RU2338354C1 - Method of increasing degraded pastures productivity - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves primary and surface tillage, weeds elimination and fallow farming, secondary tillage, autumn sowing of cereal grass seeds and prevernal sowing of legume and cereal grass seeds. Tillage for fallows is carried out with strip farming on the overgrased pastures. Loam soils are tilled by subsurface cultivators at the depth of 20...22 cm in the first and second ten-day periods of September. In the prevernal period tandem disc harrowing is carried out as well as slits forming with a pitch of 0.7-1.1 m at the depth of 0.35-0.45 m and cultivation with harrowing at the depth of 8...10 cm. During summer cultivation by knife operation elements at the depth of 4...5 cm takes place together with simultaneous packing of soil by star-wheeled rollers. In autumn cereals grass seeds are sown at the depth of 2...3 cm with row spacing equal to 30 cm and seeding rate equal to 10...12 kg/ha, in the prevernal period mineral fertilisers, mainly ammophoska are introduced to the thawed-frozen soil with the rate of 0.2 t/ha. Legume and cereal grasses are sown after surface harrowing and presowing tillage at the depth of 4...5 cm for legume grasses and 2...3 cm for cereal grasses.

EFFECT: method allows improving degraded lands and reducing costs.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of increasing the productivity of natural forage land, downed and degraded pastures by their radical improvement.

Known method of increasing fertility solonets and calcareous soils comprising plowing, in which a layer of soil to be treated is introduced exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine (SU, Inventor's Certificate №858599. M.kl. ³ A01V 79/02. A method for increasing the fertility of soil solonets and karbonatovyh / V.M.Babushkin, S.F. Bondarenko, T.V. Tekhina, A.O. Brik and V.A. Fedorov (USSR) - Application No. 2528540 / 30-15; Stated 03.10.1977; Publ. 30.08 .1981, Bull. No. 32).

The disadvantages of the described method include the lack of the possibility of a radical improvement of the degraded pasture lands of the semi-arid zones of arid territories and increasing their productivity, because these surfaces are occupied by plants and belong to erosion-hazardous territories.

A known method of reclamation of unsuitable and unproductive land, comprising sequentially filling the fertile soil layer with preliminary loosening of the compacted upper part of the layer of potentially fertile rocks, and loosening is carried out in narrow strips, followed by applying and planning on them the shoulders of the fertile soil layer (SU, copyright certificate No. 927146. M.Kl. ³ А01В 79/02 - Method for the restoration of unsuitable and unsuitable lands / A.S. Furta, M.M. Protsenko, A.G. Kozlov, N.S. Otrishko, N.T. Klimenko and V.D. .Lobinsky (USSR). - Application and No. 2849701 / 30-15; Declared December 7, 1979; Publish. May 15, 1982, Bull. No. 18).

The disadvantages of the described method are the significant complexity of the implementation of the method, the lack of the ability to use existing pasture land.

There is also a known method of cultivating perennial grasses, including their wide-row sowing, performed with 60-90 cm row-spacings, and in the second year of life, grass seeds are sown in the row-spacing of the created grass stand in terms that provide inputs at the beginning of the spring regrowth phase of last year's grass sowing (SU, Inventor's certificate №755231 M.kl. ³ A01V 79/02 cultivation method of perennial grasses / I.P.Geyderbrekt (USSR) - Application №2733107 / 30-15;... Stated 03.11.1979; Publ 15.08.1980, Bul. No. 30).

The disadvantages of this method of cultivation of perennial grasses are the lack of the possibility of a radical improvement of degraded pasture lands and increase their productivity.

This method is adopted as the closest analogue.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to increase the productivity of natural forage lands.

The technical result is a reduction in labor costs and funds, a radical improvement of degraded territories by completely replacing the existing grass stand.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that in the known method of increasing the productivity of degraded pasture lands, including autumn dump plowing of loamy soils to a depth of 25 ... 27 cm or loosening flat-cut sandy loamy soils to a depth of 20 ... 22 cm in 1 and 2 decades of September, early spring harrowing in two tracks for closing moisture and destroying weed seedlings, the first cultivation with harrowing to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm, the subsequent 3-time cultivations after black steam with knife working bodies with simultaneous rolling of the ring o-spur skating rinks, harrowing black steam after two precipitations of natural precipitation, at least 2 ... 3 times per season, deep subsurface loosening of steam in case of acute aridity of the summer-autumn period in the first ten days of October, according to the invention, pre-sowing rolling in with smooth rollers with sufficient moisture in the soil (25 ... 27 mm of available moisture in the arable layer), autumn sowing of cereal grass seeds in the first ten days of September to a depth of 2 ... 3 cm. Grain grass or grain seeders with 30 cm row spacing with a sowing rate lifebird, volo netsa, rump - 10 ... 12 kg / ha, early spring sowing of legumes to a depth of 4 ... 5 cm of grass to a depth of 2 ... 3 cm in the first ten days of March after cover harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation, early spring application of mineral fertilizers by thawed soil (nitroammophos) at a rate of 0.2 t / ha, annual early spring harrowing, mowing grass in the first year of grass development in the fight against weediness.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The semi-desert zone of the Northern Caspian region covers a territory with a total area of more than 5.0 million hectares, of which 3.8 million hectares or 76% of the agricultural land of the zone falls on steppe pastures.

Steppe pastures as a powerful base for obtaining cheap feeds are important in the agricultural economy and determine not only the socio-economic situation, but also control the ecological tension of the zone in question.

However, over the past 50-60 years, as a result of unsystematic and unregulated use of these lands as pastures, their productivity has decreased from 0.5-0.6 to 0.10-0.15 t / ha of dry edible mass. Vast territories of steppe pastures degraded and turned into zones of moving sands and deserts, the area of which in the Astrakhan region and Kalmykia has reached 2.5-3.0 million hectares.

Therefore, the most important task of zonal agricultural science is the development of a fundamentally new technological strategy to combat desertification of the main natural lands - the zone of steppe pastures, based on adaptive and highly effective technologies for their improvement, conservation and rational use.

To solve the raised problematic issues, the Department of Agriculture of the Caspian Research Institute of Arid Agriculture conducted laboratory and field scientific research on the radical and surface improvement of degraded pastures with the aim of developing technologies to increase the productivity of these lands with a radical improvement of 1.5-2.0 t / ha for surface up to 0.6-0.8 t / ha of dry weight of roughage and zonal soil fertility due to the organic matter of the roots of newly created perennial agrophytocenoses, as well as ensuring their stability and protection from wind and water erosion.

The soil cover of the territory under consideration is represented mainly by sand, brown desert-steppe and light chestnut soils. The characteristic features of all soils are poverty in organic matter (the content of humus does not exceed 0.7-2.0%), solonetzicity, high complexity (the presence of 25 to 70% solonetz in the soil cover), and a low supply of nitrogen and phosphorus.

The climatic conditions of the Northern Caspian are characterized by continentality and acute aridity. The region is dominated by a pronounced anticyclonic weather regime with high summer air temperatures (24–26 ° C in July) and frequent dry winds, fairly cold, little snowy winters and limited annual moisture.

The prevailing soil and climatic conditions determined the region under consideration as a large and economically viable basis for the development of fine-grained and semi-fine-grained sheep breeding, as well as camel breeding, horse breeding, cattle breeding.

The maintenance of the required number of livestock requires a solid fodder base, the basis of which here are steppe pastures. However, according to many scientific institutions, the productivity of these fodder lands over the past 40-50 years has decreased by 5-6 or more times. Such valuable fodder plants as barley (kohiya), camphorosma, fescue, and wheatgrass almost completely disappeared from the stand. The presence of bluegrass bluegrass, white and black wormwood has decreased in the steppe grass.

As a result of the progressive desertification process of steppe pastures annually in the territory of Kalmykia, 50-60 thousand hectares are turned into a desert.

The main way to restore, preserve and increase the productivity of pastures, prevent their degradation is to develop measures for their rational use, surface and radical improvement. Among these measures, the application of special techniques of agrotechnology, forest reclamation, selection and introduction, and organizational and economic measures is of great importance. The implementation of the complex of these measures allows to prevent the degradation of the vegetation and soil cover of pastures, the development of erosion processes and constitutes the scientific and practical basis of pasture management in the desert-steppe zone of the Caspian region.

When improving pastures of the desert-steppe zone, special attention should be paid to the creation of productive grass stands on heavily knocked down natural fodder lands by using special agricultural techniques when processing the soil and selecting drought, heat and salt tolerant grasses and their grass mixtures.

According to the results of studies of domestic and foreign scientific institutions in the arid conditions of the desert-steppe zone, a high effect in increasing the productivity of pastures (6-8 or more times) is provided by methods of their surface and radical improvement.

Superficial improvement is a measure to maintain pasture in a cultivated condition and increase their productivity while maintaining natural vegetation. Superficial improvement includes a set of agrotechnical techniques that optimize the water-air regime of the soil (harrowing, disking, slitting), the food regime (the use of fertilizers) and the species composition of the grass stand (sowing herbs, the use of herbicides).

A radical improvement of pastures is the creation of a qualitatively new grass cover from valuable forage grasses that can satisfactorily grow in soil and climatic conditions of zones with arid climate.

For such purposes, in the desert-steppe zone of the Caspian region, the calfweed, the wheatgrass is narrow-headed and crest-shaped, the beetroot boneless, the wheatgrass salt, the sainfoin sand, the alfalfa yellow, the clover white and yellow, the barley (kokhiya, izen), as well as traditionally cultivated annuals winter rye, spring barley, Sudan grass, sorghum, etc.

In the long-term studies of the Bogdinsky Research Institute of Agro-Agro-Ecological Research on the creation of artificial pastures on the brown soils of the semi-desert, the yield of seeded grain was 0.8-0.12 t / ha, and alfalfa sowings yielded 0.30-0.45 t / ha of hay in favorable years.

According to the Volga Scientific Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Feed Production, alfalfa and wheatgrass sowing in dry steppe on light chestnut soils made it possible to obtain 0.25 t / ha of high quality hay in the second year of life of plants, and a yield of bonfire-horticultural hay was 2.36 t / ha.

The creation of multicomponent agrophytocenoses for obtaining high-quality feed in an area with insufficient moisture is confirmed by studies at the University of Montana, USA (annual precipitation is 325 mm, which is compared with the semi-desert zone of the Northern Caspian). On average, over 4 years, the productivity of grass mixtures from wheatgrass and alfalfa in the hay amounted to 2.20 t / ha, from tallow and alfalfa - 2.8 t / ha, while the productivity of natural pastures was 0.5-0.6 t / ha .

Thus, the desert-steppe pastures of the Northern Caspian Sea are a huge reserve of feed production. However, their extremely low productivity, increased overcrowding, salinity and susceptibility to deflationary processes necessitate the immediate and widespread implementation of a range of agrotechnical and organizational and economic measures to improve them.

Surface and radical improvement, taking a leading place in the range of pasture improvement measures, provides for the selection of drought-heat- and salt-tolerant plant species taking into account their compatibility in multicomponent crops, the use of various methods of basic and pre-sowing soil preparation, timing, standards and methods of sowing, care for crops, seed production and organization of the use of improved pastures in relation to the zonal natural and economic conditions of the Northern Caspian.

In order to theoretically and practically study methods for the surface and radical improvement of pastures and tilling of arable land, developing technology, creating highly productive steppe pastures and using them, selecting drought, heat and salt tolerant grasses and organizing seed production of these crops in the Caspian Research Institute of Arid Agriculture, laboratory field studies on the experimental stationary field of the right-bank part of the desert-steppe zone of light chestnut solonetzic soils.

The results of seven years of research are presented in tables.

Studies conducted on the radical improvement of pastured pastures in 1993-1999 in the subzone of light chestnut solonetzic soils, which are the best way of basic tillage for clean steam is dump plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm and loosening of soil by Paraplau struts to a depth of 40-45 cm Against these backgrounds, the water-physical, agrochemical and biological properties of zonal soils are significantly improved and thereby favorable conditions are created for the growth and development of perennial herbs and their mixtures.

In general, the average productivity of herbs on these backgrounds compared with the control, where productivity was 0.15 t / ha of dry edible mass, increased 13-17 times and amounted to 2.0-2.5 tons of hay per hectare.

Among the studied grass species, the greatest yield is provided by sainfoin (2.4–2.5 t / ha) and its mixture with wheatgrass and rump (2.0–2.4 t / ha). Of the cereal grasses, wheatgrass is more productive (2.3–2.5 t / ha of hay). The productivity of the scallop and rump in its pure form is 0.2-0.5 t / ha of hay lower than the pure grain crops of grain.

Surface treatment of soil with a heavy disc harrow BDT-3.0 leads to a decrease in grass yields to 0.6-1.1 t / ha, and the background of moldless loosening by a plane cutter and a SIBIME stand to a depth of 20-25 cm occupy an intermediate value in this regard and provide grass productivity at the level of 1.8-2.0 t / ha of hay (Table 1).

Thus, the best way of primary tillage of down pastures with their accelerated overgrowing is dump plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm and loosening by the ПЧВ-8-40 plow (with Paraplau stands) to a depth of 40-45 cm, and the most productive grasses in arid conditions the semi-deserts were crested rye, sainfoin and their mixtures.

It is also worth noting the good seed productivity of these herbs (Table 4).

With surface improvement of pastures, the most effective way to increase the productivity of natural vegetation is to slit the soil to a depth of 40-45 cm in increments of 0.7 m. The productivity of pastures at the same time increases by 3.3 times in comparison with the control and is on average 0.5 t / ha dry edible mass. The best survival and development of the sowing wheatgrass is observed against the background of pasture treatment with the BDT-3.0 disc harrow by 10-12 cm at a maximum angle of attack of the working bodies, which increases the productivity of pastures to 0.49 t / ha of dry edible mass (Table 2).

Particularly noteworthy are the crops of crested rye in clean steam on old arable lands, the hay yield of which in dry years according to the flat-cut and dump backgrounds of the main tillage to a depth of 25-27 cm is 2.37-2.51 t / ha of hay (Table 3) .

Studied herbs are valuable feed crops. In 100 kg of their hay contains 50-54 feed units, from 12 to 15% of crude protein. Hay and green food of these herbs are readily eaten by animals. In the grass stand from 5-6 to 10-15 years. Having a powerful root system, penetrating to a depth of 1.5-2.0 m, they are an important source in replenishing the organic matter of zonal soils, settling and improving their structure.

Thus, the material presented is a theoretical and practical basis for applying in practice the recommendations and creating technologies for highly productive pasture lands and hayfields on downed pastures and old arable lands of the desert-steppe zone of the Northern Caspian region, tested on the example of improving pasture land and the development of fallow old arable lands of the Astrakhan region and allowing:

- increase the productivity of downed steppe pasture by surface improvement methods 4-5 times and bring it to the level of 0.5-0.6 t / ha of dry edible mass;

- to create stable in productivity, seeded steppe pastures and hayfields on downed pasture lands with radical improvement methods with a yield level of green mass of 6.0-8.0 t / ha and hay 2.0-2.2 t / ha;

- turn the area of fallow (waste) old arable land into highly productive hayfields and cultivated pastures with a yield of green mass of 8.0-1.0 t / ha and high-quality hay of 2.3-2.5 t / ha;

- organize the production of seeds of cereal and perennial leguminous grasses in rainfed seed plots with a yield of the first - at least 0.2-0.4 t / ha, and the second - 0.1-0.2 t / ha;

- increase the erosion resistance of pastures and arable land of the desert-steppe zone, prevent their further desertification and improve the overall ecological situation in the region;

- replenish due to the root mass and crop residues, cultivated perennial cereal-leguminous grasses, the organic matter reserves of zonal soils and improve their agrophysical, agrochemical and biological properties.

Superficial improvement of steppe rangelands.

Surface improvement of pastures is carried out in the pasture rotation system in areas not subject to wind erosion (deflation of the soil cover) with a projective coating of the soil surface with vegetation of less than 30%.

With surface improvement of pastures it is necessary to apply the contour-strip method. The width of the improved pasture strips should be 100-150 m on heavy soils, 50-60 m on light soils. Soil cultivation by harrowing, disking or deep-tapping is usually carried out in autumn (September), pasture harrowing and disking can be carried out in spring (April).

Grass sowing is carried out at the optimum time, the best of which for cereal grasses is the second half of September, in the dry autumn winter winter (November) or early spring sowing is carried out. Legumes are sown only in the spring.

The best method of sowing is sowing with a disk seeder while rolling ring-spur rollers. It is desirable to create an advantageous position for over-sowing plants in comparison with local vegetation by furrow, strip and other methods of sowing.

Nitrogen-phosphorus top dressing in the amount of N _60-70 P _{15-20 is} carried out in wet periods before the start of plant vegetation. In wormwood and cereal grasses, the norms of applying nitrogen fertilizers reduce or do not apply at all.

In the fight against weeds and harmful plants, mowing is used.

Fundamental improvement provides for the complete replacement of grass stand of unproductive land. On solonetzic light chestnut soils of the desert-steppe zone, strip placement provides for sowing perennial grasses in clean pairs.

Recommended dates for sowing grass - early spring. Autumn and late autumn crops of perennial cereals are quite possible: wheatgrass, rump, scallop and wheatgrass. It is preferable to coverless row-spacing or wide-row methods of sowing. The depth of seedling of bluegrass grass is 2-3 cm, on light soils the seeds are buried deeper - up to 3-4 cm.

Under perennial cereals, nitrogen fertilizers are applied with a norm of 60-70 kg / ha of active substance. Usually they are introduced in the spring before the start of the growing season. Phosphoric fertilizers - in any wet period.

Crops of perennial grasses in the desert-steppe zone can be used as pastures and as hayfields.

Thus, the claimed method of increasing the productivity of degraded pastures provides for the implementation of the main (deep) and surface tillage with wide strips to eliminate erosion processes and preserve the natural types of grasses. This massif suppresses weeds both by chemical means and mechanically when caring for vapors. At the same time, during the summer period, 3-4 cultivations are carried out to a shallow depth and by crafts of narrow water-catching cracks to exclude the runoff of surface water during heavy summer rains. In September, sowing seeds of cereal grasses. In the early spring, sowing seeds of both leguminous grasses and bluegrass (cereal) are conducted. Steam tillage on downed pastures is performed by loosening the layer to a depth of 25 ... 27 cm with plows equipped with SibIME design racks or Paraplau racks. On light and sandy loamy soils, a layer of 20 ... 22 cm is loosened with plane cutters (KPP-2.2, KPG-2-150, etc.). Tillage is completed in the first and second decades of October. In these layers, moisture is accumulating, soil-forming processes are underway, and the regime of mineral nutrition is being restored.

In the early spring, two tracks are harrowed, slits are cut in increments of 0.7-1.1 m to a depth of 0.35-0.45 m, cultivation with harrowing to a depth of 8-10 cm to increase soil moisture reserves. During the summer, cultivations are carried out with narrow knife-shaped working bodies to a depth of 4-5 cm with simultaneous rolling of the surface with ring-spur rollers to collect natural rainfall. Then, autumn sowing of seeds of cereal grass is performed to a depth of 2 ... 3 cm with row spacing of 30 cm and a sowing rate of 10 ... 12 kg / ha.

In the early spring period, mineral fertilizers with a norm of 0.2 t / ha, mainly nitroammophoska, are applied on permafrost soil. Sowing of legumes and cereal grasses is carried out after a cover harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 4 ... 5 cm for bean grasses and 2 ... 3 cm for cereal grasses. Thus, autumn crops of cereal grasses, fallow, spring are created in a strip bean grass crops, fallow, spring cereal grass crops and fallow. In the second year of life, early spring harrowing of grass crops is carried out to remove the old woman. On clogged crops mowing grasses to suppress the growth of weed vegetation.

During the heading period, the beginning of budding is mowed with grass mowers SKGD-6 or ZhRK-5 into rolls at a cutting height of 8-10 m. The rolls are pressed by the PRP-1,6 baler into rolls. Rolls are loaded and transported to cattle farms, sheep and other animals.

Some of the created pastures are divided into pens with an area of 35-40 ha for grazing. Grazing begins in the spring of the 2nd year of vegetation of grasses at their height of 14-15 cm. In the first cycle grass grass is 40-50% etched for 3-4 days, in the second cycle - up to 70%.

The creation of highly productive pasture lands and hayfields on downed pastures and old arable lands of the desert-steppe zone of the North-Western Caspian region provides an increase in the production of fodder from pasture lands and old arable lands to 2.5-3.0 t / ha of hay (1.3- 1.6 t / ha feed unit) or 7.5-8.0 t / ha of green mass, replenishment of zonal soils with organic roots and stubble of cultivated perennial grasses in an amount of 1.5-2.0 t / ha per year, improving the ecological situation in the region by increasing the stability of steppe lands to erosion processes, which ultimately leads to a significant reduction in desertification processes.

Implementation of the claimed technology developed by PNIIAZ allows in the desert-steppe zone of the North-Western Caspian region, based on scientifically based methods of radical and surface improvement of steppe pastures and tilling of old arable fallow lands, it is comprehensively, economically profitable and environmentally safe to solve issues of increasing soil fertility, productivity and erosion resistance , combating desertification of degraded pasture lands of the Caspian region.

Table 1
Productivity of cereal and leguminous grasses with a radical improvement of pastures on average for 2000-2006, t / ha of hay Tillage option Depth of processing, cm Vegetation of the steppe Sown grass Volosnets Zhitnyak Rump Sainfoin Sainfoin + rump Control (natural pasture) - 0.12 - - - - - Dump plowing 25-27 - 2.17 2,32 2.03 2,50 2,39 Cultivating by plane cutter 25-27 - 1.80 1.92 1.89 2.02 1.94 Sowing by racks SibIME 25-27 - 1.80 1.89 1.94 2.00 1.70 Tillage Paraplau 40-45 - 2.28 2,51 2.06 2,35 2.08 Processing with a disk harrow BDT-3.0 10-12 - 0.60 1.14 1,04 0.87 0.97 NDS ₀₅ - - - 0.15 0.30 0.17 0.20 Accuracy, P% - - - 3,5 4,5 3.6 3.6 table 2
Average productivity of steppe pastures with surface improvement in 2000-2006, t / ha of dry edible mass * Tillage option Depth of processing, cm No overseeding With sowing grain Control (pasture) 40-45 0.12 0.52 Clicking in increments of 0.7 m 40-45 0.50 0.49 Clicking in increments of 1.1 m 10-12 0.47 0.49 Disc Harrow Processing - 0.36 - * Note: the coefficient of permissible use of pastures is 0.45.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing the productivity of degraded pastures, including primary and surface tillage, weed control and steam care, pre-sowing tillage, autumn sowing of seeds of cereal grasses and early spring sowing of seeds of legumes and cereal grasses, characterized in that the steam tillage is performed with strip by placing plots on downed pastures with loosening on loamy soils by plane cutters to a depth of 20 ... 22 cm in the first and second decades of September, in the early spring, two-track harrowing is carried out , cutting slots in increments of 0.7-1.1 m to a depth of 0.35-0.45 m, cultivating with harrowing to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm, during the summer, cultivating with knife working bodies to a depth of 4 ... 5 cm with simultaneous rolling of the surface with ring-spur rollers, autumn sowing of cereal grass seeds to a depth of 2 ... 3 cm with row spacing of 30 cm and a sowing rate of 10 ... 12 kg / ha is carried out, and in the early spring they add mineral fertilizers according to the frozen soil with a norm of 0.2 t / ha, mainly nitroammophoska, and sowing legumes and cereal grasses is performed after integumentary harrowing and presowing cultivation to a depth for legumes - 4 ... 5 cm and for cereals - 2 ... 3 cm.