995, Bull. No. 10 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1995. - No. 10).

The disadvantages of the described method include the high cost of manual labor.

A known method of growing grapes from cuttings, including directed cultivation of shoots on the uterine bushes, harvesting cuttings, processing their basal ends with physiologically active substances and rooting, in which the simultaneous preparation of cuttings for rooting and fruiting is carried out on the uterine bushes, in the phase of swelling of the eyes, while their swelling is carried out by ringing and the upper cut on the shoots, and the place of the upper cut is established after determining the zone of maximum fruiting by microcopy ocelli or sprouting of ocelli, adjusting it so that the two upper ocelli enter this zone; to increase the number of cuttings obtained for rooting, ringing is done in several shoots if the fruiting coefficients of the two upper eyes are 1.0 or more (RU Patent No. 2189730 C2. IPC ⁷ A01G 17/00. Method of growing grapes / P.P. Radchevsky (RU) .- Application No.2000109909 / 13; claimed on 04.17.2000; published on 09.27.2002).

The disadvantages of the described method of growing grapes from cuttings in relation to the problem solved by the authors - increasing root formation activity when growing grape seedlings - are in spite of a number of promising technological operations in the technology of cultivation of grapes: rooting, ringing and upper cut of shoots, a large spread in the development of seedlings due to lack of root system in the lower part of the handle.

A known method of growing winter seedlings of grapes in open ground from an autumn vine, including planting cuttings and sheltering with an earthen mound, in which the cuttings are harvested and soaked for at least 1 day in a solution containing water, potassium permanganate and fungicide in a ratio of 9 respectively , 0: 0.4: 0.6 parts, prepare a substrate consisting of 9 parts of soil, 0.9 parts of fine straw or sawdust and 0.1 parts of nitrogen fertilizer, lay it at the bottom of the trench with at least air space in the trench 10 m, produce planting cuttings fall at an angle 40-50 °, the trench are covered with boards or slate sheet, is poured on top of the mound of soil and 20-30 cm tall harboring straw or sawdust bed height of at least 25 cm (RU, patent №2240679 C1. IPC ⁷ A01G 17/02 Method for growing winter grape seedlings in open ground from autumn vines / VV Kravtsov (RU), AV Kravtsov (RU), OH Belitskaya (RU), AS Belitsky (RU). - Application No. 2003121737/12; filed July 14, 2003; publ. 11/27/2004).

The disadvantages of the described method for growing grape seedlings in open ground from an autumn vine despite the similarity of the technological problem solved by the authors include the low efficiency of growing grape seedlings. This is due to the fact that when the length of the handle is 40 ... 60 cm, placed in a ditch with a depth of 0.6 ... 0.8 m in height, the upper buds move without root formation. The stalk is dying.

A known method of growing root grape seedlings, including preparing the soil for planting cuttings, harvesting cuttings from ripened vines, planting cuttings for long-term storage, planting cuttings, irrigation irrigation, top dressing with micro and microelements and protecting seedlings from agricultural crops. pests and diseases (see the book by P.E. Tsekhmistrenko. Grapes. - Ed. 3rd, revised and add. - Volgograd: Lower Volga Book Publishing House, 1966. - 240 pp. - S.166-174: Section : “Growing root seedlings”).

The disadvantages of the described method, taken as the closest analogue, include the high cost of manual labor and a large number of non-standard seedlings for the excavation period.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to increase the root-forming activity during the cultivation of root grape seedlings.

The technical result is an increase in the yield of standard seedlings with a limited number of cuttings from promising grape varieties and varieties.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing root grape seedlings, which includes preparing the soil for planting cuttings, harvesting cuttings in the autumn from ripened vines, planting cuttings for long-term storage, planting cuttings, vegetative irrigation, top dressing with macro and microelements and protection seedlings from agricultural pests and diseases, according to the invention, in the last decade of August - the first decade of September, the top layer is loosened to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m, ditches of a triangular profile of the half-excavation-half-burial type along the loosening zones are cut in autumn, they cover the ditch with a translucent film, in the early spring, the soil from the berms of the ditch is displaced to its bottom and a ridge is formed above the ditch of a trapezoidal section, a flexible irrigation pipe with drip irrigation system is laid on the ridge, whether the ridge with a flexible pipe is covered about a translucent film, or black film, when the soil temperature reaches + 15 ... 18 ° C in a layer of 0.15 ... 0.20 m, shortened cuttings with 2-3 buds are planted in increments of 0.12 ... 0.15 m in two rows with aisle 0.30-0.35 m.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the cross section of the soil after loosening.

Figure 2 shows a cross section of a trench of a triangular profile of the form of "half-notch-half-mound."

Figure 3 is the same after covering with a translucent film.

Figure 4 presents the cross section of the ditch with a ridge, laid flexible irrigation pipe, covered with a translucent film.

In Fig.5 - the same, after planting cuttings in a row.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

After harvesting the predecessor, a whole complex of agrotechnical methods is carried out, aimed at leveling the relief, destroying crop residues and suppressing perennial and perennial weeds using funds for chemical tillage.

A method of growing root grape seedlings includes preparing the soil for planting cuttings, harvesting cuttings from a mature vine, planting cuttings for long-term storage, planting cuttings, vegetation irrigation, top dressing with macro- and micronutrients, and protecting seedlings from agricultural crops. pests and diseases.

In the last decade of August - the first decade of September, the top layer is loosened to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m (see Fig. 1) with the formation of loosening zones 1. As working bodies for cultivating zone 1 without mixing the genetic horizons, racks of rippers, slitters, slithereries, racks of chisels, racks of SibIME plows, racks of plane cutters and others can be used.

In autumn, ditches 2 of a triangular profile of the half-recess-half-embankment type are cut along the loosening zone 1 (see FIG. 2).

In autumn, the open ditch 2 is covered with a translucent film 3. The edges 4 and 5 of the film 3 are fixed with pins 6 or brackets (see figure 3). In this state, ditch 2 goes into the winter. The absence of 2 precipitation in the ditch during the autumn-winter-early spring period excludes caking of the soil and air aeration of the entire thickness of the arable layer. Relative soil moisture in the ridges of the 7 half-mound does not exceed 25-28%.

During the month of March and the first decade of April, the soil on the open surface of the ditch 2 heats up to 15 ... 25 ° C to a depth of 25 ... 35 cm. At the beginning of the second decade of April, the light-transmitting film 3 is removed from the ditch 2. In the early spring, the heated soil from ridges 7 is displaced to the bottom of the ditch 2 and at the same time form a ridge 8 above the ditch 2. The ridge 8 is given a trapezoidal shape in cross section. On the surface of the ridge 8 lay a flexible irrigation pipe 9 of the drip irrigation system. A ridge 8 with a flexible irrigation pipe 9 is covered either with the same translucent film 3 or with a black film (see Fig. 4).

Thanks to the translucent film 3, the soil above the ditch 2 in the layer of 0.15 ... 0.20 m is heated to a temperature of + 15 ... 18 ° C. Along the flexible irrigation pipe 9 with a pitch of 0.12 ... 0.15 m, shortened cuttings 10 with 2-3 buds are planted, piercing the film 3. Aisle "b" (see Fig. 5) between rows of cuttings 10 is equal to 0.30 - 0.35 m.

Astrakhan region has good climatic conditions for growing grapes. A sufficient amount of active temperatures and dry air under irrigation conditions allow the cultivation of high quality grapes. This is confirmed by the experience of a huge army of amateur winegrowers who have been successfully engaged in this culture for decades.

According to long-term observations, despite the fact that the Chernoyarsk region of the Astrakhan region is located north of the Rostov region, the sugar accumulation of local grapes exceeds the sugar accumulation of the same varieties in Novocherkassk by 2-4%. The color of table grapes, as a rule, is bright, elegant, with strongly pronounced varietal characteristics.

A significant accumulation of extractive substances of technical varieties allows you to make high-quality wines with a high degree of aromaticity.

The climatic conditions of the south of the North-Western Caspian are in many respects close to the conditions of the steppe Crimea, where viticulture has been greatly developed since ancient times. The geographical location of the Astrakhan region compares favorably with the main wine growing regions of southern Russia by its proximity to the main markets for table grapes. However, to this day, industrial viticulture has not been developed in the Astrakhan region. Apparently the main reason is the deep-rooted opinion about the severity of the winters of our region, which does not allow the development of viticulture in large areas. Today it is safe to say that this stereotype is broken.

Harsh winters are not only the trouble of our region. The cover viticulture zone covers the grape regions of the Don, Kuban, Stavropol, Dagestan, Ukraine and Moldova. In these regions, the absolute minimum reaches 30-34 ° C.

New resistant varieties have appeared in the world selection that can withstand harsh winters under light shelter.

Thanks to the remarkable breeder and physiologist Alexander Ivanovich Potapenko, Amur grape varieties and European-Amur hybrids with a high degree of winter resistance have been created. These varieties have successfully passed production tests at farms of the Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region. Today we can say with confidence that the industrial viticulture of the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions took place. Of course, as always, at the beginning of the road, many tasks have to be solved that are related to the adaptation of the grape plant to local conditions. This includes variety testing, and the development of optimal agricultural technology, including irrigation regimes, mineral nutrition, protection from diseases and pests of the crop management system, shelter technology for the winter, and much more. Some problems are already being solved. Variety testing is underway on the basis of peasant farms. Peasant farm "Loza" Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region in conjunction with VNIIV them. A.I. Potapenko practicing varieties suitable for processing into dry and sparkling wines. High quality samples obtained. KFK “Spring” and “Sadko” together with the integrated department of the GNU VNIIGiM RAAS conduct research on the optimal modes of supporting soil moisture and mineral nutrition on drip irrigation. Various methods of plant cover for the winter are tested. The experimental grape plots with compacted planting are laid.

One of the important tasks that must be addressed is the production of planting material. Due to the danger of importing phylloxera from the southern regions of the country, it is necessary to grow seedlings on the spot. One of the most effective methods of accelerated propagation is the method of propagation by shortened lignified cuttings. Over the past 8 years, Spring LLC has gained good experience in growing seedlings using this method. During this time, various methods of growing seedlings on drip irrigation were tested. Various methods were tested for harvesting cuttings for planting, kilchivka, soaking in nutrient solutions and treatment with growth substances, growing without mulching film and on the film.

Optimum landing dates were tested. As a result, a technology has been developed that stably gives a good yield of standard seedlings per unit area.

All agricultural techniques are aimed at creating the most optimal conditions for the rapid development of the root system and eliminating the rapid development of the shoot. Despite the seemingly clear advantages of the popular method of kilchieva, it had to be abandoned. The results of applying this technique in our conditions were extremely unstable according to the years of observation. The grown seedlings have a large spread in development. In years with a strong impact of return spring cooling, the result is less for kilchevannye cuttings than unkilchevannye. This can be explained by the fact that the temperature regime of wilderness 22-25 ° C is very different from the temperature of the soil 12-14 ° C. This causes stress and a suspension in the development of root buds. In addition, when planting, tender callus and root buds are partially injured. Under such conditions, the root rudiments congeal, become more susceptible to root rot and die.

The planting of cuttings of cuttings has to be postponed to a later date. The timing itself due to unstable weather conditions becomes problematic. In addition, the organization of planting is associated with considerable labor costs, as well as the availability of production facilities.

Planting cuttings without kilcheva can be carried out at an earlier date. A feature of the developed technology is the following preparation of planting ridges. In autumn, furrows are cut at a distance of 1.5 m from each other with the help of a hiller to a depth of 0.20 m. The design of the groove in the section is a recess 40 cm wide, 20 cm deep and two earthen shafts 12-15 cm high and wide at the edges 25-30 cm. This furrow with rollers is covered with a transparent plastic film 1.5 m wide and 40-60 microns thick. If the soil is dry at the time of cutting the furrows, then drip lines are watered in the amount of 150-200 m ³ / ha. A few days after the maturation of the soil, grooves are cut. From the earliest spring, a greenhouse effect is created due to solar energy. Heat accumulates. Not only the lateral earthen rollers are warming up, but also the entire surface of the furrow. In the first decade of April, the film is removed, and slightly elevated ridges are formed in place of the furrow by a special aggregate. Due to the film, the lateral rollers remain moist and loose during the winter. The ridge is easily formed. Heated loose soil moves into the furrow. Thus, a deep layer of loose heated soil is created. A drip line is laid out on a newly created ridge. Wall thickness of at least 0.7 mm (to avoid damage by rodents). And covered with the same plastic wrap. The edges of the film are sprinkled with earth. The ridge is ready for planting cuttings. Planting of cuttings begins when the soil temperature is reached at a depth of 10 cm in the morning hours of 10-12 ° C. This technology of preparing the soil for planting cuttings allows you to start planting them 10-15 days earlier than traditional dates.

Preparation of cuttings for planting includes the following operations. Storage of cuttings in the basement (storage) at a temperature of 1-3 ° C. Cuttings are stored in a low pile on a layer of wet sawdust. A layer of wet sawdust is sprinkled on top of the collar and is tightly covered with a cloth of plastic film. Shortened cuttings are cut immediately before planting on 2-3-buds with a length of 17-25 cm. The upper cut is made at a distance of 3-4 cm from the upper node, the lower cut is at a distance of 5-7 mm from the node.

Furrowing is carried out, which consists in applying shallow longitudinal scratches affecting the living tissues of the secondary cortex on the part of the lower internode and node. Then the cuttings are soaked in a 0.06% suspension of cineb during the day.

Before planting, the cuttings are slightly dried. The lower ends are powdered with root preparation. In addition to root, the options for soaking cuttings in such preparations as heteroauxin, crezacin, zircon were tested. All options gave good results. In all cases, the use of these drugs increased the yield of standard cuttings in comparison with untreated ones. During the tests, the significant and stable over the years advantages of one drug over another have not been recorded.

Cuttings are planted along drip lines in pre-made holes in increments of 9-10 cm in a row. Planting cuttings is performed to a depth of 10 cm.

The upper kidneys should be above the film and oriented north to protect against prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. Immediately after planting, irrigation is carried out at a rate of 350-400 m ³ / ha. Subsequently, before the start of active shoot growth, pre-irrigation humidity is maintained at the level of 90 ... 95% HB. In the future, humidity is maintained at 85-90% HB.

For good ripening of seedlings, watering is stopped in the third decade of August. In unusually hot weather, another additional watering is possible in early September.

Phosphoric fertilizers are applied locally. In the fall, P ₂ O _{5 is} added along the line of furrow formation at the rate of 100-120 kg a.m. per 1 ha in the form of superphosphate. With the first watering in the form of top dressing, potassium and nitrogen are added at the rate of 60 kg of potassium and 40 kg of nitrogen at d.v. / ha. The second top dressing is carried out when the active phase of shoot growth at the rate of 20 nitrogen and 20 potassium a.v. begins in the bulk of the cuttings. kg / ha. The next 4-5 top dressings in the same volume are evenly distributed throughout the growing season. Nitrogen is excluded from the last top dressing.

In the second top dressing, together with macrocells with irrigation water, for the better development of the root system, Radifarm is added at the rate of 5 liters per 1 ha. After 7-10 days, Radifarm is applied a second time at the rate of 2.5 l / ha. Fertilizing through fertilizing is carried out at the end of irrigation to avoid leaching them outside the root zone.

During the growing season, three foliar top dressings are carried out with the Plantofol (5 + 15 + 45) 2 kg / ha preparation in terms of July, August, September.

To prevent the occurrence of diseases of grape seedlings, plantings are regularly sprayed with fungicides. The first spraying to protect the school at the time of active growth is carried out with Ridomil Gold with a concentration of 25 g per 10 liters of water, the second - after 10-12 days with the Strobi preparation per 1 ha dose (norm) of 2 g per 10 l of solution.

Subsequent treatments can be carried out alternately with the following drugs, including the copper component: Abigi pin, Kurzat, Tsikhom, Poliram. Protection from agricultural pests are carried out with drugs with an acaricidal component, such as: Actellik, Karate deon, Fufanol.

From the moment the cuttings are planted in the school, daily observations are made of the soil temperature at a depth of 10-12 cm. The air temperature under a transparent film rises faster than in versions without a film and under a black film. This has a beneficial effect on root formation. This advantage works until a physiological maximum is reached. It should be established that the highest growth rate of the root system occurs in the range of 22-35 ° C. At higher temperatures, growth inhibition and plant death occur.

When the maximum peak of the temperature curve is reached at a depth of 10-12 cm 30-34 ° C, the film is cut along the planted cuttings on both sides and removed. Immediately after removing the film, cultivation is carried out to improve aeration of the root zone and remove weeds. In the future, care is reduced to regular cultivation and removal of weeds, as well as the removal of excess shoots and stepsons.

The above technologists for comparative analysis for a number of years of observations give the highest percentage of output of first-class seedlings. Standard first-class seedlings include seedlings with a diameter of at least 6 mm with a matured part of at least 20 cm with a well-developed root system.

Depending on the prevailing weather conditions of the year, the percentage of yield of standard seedlings using this technology on transparent film ranges from 55 to 70%. For comparison, when grown by known technology on a black film, the yield of standard seedlings is 45-60%.

These two systems have their advantages and disadvantages.

The technology for growing seedlings under a transparent film is more labor intensive. It is suitable for growing in weed-free areas. The main advantage is a large yield of standard cuttings, so it can be recommended for the fast propagation of grape varieties, the vine of which is available in limited quantities.

The technology of growing under a black film is less laborious, because weed control and cultivation are excluded. With this technology, cuttings are planted in 2 rows on a ridge on either side of the drip line. Therefore, despite the smaller yield of standard seedlings in percentage terms per unit area, the number of seedlings can be obtained more.

When planting cuttings after 7-8 cm in a row on a hectare placed 82 thousand pieces. grape plants. With the yield of 60% of standard seedlings, we get 50 thousand pcs.

When planting cuttings on a black film after 10 cm in 2 rows, 132 thousand are placed on the area. With an average output of 50% of the standard, we get 66 thousand units.

With enough planting material for propagation, black film technology can be recommended.

Over the years, the authors noted that the yield of standard seedlings is highly dependent on the weather conditions of the year. Two factors adversely affect. This is a return of cold weather in springtime and high air temperature in spring-summer time and, as a result, extremely low relative humidity.

In LLC Spring, in order to establish the negative impact of air dryness on the growth of seedlings, field experiments were conducted on artificial air humidification. Along each row microsprinklers were installed at a distance of 2 m from each other with a spray radius of 2 m and a capacity of ... l / h. When the air temperature reached above 25 ° C, the humidification mode was activated for a duration of 20 s once per hour. This contributes to an increase in the yield of standard seedlings from 5 to 30%.

Despite the costs of installing this system, which involves automation to guarantee a high result, we can safely recommend it for implementation in production.

The practice of growing seedlings shows that there is another unused factor to increase the yield of standard products. It is noted that when conducting a field experiment in a small experimental plot, the output of standard products is usually 10-15% higher than under production conditions.

The fact is that in order to achieve the reliability of the experiment in different versions, careful selection of cuttings for planting in hard parameters was carried out. Shortened stalk with 2 buds from 12 to 15 cm between the nodes, the thickness of the cuttings from 8 to 12 mm. The vine was harvested from the mother liquor from the middle part of the ripened shoot. After removal from the storage, the cuttings are checked for quality by the content of carbohydrates. The assessment was carried out by immersion of a freshly cut cuttings through the middle of the internode for 1 minute in a 1% alcohol solution of iodine. The slice should turn dark purple.

The conclusion begs one. The high technology of growing vines in the mother liquors and their degree of maturation in combination with rigid rejection is a good reserve for increasing the yield of high-quality planting material.

The effectiveness of the claimed technology for the cultivation of root seedlings of promising grape varieties for the conditions of the Lower Volga region is presented by comparative data in the table.

The effectiveness of technologies for the cultivation of root seedlings of promising grape varieties (according to average data) No. p / p Name Unit change
rhenium Basic technology for growing seedlings Estimated technology for growing seedlings Difference% one 2 3 four 5 6 one. Tillage depth m 0.55-0.65 0.25-0.27 120-140.7 2. Soil temperature in the planting layer during the planting period ° C 6 ... 8 15 ... 18 60-55.5 3. Cutting time for cuttings (day, month) - 15.05 ... 21.05 04.16 ... 04.21 - four. Cutting Length m 0.57-0.69 0.18 ... 0.26 216-165.38 5. Number of kidneys PC. 5 ... 8 2 ... 3 150-166.66 6. Growing season day 132 167 20.95 7. The length of the ripened vine m 0.12-0.16 0.86-0.91 74.6-60.28 8. The number of buds on the vine PC. 2 ... 3 9 ... 11 57.1-50.0 9. The diameter of the vine near the cuttings mm 3 ... 6 8 ... 12 50-60 10. The number of rooted cuttings PC. 58 ... 63 96 ... 98 38-35

Claims (1)

A method of growing root-grape seedlings of grapes, including preparing the soil for planting cuttings, harvesting cuttings from a mature vine, planting cuttings for long-term storage, planting cuttings, vegetative irrigation, top dressing with macro- and microelements and protecting seedlings from agricultural pests and diseases, characterized in that the last ten days of August - in the first ten days of September, the top layer is loosened to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m; in the autumn, ditches of a triangular profile of the “half-notch-half-burial” type are cut along zones p storages, cover the ditch with a translucent film in the autumn, in the early spring, the soil from the berms of the ditch is displaced to its bottom and form a ridge above the trapezoidal section ditch, lay a flexible irrigation pipe with drip irrigation system on the ridge, cover the ridge with a flexible irrigation pipe, or either translucent black film, when the soil temperature reaches 15-18 ° C in the layer of 0.15-0.20 m, shortened cuttings are planted with 2-3 buds, in increments of 0.12-0.15 m in two rows, with a row spacing of 0.30 -0.35 m.

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