RU2762407C1 - Method for ridge planting of row crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to methods for sowing row crops. The method for ridge sowing of row crops includes continuous loosening, destruction of weeds, sowing seeds into a moist horizon and covering the seeds with a ridge with a height of 6.5…12.5 cm, formed from heated soil, shifted from the surface of the row spacings. Sowing with the formation of soil ridges is carried out in the direction from north to south/from south to north. Simultaneously with sowing, granulated mineral fertilizers are sown in one line and placed parallel to the line of the sown seeds. The line of fertilizer occurrence is below the seed line and is located in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a tap and storage root system or in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system. The soil ridges in cross-section form an M-shaped profile due to soil compaction on three sides. The upper part of the ridge is compacted vertically - by a wheel with a conical rim, with simultaneous pressing of the soil by the cylindrical part of the rim towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil by the lateral conical parts of the rim in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge. The sides of the ridge of the soil are compacted in a horizontal direction parallel to the surface of the row spacings and at the same time they destroy soil lumps in the direction perpendicular to the sides of the ridge.

EFFECT: increasing the yield of row crops by creating favorable temperature, water and air conditions for fast and friendly germination of seeds.

1 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to methods of sowing row crops.

The known method of ridge sowing of tilled crops [Method of sowing tilled crops. Patent RU No. 2265305. Publ. 10.12.2005, Bul. No. 34], including continuous loosening, weed control, sowing seeds into a moist horizon to a depth of 1.5 ... 2 cm and covering the seeds with a ridge 6.5 ... 12.5 cm high, formed from heated soil, shifted from the surface of the rows.

The disadvantage of this method is the low quality of the formation of soil ridges and sowing, as well as low productivity of cultivated crops due to slow and non-simultaneous germination of seeds, for which favorable temperature, water and air conditions are not created during sowing due to undisturbed soil lumps on the upper base of the soil ridge and lateral its sides.

The technical result is an increase in the yield of row crops by creating favorable temperature, water and air conditions for fast and friendly germination of seeds.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that sowing with the formation of soil ridges is carried out in the direction from north to south (from south to north). Simultaneously with sowing, granular mineral fertilizers are sown in one line and placed parallel to the line of sown seeds, and the line of occurrence of fertilizers is below the line of seeds and is located in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a rod and storage root system or in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system. The soil ridges in cross-section form an M-shaped profile due to the compaction of the soil on three sides. The upper part of the ridge is compacted vertically - by a wheel with a tapered rim, with simultaneous pressing of the soil by the cylindrical part of the rim towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil by the lateral conical parts of the rim in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge. The sides of the ridge of the soil are compacted in a horizontal direction parallel to the surface of the row spacings and at the same time destroy soil lumps in the direction perpendicular to the sides of the ridge.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the arrangement of the working bodies of the seeding unit, top view; in fig. 2 - a diagram of the arrangement of the working bodies of the seeding unit, side view; in fig. 3 - diagram of the compaction of the soil ridge with a roller-bed former from three sides and the destruction of soil lumps; in fig. 4 is a diagram of the placement of seeds and granular mineral fertilizers in the soil and the shape of the ridge after the passage of the sowing unit (option A), Fig. 5 - a diagram of the placement of seeds and granular mineral fertilizers in the soil and the shape of the ridge after the passage of the sowing unit (option B).

The method of ridge sowing of row crops is carried out as follows.

Pre-set the direction of movement of the seeding unit from north to south (from south to north), depending on the location of the site.

When the sowing unit moves, the openers for multilevel seeding of seeds and fertilizers 1 and paws 2 with flat discs 3, installed with an overlap of 5 ... 8 cm, loosen the soil and cut weeds.

The opener for multilevel seeding of seeds and fertilizers contains a rack 4, a paw 5, a pipeline 6. The pipeline 6 is installed between the wings of the paw 5. The outlet of the pipeline 6 is directed to the paw space of the paw 5. From the rear of the rack 1, a bracket 7 and a seed tube 8 are installed. installed in the bracket 7 with the ability to change the position in height relative to the cutting edges of the wings of the paw 5, and the outlet openings of the seed tube 8 and the pipeline 6 are located from each other at a distance equal to the required difference in the depth of planting seeds and fertilizers.

As the drill moves, the pointed front edges of the opener cut the topsoil and move it into the row spacing. The tines of the 5 openers loosen the soil and cut the weeds. The sowing and fertilizer sowing devices of the seeder, simultaneously through the seed lines 8 and the fertilizer lines 6, direct the seeds and fertilizers to the openers 1 for seeding at different levels of seeds and fertilizers, the outlets of which are located at different heights. The openers 1 for different levels of sowing of seeds and fertilizers sow granular fertilizers in one line and arrange it parallel to the line of the sown seeds, and the line of occurrence of fertilizers is below the line of the seeds and is located in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a core and storage root system and in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system. The sown fertilizers are sprinkled with a layer of soil coming off the wings of the paws 5. The seeding depth is 1.5 ... 2 cm from the level of the field surface.

For instance:

Option A) Cultivated plants such as soybeans and sunflowers have a taproot system; beets are a storing root system. This means that the line of occurrence of fertilizers should be below the line of location of seeds of soybeans, sunflowers and beets and be located in the same vertical plane (Fig. 4).

Option B) Corn has a fibrous root system, which means that the line of fertilization should be below the line of the corn seeds and in different vertical planes (Fig. 5).

Paws 2 walking behind with flat disks 3 sprinkle the seeds of cultivated plants laid in one line with a loose and heated layer of soil, shifted from the rows, and form a ridge of soil 6.5 ... 12.5 cm high above the sowing line, respectively, from north to south (from the south to the north). The ridge-forming rollers 9 rotating behind the paws 2 form the ridges of the soil with an M-shaped profile in cross-section due to the compaction of the soil on three sides. The compaction of the upper part of the ridge is carried out vertically by the wheel 10 with a conical rim while simultaneously pressing the soil with the cylindrical part of the rim of the wheel 10 towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil by the lateral conical parts of the rim of the wheel 10 in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge.

Spherical discs 11, mounted with convex sides to the lateral sides of the ridge of the soil, compact the sides of the ridge in the horizontal direction parallel to the surface of the rows and at the same time with rippers 12 installed circumferentially on the convex sides of the spherical discs 11 perpendicular to the sides of the ridge, destroys clods of soil in the direction perpendicular to the lateral the sides of the ridge.

Simultaneous sowing of seeds and granular mineral fertilizers minimizes mixing of the soil during sowing and, accordingly, the loss of soil moisture.

The location of the line of granular mineral fertilizers parallel to the line of sown seeds, and the line of fertilizers is located below the line of seeds in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a tap and storage root system and in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system allows to ensure effective nutrition of cultivated plants during the period their vegetation and, accordingly, the rational use of fertilizers.

Sprinkling the sown seeds with a soil ridge with a height of 6.5 ... 12.5 cm from the heated loosened soil, shifted from the row spacings, makes it possible to compensate for the decrease in the depth of seeding from the soil surface level, and the formation of the soil ridge allows creating a favorable temperature regime for the seeds, since the soil ridge warms up faster than a flat field surface.

Simultaneous soil compaction in the vertical and horizontal directions, allows you to create the best contact of the sown seeds with the moist soil located above the seeds, as well as draw moisture from the lower soil layers to the upper layers - to the seedbed.

The simultaneous destruction of soil lumps by the wheel 10 in the upper base of the ridge in the vertical direction and by rippers 12, perpendicular to the sides of the ridge, makes it possible, without violating the integrity of the original profile of the ridge of the soil, to create a mulched layer of soil in the upper part of the ridge on three sides, preventing the evaporation of soil moisture from the seed zone.

Simultaneous compaction of the upper part of the ridge vertically - by a wheel with a conical rim, with simultaneous pressing of the soil by the cylindrical part of the rim towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil by the lateral conical parts of the rim in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge, as well as the lateral sides of the ridge of the soil in the horizontal direction, will improve the quality of compaction of the formed ridges of the soil over the sown seeds with the density required for agrotechnical requirements, as well as preserve the shape of the finally formed ridges during the entire growing season of cultivated plants.

The formation of the soil ridge in the cross-section of the M-shaped profile allows the formation of a groove at the top of the ridge, in which rainfall will accumulate and penetrate to the sown seeds (plant root system) during the growing season of plants.

The formation of soil ridges above the sown seeds from north to south (from south to north) ensures the warming of the soil ridge throughout the day: in the morning, the eastern slope of the ridge warms up, at noon - the top of the ridge, and in the afternoon - the western slope of the soil ridge ...

Simultaneously performing pre-sowing loosening of the soil with ridge sowing, as well as loosening the soil in the ridge with the destruction of soil lumps without interrupting operations in time, allows you to maximally preserve soil moisture when performing a given technological operation, as well as create temperature, water and air conditions for germination and further growth and the development of cultivated plants.

Claims (1)

The method of ridge sowing of row crops, including continuous loosening, destruction of weeds, sowing seeds into a wet horizon and covering the seeds with a ridge 6.5 ... 12.5 cm high, formed from heated soil, shifted from the surface of the row spacings, characterized in that sowing with the formation of ridges soils are carried out in the direction from north to south / from south to north, simultaneously with sowing, granular mineral fertilizers are sown in one line and placed parallel to the line of sown seeds, and the line of fertilizers is located below the line of seeds and is located in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a rod and storage root system or in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system, soil ridges in cross-section form an M-shaped profile due to soil compaction on three sides, and the upper part of the ridge is compacted vertically - with a wheel with a conical rim, with simultaneous pressing by pressing the soil with the cylindrical part of the rim towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil with the lateral conical parts of the rim in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge, and the lateral sides of the ridge of the soil are compacted horizontally parallel to the surface of the row spacings and at the same time destroy soil lumps in the direction perpendicular to the lateral sides of the ridge ...

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